Rectal cancer, which accounts for approximately 40% of colorectal cancers, remains a major clinical concern. Recent advances in diagnostic imaging, surgical techniques, radiotherapy, and systemic treatment have steadily improved rectal cancer outcomes. Considering this, the Korean Rectal Cancer Multidisciplinary (KRCM) Committee has aimed to provide clinicians and policymakers with up-to-date, evidence-based clinical practice guidelines to support optimal decision-making, reflecting current evidence, the Korean healthcare context, and patient values and preferences. The Clinical Practice Guidelines for Rectal Cancer version 2.0 were developed through multidisciplinary collaboration with related academic societies, building upon and updating the KRCM Clinical Practice Guidelines version 1.0 (titled “Multidisciplinary guidelines for the management of rectal cancer”). These consensus guidelines of the KRCM were established based on a comprehensive literature review, evidence synthesis, with recommendation development guided by the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) methodology, and consideration of applicability in real-world clinical practice under the national health insurance system. Each recommendation has been presented with its strength and level of evidence.

Purpose: We aimed to investigate manifestations and patterns of care for patients with brain metastasis (BM) from breast cancer (BC) and compared their overall survival (OS) from 2005 through 2014 in Korea. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 600 BC patients with BM diagnosed between 2005 and 2014. The median follow-up duration was 12.5 months. We categorized the patients into three groups according to the year when BM was initially diagnosed (group I [2005-2008], 98 patients; group II [2009-2011], 200 patients; and group III [2012-2014], 302 patients). Results: Over time, the median age at BM diagnosis increased by 2.2 years (group I, 49.0 years; group II, 48.3 years; and group III, 51.2 years; p=0.008). The percentage of patients with extracranial metastasis was 73.5%, 83.5%, and 86.4% for group I, II, and III, respectively (p=0.011). The time interval between BC and BM was prolonged in patients with stage III primary BC (median, 2.4 to 3 years; p=0.029). As an initial brain-directed treatment, whole-brain radiotherapy alone decreased from 80.0% in 2005 to 41.1% in 2014. Meanwhile, stereotactic radiosurgery or fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy alone increased from 13.3% to 34.7% during the same period (p=0.005). The median OS for group I, II, and III was 15.6, 17.9, and 15.0 months, respectively, with no statistical significance. Conclusion The manifestations of BM from BC and the pattern of care have changed from 2005 to 2014 in Korea. However, the OS has remained relatively unchanged over the 10 years.

BACKGROUND: There was no practical guideline for the management of patients with central nervous system tumor in Korea for many years. Thus, the Korean Society for Neuro-Oncology (KSNO), a multidisciplinary academic society, has developed the guideline for glioblastoma. Subsequently, the KSNO guideline for World Health Organization (WHO) grade II cerebral glioma in adults is established. METHODS: The Working Group was composed of 35 multidisciplinary medical experts in Korea. References were identified by searching PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL databases using specific and sensitive keywords as well as combinations of keywords regarding diffuse astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma of brain in adults. RESULTS: Whenever radiological feature suggests lower grade glioma, the maximal safe resection if feasible is recommended globally. After molecular and histological examinations, patients with diffuse astrocytoma, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-wildtype without molecular feature of glioblastoma should be primarily treated by standard brain radiotherapy and adjuvant temozolomide chemotherapy (Level III) while those with molecular feature of glioblastoma should be treated following the protocol for glioblastomas. In terms of patients with diffuse astrocytoma, IDH-mutant and oligodendroglioma (IDH-mutant and 1p19q codeletion), standard brain radiotherapy and adjuvant PCV (procarbazine+lomustine+vincristine) combination chemotherapy should be considered primarily for the high-risk group while observation with regular follow up should be considered for the low-risk group. CONCLUSION: The KSNO's guideline recommends that WHO grade II gliomas should be treated by maximal safe resection, if feasible, followed by radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy according to molecular and histological features of tumors and clinical characteristics of patients.
Adult ; Astrocytoma ; Brain ; Central Nervous System ; Drug Therapy ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glioblastoma ; Glioma ; Humans ; Isocitrate Dehydrogenase ; Korea ; Oligodendroglioma ; Radiotherapy ; World Health Organization

