Objective: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is one of the most common psychiatric disorders in childhood. This study aims to examine blood levels of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and neuron-specific enolase in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and to explore their relationships with sleep patterns, eating behaviors, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms. Methods: A total of 51 patients diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and 20 healthy controls were included in the study. The Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire and Eating Behavior Assessment Scale for Children were administered. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and neuron-specific enolase levels were measured using the Bioassay Technology Laboratory Human ELISA Kit. Results: When comparing the serum glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor levels between groups, no statistically significant difference was found in the distribution of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor levels (p = 0.645). The serum neuron-specific enolase levels in the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder group were found to be higher than the control group (p = 0.038). Correlation analysis demonstrated a negative correlation between glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor levels and total scores on the eating scale (r = −0.309, p = 0.026). Conclusion These results highlight the possible involvement of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in the regulation of eating patterns among children diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Higher serum neuron-specific enolase levels were observed as discriminative between healthy and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder children.

Objective: The current study aimed to investigate the psychopathology behind gynecomastia and potential associated problems regarding self-esteem and body perception, and the relationships of these variables with sex steroid levels in adolescents with pubertal gynecomastia. Methods: The study included 50 normal weight male adolescents aged between 11 and 18 years with gynecomastia but without any chronic organic pathology, and 50 healthy pubertal male adolescents matched for age. The adolescents underwent psychopathology assessment by Development and Well-Being Assessment interviews; self-esteem was assessed using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale; body perception was evaluated using the Body Image Perception Scale, and the relationship between these variables and sex steroid levels were explored. Results: The results of the study revealed that the gynecomastia group had significantly greater internalization disorder (X2 = 12.96, p ＜ 0.001), and impairments in self-esteem (z = −1.975, p = 0.024) and body perception (z = −2.286, p = 0.022), and these variables were correlated with the gynecomastia stage. In the study group, cortisol levels were significantly higher (z = −2.330, p = 0.02) in adolescents with internalization disorder compared to those without, and cortisol levels increased in parallel with increased gynecomastia duration (r = 0.386, p = 0.006). Conclusion In our study, we found that gynecomastia, depending on its stage, may lead to internalization disorder and impair self-esteem and body perception. It was found that there was no direct relationship between these parameters and sex steroids in pubertal gynecomastia, except for high cortisol levels in adolescents with internalization disorder.

Objective: The current study aimed to investigate the psychopathology behind gynecomastia and potential associated problems regarding self-esteem and body perception, and the relationships of these variables with sex steroid levels in adolescents with pubertal gynecomastia. Methods: The study included 50 normal weight male adolescents aged between 11 and 18 years with gynecomastia but without any chronic organic pathology, and 50 healthy pubertal male adolescents matched for age. The adolescents underwent psychopathology assessment by Development and Well-Being Assessment interviews; self-esteem was assessed using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale; body perception was evaluated using the Body Image Perception Scale, and the relationship between these variables and sex steroid levels were explored. Results: The results of the study revealed that the gynecomastia group had significantly greater internalization disorder (X2 = 12.96, p ＜ 0.001), and impairments in self-esteem (z = −1.975, p = 0.024) and body perception (z = −2.286, p = 0.022), and these variables were correlated with the gynecomastia stage. In the study group, cortisol levels were significantly higher (z = −2.330, p = 0.02) in adolescents with internalization disorder compared to those without, and cortisol levels increased in parallel with increased gynecomastia duration (r = 0.386, p = 0.006). Conclusion In our study, we found that gynecomastia, depending on its stage, may lead to internalization disorder and impair self-esteem and body perception. It was found that there was no direct relationship between these parameters and sex steroids in pubertal gynecomastia, except for high cortisol levels in adolescents with internalization disorder.

Objective: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has a complex etiology and genetic, environmental and biological factors are considered to play a role in the etiology of ADHD by mutually interacting. Recent studies have emphasized that inflammation may be present in the etiology of ADHD. This study aims to investigate the possible role of visfatin, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α molecules in the etiology of ADHD. Methods: The study included 60 patients and 20 healthy controls between the ages of 6−18. Serum visfatin, IL-6, IL-1βand TNF-α levels were evaluated with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits at a biochemistry laboratory. Results: The study showed no statistically significant difference between children with ADHD and healthy controls in terms of visfatin, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α levels. When ADHD subgroups (combined and predominantly inattentive types) and the control group were compared in terms of visfatin, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α levels, no statistically significant difference was recorded. Conclusion Data on the relationship between ADHD and IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α in this study are in compliance with the literature. However, no study was found on visfatin in ADHD. This study is the first one evaluating the ADHD-Visfatin relationship.