Background: Chronic gastric disorders, including Helicobacter pylori-related diseases, remain an important health issue. In classical Mongolian medical sources, gastric disorders are described through concepts such as gastric parasitic disease, badgan worm and tsankh. However, these descriptions have not been sufficiently synthesized through a source-based approach. Aim: This study aimed to systematically summarize terminology, etiology, pathogenesis, classification, symptoms, treatment principles, prescriptions and medicinal raw materials related to gastric parasitic disease in traditional Mongolian medical sources, and to cautiously compare selected concepts with modern knowledge of H.pylori. Materials and Methods: A qualitative source-study design was used. Classical and commentary sources, including Bumshi, the Four Medical Tantras, Moon King of Therapy, Altan Khadmal, Bider-Onbo, Managlkhantav, Four Nectars, Uvdisyn Dalai and Mash Gaikhamshigt Khurimyn San, were reviewed. Textual analysis, thematic coding, content analysis, hermeneutic interpretation and comparative analysis were applied. A limited comparison with H.pylori morphology, pathogenesis and symptoms, as well as selected research directions on ingredients of Ruda-6, was included. Results: The sources describe gastric parasitic disease as a condition associated with badgan predominance, digestive weakness, putrefactive processes and accumulation in the stomach. Traditional descriptions such as twisted, thin, long and bundled forms were not considered identical to H.pylori, but they may be compared cautiously with the spiral and motile characteristics of the bacterium at a descriptive level. Repeated symptoms included epigastric pain, stabbing or twisting pain, bitter or sour regurgitation, vomiting, indigestion and weakness. Treatment principles mainly included resolving putrefaction, pacifying the worm, supporting digestion and restoring the balance of badgan. Some medicinal materials used in Ruda-6 have been discussed in modern research in relation to antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory or gastroprotective effects, which may provide a basis for further experimental studies. Conclusion The traditional concept of gastric parasitic disease has a relatively comprehensive structure in terms of terminology, pathogenesis, symptoms, treatment principles, medicinal raw materials, and prescription use. This study systematizes information from traditional sources and related works and, without directly equating it with H. pylori, provides a basis for comparative interpretation and a foundational resource for future classification, pharmacological, and clinical research.

Background: Currently, the rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has led to reduced therapeutic efficacy in severe infections such as osteomyelitis. Furthermore, broad spectrum synthetic antibiotics disrupt microbiome balance and weaken the host immune system. Therefore, given the need to investigate natural biologically active supplements that inhibit pathogens without adversely affecting the viability of beneficial microorganisms supported by experimental and clinical studies this study was grounded in determining the effects of the Osteo Calcium-5 supplement on pathogenic and beneficial bacteria Aim: To investigate the in vitro effects of the biologically active supplement Osteo Calcium-5 on pathogenic and beneficial bacteria. Objectives: To determine the antibacterial activity of the biologically active supplement Osteo Calcium-5 by measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and the diameter of the inhibition zone. To compare the effects of the Osteo Calcium-5 supplement on the growth of pathogenic and beneficial bacteria, and to evaluate the levels of selective activity and resistance. Materials and Methods: The study was performed using a quantitative research approach with an experimental research design, utilizing two standard pathogenic bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 12600 and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ATCC 700699 along with two standard beneficial bacterial strains, Lactobacillus paracasei and Streptococcus thermophilus. The Osteo Calcium-5 supplement was extracted using a solution of 70% ethanol and 0.1% HCl. To determine its antibacterial efficacy, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were assessed in triplicate across a concentration range of 0.78% to 12.5% using the broth microdilution method, and evaluated via the agar well diffusion method based on the inhibition zone diameter. Results: It was established that the extract of the biologically active supplement Osteo Calcium-5 exerts selective effects on the growth of pathogenic versus beneficial bacteria. Specifically, for the pathogenic MRSA strain, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 0.78% and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was 1.56%, whereas for the S.aureus strain, both MIC and MBC values were 1.56%, demonstrating high antibacterial activity with complete inhibition of colony growth at this concentration. In contrast, L.paracasei and S.thermophilus strains grew normally at low concentrations of the supplement, with MIC values ranging from 6.25% to 12.5%, proving to be several fold more resistant than the pathogenic strains. Furthermore, the agar diffusion method showed active inhibition of S.aureus (16.50±0.29mm) and MRSA (15.00-0.58mm) bacterial growth through the formation of inhibition zones, while exhibiting no adverse effects on the growth of the beneficial bacterial strains L.paracasei and S.thermophilus. Conclusions The MIC of the Osteo Calcium-5 supplement was determined to be 0.78% for MRSA and 1.56% for S.aureus, with the MBC for both strains established at 1.56%. Through the agar well method, the supplement actively inhibited the growth of S.aureus (16.50±0.29mm) and MRSA (15.00±0.58mm) by forming inhibition zones, effectively suppressing osteomyelitis inducing pathogens at low concentrations via mechanisms including bacterial cell wall and membrane disruption and virulence neutralization. For the beneficial bacterial strains L.paracasei and S.thermophilus, the MIC values of the supplement extract ranged from 6.25% to 12.5%, allowing normal growth at low concentrations without forming inhibition zones. This indicates a significantly higher resistance to the supplement compared to pathogens, proving its unique capability to selectively inhibit infections without disrupting the balance of the human normal microbiome.