BACKGROUND: There was no practical guideline for the management of patients with central nervous system tumor in Korea in the past. Thus, the Korean Society for Neuro-Oncology (KSNO), a multidisciplinary academic society, developed the guideline for glioblastoma successfully and published it in Brain Tumor Research and Treatment, the official journal of KSNO, in April 2019. Recently, the KSNO guideline for World Health Organization (WHO) grade III cerebral glioma in adults has been established. METHODS: The Working Group was composed of 35 multidisciplinary medical experts in Korea. References were identified by searches in PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL databases using specific and sensitive keywords as well as combinations of keywords. Scope of the disease was confined to cerebral anaplastic astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma in adults. RESULTS: Whenever radiological feature suggests high grade glioma, maximal safe resection if feasible is globally recommended. After molecular and histological examinations, patients with anaplastic astrocytoma, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutant should be primary treated by standard brain radiotherapy and adjuvant temozolomide chemotherapy whereas those with anaplastic astrocytoma, NOS, and anaplastic astrocytoma, IDH-wildtype should be treated following the protocol for glioblastomas. In terms of anaplastic oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p19q-codeletion, and anaplastic oligodendroglioma, NOS should be primary treated by standard brain radiotherapy and neoadjuvant or adjuvant PCV (procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine) combination chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: The KSNO's guideline recommends that WHO grade III cerebral glioma of adults should be treated by maximal safe resection if feasible, followed by radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy according to molecular and histological features of tumors.
Adult ; Astrocytoma ; Brain ; Brain Neoplasms ; Central Nervous System ; Drug Therapy ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Glioblastoma ; Glioma ; Humans ; Isocitrate Dehydrogenase ; Korea ; Lomustine ; Oligodendroglioma ; Radiotherapy ; World Health Organization

BACKGROUND: There has been no practical guidelines for the management of patients with central nervous system (CNS) tumors in Korea for many years. Thus, the Korean Society for Neuro-Oncology (KSNO), a multidisciplinary academic society, started to prepare guidelines for CNS tumors from February 2018. METHODS: The Working Group was composed of 35 multidisciplinary medical experts in Korea. References were identified through searches of PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL using specific and sensitive keywords as well as combinations of keywords. RESULTS: First, the maximal safe resection if feasible is recommended. After the diagnosis of a glioblastoma with neurosurgical intervention, patients aged ≤70 years with good performance should be treated by concurrent chemoradiotherapy with temozolomide followed by adjuvant temozolomide chemotherapy (Stupp's protocol) or standard brain radiotherapy alone. However, those with poor performance should be treated by hypofractionated brain radiotherapy (preferred)±concurrent or adjuvant temozolomide, temozolomide alone (Level III), or supportive treatment. Alternatively, patients aged >70 years with good performance should be treated by hypofractionated brain radiotherapy+concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide or Stupp's protocol or hypofractionated brain radiotherapy alone, while those with poor performance should be treated by hypofractionated brain radiotherapy alone or temozolomide chemotherapy if the patient has methylated MGMT gene promoter (Level III), or supportive treatment. CONCLUSION: The KSNO's guideline recommends that glioblastomas should be treated by maximal safe resection, if feasible, followed by radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy according to the individual comprehensive condition of the patient.
Brain ; Central Nervous System ; Chemoradiotherapy ; Diagnosis ; Drug Therapy ; Glioblastoma ; Humans ; Korea ; Radiotherapy

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine psychosocial factors influencing suicidal ideation of community dwelling elderly, using the senior community center in Jeonnam Province.METHODS: A total of 2,202 subjects (369 males, 1,833 females) were recruited. We evaluated sociodemographic factors, using a self-reporting questionnaire. Subjects completed the Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form Korean Version (SGDS), Multi-dimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), Korean version of the General Health Questionale-12 (GHQ-12) and Satisfaction with Life scale (SWLS), to assess psychosocial factors affecting suicidal ideation.RESULTS: Among 2,202 subjects, 179 (8.1%) reported recent suicidal ideation. Self-perceptive health status (p < 0.001) and physical disease (p=0.002) revealed differences between two groups. The scores of four scales in the suicidal group were significantly different from the control group: SGDS (p < 0.001) and GHQ-12 (p < 0.001) were higher, while MSPSS (p < 0.001) and SWLS (p < 0.001) were lower, in the suicidal ideation group than the control group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that physical disease (OR 2.575, 95%CI 1.022–6.492), SGDS (OR 1.181, 95%CI 1.120–1.246) and GHQ-12 (OR 1.192, 95%CI 1.108–1.283), were significantly associated with suicidal ideation.CONCLUSION: Findings support that physical disease, depression, and general mental health may correlate to suicidal ideation in the elderly.
Aged ; Depression ; Humans ; Independent Living ; Jeollanam-do ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Mental Health ; Psychology ; Suicidal Ideation ; Suicide ; Weights and Measures

PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify predictors for distant metastatic behavior and build a related prognostic nomogram in breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 1,181 patients with non-metastatic breast cancer between 2003 and 2011 were analyzed. To predict the probability of distant metastasis, a nomogram was constructed based on prognostic factors identified using a Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: The 7-year overall survival and 5-year post-progression survival of locoregional versus distant recurrence groups were 67.6% versus 39.1% (p=0.027) and 54.2% versus 33.5% (p=0.043), respectively. Patients who developed distant metastasis showed early and late mortality risk peaks within 3 and after 5 years of follow-up, respectively, but a broad and low risk increment was observed in other patients with locoregional relapse. In multivariate analysis of distant metastasis-free interval, age (≥ 45 years vs. < 45 years), molecular subtypes (luminal A vs. luminal B, human epidermal growth receptor 2, and triple negative), T category (T1 vs. T2-3 and T4), and N category (N0 vs. N1 and N2-3) were independently associated (p < 0.05 for all). Regarding the significant factors, a well-validated nomogram was established (concordance index, 0.812). The risk score level of patients with initial brain failure was higher than those of non-brain sites (p=0.029). CONCLUSION: The nomogram could be useful for predicting the individual probability of distant recurrence in breast cancer. In high-risk patients based on the risk scores, more aggressive systemic therapy and closer surveillance for metastatic failure should be considered.
Brain ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Mortality ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Nomograms* ; Phenobarbital ; Prognosis ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Radiotherapy, Adjuvant* ; Recurrence

