Purpose: Palliative care is an essential aspect of healthcare, particularly for patients with life-limiting illnesses. Nurses play a crucial role in the provision of palliative care. In regions such as Jharkhand, India, where palliative care services are still developing, it is important to assess the level of preparedness among healthcare professionals, particularly nurses. This study aimed to assess nurses’ knowledge of and attitudes nurses in Jharkhand toward palliative care. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 200 registered nurses working in government and private healthcare facilities in Jharkhand were included in this study. A structured questionnaire comprising demographic questions, 20 knowledge-based multiple-choice questions, and a 30-item attitude scale was used for data collection. Results: Most nurses (57%) demonstrated moderate knowledge of palliative care, and 79% of the participants showed a positive attitude toward palliative care. Nurses with palliative care training and more than five years of experience were significantly more likely to have adequate knowledge (odds ratio [OR]=4.52, P=0.001; OR=3.85, P=0.002).Nurses of Jharkhand had more positive attitudes toward palliative care when they had more education (OR=4.82, P=0.040) and worked in government healthcare facilities (OR=2.63, P=0.007). Conclusion This study emphasizes the need for structured education and training programs, especially in government facilities, to improve nurses’ knowledge and prepare them to provide comprehensive palliative care. Enhancing nursing education and offering regular professional development opportunities are essential to improve the overall quality of palliative care delivery in the region.

PURPOSE: Lipid rafts are cholesterol enriched microdomains that colocalize signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation, metastasis, and angiogenesis. We examined the effect of methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD)-mediated cholesterol extraction on the proliferation, adhesion, invasion, and angiogenesis of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. METHODS: We measured cholesterol and estimated cell toxicity. Detergent resistant membrane (DRM) and non-DRM fractions were separated using the OptiPrep gradient method. Cell cycles stages were analyzed by flow cytometry, apoptosis was assessed using the TdT-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling assay, and metastasis was determined using a Matrigel invasion assay. Neo-vessel pattern and levels of angiogenic modulators were determined using an in vitro angiogenesis assay and an angiogenesis array, respectively. RESULTS: The present study found that the cholesterol-depleting agent MβCD, efficiently depleted membrane cholesterol and caused concentration dependent (0.1–0.5 mM) cytotoxicity compared to nystatin and filipin III in TNBC cell lines, MDA-MB 231 and MDA-MB 468. A reduced proportion of caveolin-1 found in DRM fractions indicated a cholesterol extraction-induced disruption of lipid raft integrity. MβCD inhibited 52% of MDA-MB 231 cell adhesion on fibronectin and 56% of MDA-MB 468 cell adhesion on vitronectin, while invasiveness of these cells was decreased by 48% and 52% respectively, following MβCD treatment (48 hours). MβCD also caused cell cycle arrest at the G2M phase and apoptosis in MDA-MB 231 cells (25% and 58% cells, respectively) and in MDA-MB 468 cells (30% and 38% cells, respectively). We found that MβCD treated cells caused a 52% and 58% depletion of neovessel formation in both MDA-MB 231 and MDA-MB 468 cell lines, respectively. This study also demonstrated that MβCD treatment caused a respective 2.6- and 2.5-fold depletion of tyrosine protein kinase receptor (TEK) receptor tyrosine kinase levels in both TNBC cell lines. CONCLUSION: MβCD-induced cholesterol removal enhances alterations in lipid raft integrity, which reduces TNBC cell survival.
Apoptosis ; Caveolin 1 ; Cell Adhesion ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Cycle Checkpoints ; Cell Line ; Cell Proliferation ; Cell Survival ; Cholesterol ; Detergents ; Fibronectins ; Filipin ; Flow Cytometry ; In Vitro Techniques ; Membrane Microdomains ; Membranes ; Methods ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Nystatin ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases ; Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms* ; Vitronectin