Background: A comparative study of classical medical texts within Traditional Medicine provides a vital framework for uncovering the origins, development, transmission, and historical significance of healing traditions. This approach highlights a specific culture’s contribution to medical knowledge and reflects the intricate interplay of religion, culture, and philosophical thought embedded in those eras. Aim: To conduct a comparative analysis of the depictions of the “Medicinal Mandala” as described in the first chapter of the “Root Tantra” section in the two classical medical sources Sorig Bumshi and Gyudshi. Materials and Methods: This research examines two foundational Tibetan medical texts—Sorig Bumshi and Gyudshi—using theme-based classification and content analysis methodologies grounded in textual source criticism. Results: The findings confirm that Sorig Bumshi, a Bönpo medical text from the ancient Zhangzhung civilization, was composed earlier. The great translator Byaruzana translated it from the Zhangzhung language, after which Yuthok Yönten Gönpo and collaborators edited, revised, and systematized the text to form Gyudshi, embedding it in Buddhist epistemological frameworks. Conclusions 1. The medicinal mandala of Gyudshi—structured around a central "beautiful medicinal city" surrounded by four directional mountains—demonstrates a refined adaptation of the more expansive, sacred mandala depicted in Sorig Bumshi, which is centered on Olmo Lung Ring, a Bönpo pure land rich in symbolic geography. 2. The numerical values recorded in both texts—particularly the recurring use of 360 and 404—suggest different paradigms in medical theory. Sorig Bumshi embeds these numbers within a Bön cosmological and ritual context (e.g., 360 deities, mountains, and healing lakes), while Gyudshi reinterprets them under Buddhist causal reasoning (e.g., 404 diseases derived from wind, bile, phlegm, and karma). This transformation reflects a shift from Bön to Buddhist medical epistemology through selective integration and doctrinal refinement.