We report herein a case of subclavian steal syndrome due to occlusive disease in multiple branches of the aortic arch, which was successfully treated by axilloaxillary bypass and subclavian stent insertion. The hemodynamic changes were evaluated using duplex sonography and transcranial Doppler before and after each procedure. The waveform and parameters of blood flow revealed an objective improvement in cerebral perfusion. These findings correlated well with clinical outcome. Neurosonologic evaluation can provide objective evidence for improved hemodynamic status after treatment.
Aorta, Thoracic ; Hemodynamics ; Perfusion ; Stents ; Subclavian Steal Syndrome

BACKGROUND: Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) has been reported to be a sensitive indicator of pancreatic necrosis (PN), and some studies suggested that an elevation of the ratio of LDH to AST (LDH/AST ratio) woud be more accurate indicator of PN in acute biliary pncreatitis (BP). However, there were no studies in alcoholic pancreatitis (AP). The aim of this study was to assess the clinical usefulness of LDH/AST ratio in alcoholic pancreatitis (AP) as a indicator of PN. METHODS: On the basis of CT scan findings, the patients were categorized into two groups as having PN or non-PN. The plasma levels of the LDH, AST and LDH/AST ratio over two weeks postadmission period were evaluated and compared with in two groups of patients with BP (consiting of 12 PN and 34 non-PN patients), and with AP (consisting of 14 PN and 38 non-PN patients). RESULTS: In acute BP, on post-admission days 1 and 2, the LDH/AST ratio were low in both groups without significant difference. In the group with PN, thereafter, the LDH/AST ratio increased gradually, reached peak values at the 7th days and decreased. In the non-PN patients, the LDH/AST ratio increased gradually, but remained below the control range. The LDH/AST ratios were significantly higher from post-admission day 3 in the group with PN than in the non-PN group. In acute AP, the LDH levels were significantly higher over two weeks from admission day in the PN patients. The LDH/AST ratios were remained within or below the control range in both groups, though with statistically significnat difference. CONCLUSION: The LDH/AST ratio could be used as an indicator of PN in acute BP. In acute AP, however, LDH was a more useful indicator from the early stage in the course.
Alcoholics* ; Humans ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ; Necrosis* ; Pancreatitis, Alcoholic* ; Plasma ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Platelet-activating factor (PAF), a potent chemical mediator in inflammation and allergic reaction, induces microvascular leakage in several tissues. In rat airways, PAF-induced microvascular leakage is not dependent on cyclooxygenase or lipoxygenase products nor on circulating platelets, and it is probably mediated by receptors on vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide (NO), first identified as endothelium-derived relaxing factor, has been reported recently to be an important mediator of the neurogenic vascular exudative process. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of NO in PAF-induced microvascular leakage in rat nasal and tracheal mucosa. METHODS: PAF (1 ug/kg) was injected intravenously to induce microvascular leakage. The degree of microvascular leakage was measured with the amount of extravasated Evans blue (30 mg/kg) using both spectrophotometry and fluorescence microscopy. Five Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated with Nw-nitro-L -arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 10 mg/kg, intravenously, 1 hour before the injection of PAF) to inhibit the NO synthase, while four control rats(n=4) were pretreated with normal saline. RESULT: The average amounts of extravasated Evans blue in the nasal mucosa and trachea of the control rats were 24.789 and 28.238 ug/mg wet tissue, and those of the L-NAME pretreated rats were 6.643 and 6.987 ug/mg wet tissue respectively. Tissue sections of the L-NAME pretreated rats showed a definitely decreased extravasation of Evans blue under fluorescence microscopy. CONCLUSION: Pretreatment with L-NAME clearly inhibited PAF-induced microvascular leakage in the nasal and tracheal mucosa of rat. This finding implies that NO may mediate PAF-induced microvascular leakage in rat airways.
Animals ; Blood Platelets* ; Endothelium, Vascular ; Endothelium-Dependent Relaxing Factors ; Evans Blue ; Hypersensitivity ; Inflammation ; Lipoxygenase ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Mucous Membrane* ; Nasal Mucosa ; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester ; Nitric Oxide Synthase* ; Nitric Oxide* ; Platelet Activating Factor* ; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Spectrophotometry ; Trachea