Background: Gout is a chronic inflammatory disorder stemming from metabolic dysfunction, characterized by the accumulation of monosodium urate crystals in joints and soft tissues due to prolonged hyperuricemia. Clinically, it often manifests with abrupt onset of intense joint pain, erythema, swelling, and tenderness, particularly in the small joints of the lower extremities such as the first metatarsophalangeal joint, ankles, and knees. In its chronic form, gout can lead to the development of tophi—firm nodular deposits of urate crystals— resulting in joint deformities, limited mobility, and systemic complications affecting the renal and cardiovascular systems. This case report describes the integrative management of a 68-year-old male patient with a long-standing history of chronic tophaceous gout, presenting with acute exacerbation involving multiple joints and extensive tophaceous deposits. The patient underwent a course of traditional Mongolian medical treatment, incorporating bloodletting therapy (hanuur), soaking therapy (devteeleg zasal), and phytotherapeutic remedies. Conclusion The treatment yielded notable clinical improvements: cupping therapy facilitated the reduction of joint inflammation and edema, alleviated pain, and enhanced peripheral circulation during the acute phase. Soaking therapy using medicated decoctions was effective in softening and reducing the size of tophi, promoting wound drying, restoring joint mobility, and improving overall functional capacity. The patient reported a marked enhancement in quality of life following the integrative treatment course. This case highlights the potential of traditional Mongolian medical interventions as adjunctive or alternative therapeutic strategies for managing severe gout, particularly in cases refractory to conventional pharmacological treatment. Further clinical research and controlled studies are warranted to validate these findings and to explore the broader application of traditional therapies in gout management.

Background: In traditional medicine, diseases are generally classified into two categories: hot and cold. It is particularly emphasized to first identify diseases with a hot nature. Within this framework, we considered it important from both theoretical and clinical perspectives to study latent kidney heat disease, which is difficult to diagnose, prone to misdiagnosis, capable of exacerbating in both hot and cold directions, and requires multi-stage treatment. Aim: To analyze the principles of treating latent kidney heat disease and medicinal treatments by comparing traditional medical sources, their explanations, and the works of scholars. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted by examining relevant chapters from The Four Foundations of Medicine, its commentaries, and six scholarly works on the treatment of latent kidney heat disease. The methodology involved textual hermeneutics, comparative analysis, and critical synthesis. Results: The original texts studied outline a three-stage treatment principle for latent kidney heat disease, described metaphorically as follows: 1. Initially, place the thief into the hole. 2. In the middle stage, release the smoke through the chimney. 3. Finally, eliminate the remaining heat with water. These deep-rooted treatment principles indicate that traditional medicine has long recognized and effectively treated this disease within its theoretical and methodological framework. The primary sources examined documented a total of 33 medicinal formulations for treating latent kidney heat disease, categorized as follows: 5 decoctions (tan), 26 pulvis formulations (takh), 2 oil-based remedies (toson em). This variety of treatment options highlights the richness and adaptability of traditional medicine in addressing this condition. These medicines are applied according to the three treatment principles of the disease. First, to remove the phlegm and wind covering, Jugandejid and Semberuu-4 are used. For releasing smoke through the chimney, decoction-type (tan) medicines are chosen, while pulvis-type (takh) medicines are prescribed based on the upper, middle, and lower intensities of the disease. This precise alignment of medicine selection resembles a key fitting into a lock. A unique characteristic of traditional medicine is the use of oil-based remedies (toson em) at the final stage of treatment to restore the body and balance the dual forces (yin-yang). Comparing the primary sources used in this study, we find that the principles of treating latent kidney heat disease and the selection of appropriate medicines follow the FMT (The Four Medical Tantras) text while incorporating additional refinements. Conclusions 1. A comparative analysis of medicinal treatments reveals that the medicines are prescribed in accordance with the three treatment principles, with their forms and compositions clearly specified. 2. Furthermore, the classification of medicines based on their strength and application to different disease intensities highlights a refined and well-structured standard treatment method.

Background: Karma, a Sanskrit word that roughly translates to “action,” is a core concept in some Oriental religions, including Hinduism and Buddhism. Though its specifics are different depending on the religion, karma generally denotes the cycle of cause and effect - each action a person takes will affect him or her at some time in the future. This rule also applies to a person’s thoughts and speech, and the actions other people take under that individual’s instructions. Therefore, it is important to study the relationship between body, speech, mind and karma. Research results: The Karma denotes our good and bad intentions. These intentions manifest themselves as good or bad actions with our body, our speech and our mind. In turn, our actions bring about effects called “Karma”, namely: the effect, the consequence, the fruit of the actions, the maturation of the actions. Usually, however, the word Karma is used by ordinary people for both the actions and the effects, which is not accurate. The law of karma is a special instance of the law of cause and effect, according to which all our actions of body, speech and mind are causes and all our experiences are their effects. The law of karma explains why each individual has a unique mental disposition, a unique physical appearance and unique experiences. These are the various effects of the countless actions that each individual has performed in the past. Each person has a different individual karma. Some people enjoy good health while others are constantly ill. Some people are seen as very beautiful while others are seen as very ugly. Some people have a happy disposition that is easily pleased while others have a sour disposition and are rarely delighted by anything. Some people easily understand the meaning of spiritual teachings while others find them difficult and obscure. Conclusion We made conclusion choosing information and sources related to body, speech and mind study as well as Karma in antient works, sorting it into time sequence and enriching it with information in other works. Essentially, Karma denotes our good and bad intentions. These intentions manifest themselves as good or bad actions with our body, our speech and our mind.

Background: Even though there are lots of good treatment methods, medicines and biomaterials in use for broken bones due to international scientific researches on the ossifying process and its mechanism, which are being studied on high level and bringing new solutions, there is still a lack of inexpensive but good quality medicines that have low side effects and specifically targets on the enhancement of osteoblasts.
Despite of the level of fractures, therapeutic effects and multiple bone fractures, only certain drugs and medicines such as solution of baragshun and rhodiola, kitchen grime, chili-san and calcium are used for ossifying broken bones and fractures in Mongolia which indicates that there are certain needs of new medicine and drugs. Methods: Patients who had a intramedullary osteosynthesis surgery to deal with tibia bone fractures were divided randomly into two groups; 1.5 gram Osteo calcium-5 is given to the experimental group while the comparison group got Calcium nycomed D3 for 60 days.
X-ray pictures were taken at the 56th and the 84th day after the fractures were diagnosed and analyzed by Warden method (et al 2009). TGF-β1, BMP-2 cytokines and alkaline phosphatase were evaluated on the 3rd, the 14th and the 42nd day of the study. Results: Compared to the comparison group, which used Calcium Nycomed D3, the experimental group patient, who used osteocalcium-5, had a similar TGF-β1 level at the 3rd day (p=1.0), a higher level at the 14th day (p=0.0001) and a lower level at the 42nd day (p=0.015).Analyzing fracture ossifying process with the Warden et al method shows that the ossifying points of the Osteo calcium-5 group were 1.73 on 53rd day and 2.79 on 84th day while the ossifying points of the comparison group was 1.41 on 56th day and 2.35 on 84th day (p=0.034),( p=0.04). Conclusions According to the study, Osteo calcium-5 has proven to have better effects on decreasing inflammation process and accelerating bone ossify, cartilage and bone formation with the analysis of cytokine in serum and structure.

Introduction: After central nervous system injury, microglia cells are activated to initiate inflammatory responses and release cytokines that beneficially or detrimentally affect surrounding cells. Lipopolysaccharide stimulates microglia cells and produce pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. A dehydrocostus lactone (DDL) which is contained in medicinal plant, Saussurea lappa, is considered to have various health benefits in neurodegenerative diseases of central nervous system.
In this study, we aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of Dehydrocostus Lactone following lipopolysaccharide stimulation of microglial cells in vitro. Materials and Method: The anti-inflammatory effects of dehydrocostus lactone were studied using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated murine microglia (BV2). BV2 were cultered in DMEM then three different doses (4µM, 8µM and 12µM) of DDL were added in the medium for 30 minutes respectively. Then BV2 were treated with 1 ng/ ml LPS for 24 hours to stimulate. The level of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were measured in 100µl of culturemedium supernatant by ELISA. Three different doses of DDL anti-inflammation groups (BV2+DDL+LPS), LPS-activated group (BV2+LPS) and control group (only BV2) were analysed. Results: LPS-treated BV2 cells had increased IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α compared with those without LPS treatment. Pretreatment with dehydrocostus lactone prior to LPS treatment significantly decreased levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in a dose-dependent manner compared with LPS-treated BV2 cells and 4µM was the most effective anti-inflammatory dose of dehydrocostus lactone. As for IL-6, 12µM dehydrocostus lactone was the most effective anti-inflammatory dose, although all doses significantly decreased the level of IL-6, in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion These results show that DDL decrease inflammation related IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in a dose-dependent manner in microglia cells.

Background: Ecology, climate, atmosphere, human living conditions in the world are changing, and many factors affecting human health are both quantitative and qualitative changes, viruses and bacteria have evolved, and viruses that have never developed, including viral infections, are healthy . the medical and economic consequences of this disease are increasingly needed to study infectious diseases. We can consider the rich treasures of traditional medicine and the treatment of infectious diseases as an important source of many problems in the future. Therefore, in order to deepen the significance of traditional medicine and interpretative work, we set the goal to study the treatment of infectious diseases as an important theory and practice. Methods: The study group selected the 23-27th group for “The Four Roots of Medicine” and Tibetan, Mongolian 7 interpretations of the sages using the Comparison of reference and source studies” and Trial ranking, “Method of summation” were conducted. Results Treatment of infectious diseases fever is the very first. The Four Roots of Medicine was written with a detailed description of abdominal pain, hoarseness, heaviness and sweating, which have been reported recently and associated with infectious and febrile diseases, as well as the type of treatment. In addition, sources and explanations are important in theory and practice, which clearly identify problems with the treatment of infectious phases and diseases. On the therapeutic treatment of infectious diseases, this is the first written in the Four Roots of Medicine and the Golden Tassel in combination with incense and mantra treatment, as well as Lhanthav therapy and the most difficult treatment. It was originally written on the most famous invention such as “Enchantment’s of Ocean” by Jambalchoijidanzanperenlei, one of the wise men of Mongolia, which includes eight types of extravagant works, such as elves, sweat, rash, sweatshirts, weightlifting, incense, mantra and sucking elements.

BACKGROUND. Hypertension is an increasingly important medical and public-health issue. Recent years complementary and alternative medicine therapies are getting popular and frequently than medical treatment used by patients with hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Aiming to analyze the efficacy of bloodletting to treat impure blood and hypertension and to implement to the clinical practice. METHODS. 14 day before and after loodletting treatment, triglycerides, cholesterol, high- density lipoprotein were analyzed and compared to body type for 30 patients (30- 60 years old ) who have 1st stage arterial hypertension. The LDL was calculated with Fridvalid formula. The participants took traditional prescription ( formula of three seeds) 2gr twice per day for 5 days after bloodletting vena. ( jinshug) RESULTS. The study showed that triglycerides are decreased by 0,4mml/l (P value 0.0047), cholesterol was decreased by 1,54 mml/l (P value 0.00001), LDL was decreased by 1,68 mml/ l (P value 0.00001), and HDL was increased by 0,22 mml/ l (P value 0.0001) after bloodletting treatment. After treatment we observed decreasing hypertension when measured the systolic and diastolic blood pressure for three months. LDL and cholesterol increasing in the blood is risk for cardiovascular disease. But in this study LDL and cholesterol were decreasing after bloodletting treatment which means it is possible to prevent from cardiovascular disease. As well after treatment HDL was increased in the blood that showed prevention from arteriosclerosis. СONCLUSION. Most of patients were shar and badgan type. The badgan type with patients had obesity and high cholesterol compared to other body types. After treatment cholestrol was decreased in all patients, LDL was decreased and HDL was significantly increased in the badgan type patients with hypertension. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were decreased and stable and kept for long time after bloodletting treatment.