Background: Healthcare workers play a key role in the transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in healthcare settings. Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of healthcare associated infections, including surgical site infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and bloodstream infections.
The anterior nares serve as an important reservoir for this pathogen, facilitating its spread within healthcare environments. In recent years, the rising prevalence of antimicrobial resistance has become a major public health concern, leading to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs.
Therefore, assessing nasal carriage and antimicrobial resistance patterns among healthcare workers is essential for effective infection prevention and control. Objective: To detect Staphylococcus aureus from nasal swabs of healthcare workers and to determine its antimicrobial susceptibility profile, with a particular focus on resistant strains. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study included 159 healthcare workers from six private hospitals in Songino Khairkhan district. Nasal vestibule swabs were collected and cultured on 5% blood agar and CHROMagar™ MRSA. Bacterial identification was performed using conventional microbiological techniques and API identification systems. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted using the disk diffusion method and interpreted according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 24. The study protocol was submitted to and approved by the Research Ethics Subcommittee of “Ach” Medical University on November 11, 2025. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to sample collection. Results: A total of 159 nasal swabs were collected from healthcare workers, from which 58 (36.5%) bacterial strains were isolated. Staphylococcus aureus was the most prevalent pathogen, accounting for 50 (86.2%) of the total isolates, representing an overall carrier rate of 31.4% (50/159) among the participants. Other identified species included Enterococcus spp. (n=5, 8.6%), Streptococcus viridans (n=2, 3.4%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=1, 1.7%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that 76% (n=38) of the S. aureus isolates were Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and 21% (n=10) were Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR). Additionally, Vancomycin-Resistant S. aureus (VRSA) and Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) were each detected at a rate of 0.6% Conclusion Antibiotic-resistant bacteria were identified in 44 (27.7%) of samples collected from healthcare workers, indicating the presence of multidrug resistance.
The detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), along with vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA), among healthcare workers indicates a potential risk for the dissemination of highly resistant pathogens.

Background: The most common clinical manifestation of HCV infection, which includes both hepatic and extrahepatic manifestations, is mixed cryoglobulinemia, which is characterized by the precipitation of certain proteins in the blood at temperatures below 37°C (in vitro), aggregation, and deposition in the walls of small and medium-sized vessels, causing vasculitis, which is clinically manifested by a triad of joint pain, fatigue, and rash on the soles of the feet. Cryoglobulinemia is commonly diagnosed in people with HCV infection, with a prevalence ranging from 10% to 70%. Vasculitis that occurs when cryoglobulinemia is detected mainly affects the small vessels of the skin, kidneys, and peripheral nerves, causing complications in other organ systems. Aim : To determine the prevalence of cryoglobulinemia in people with HCV infection, study it in relation to the stage of liver fibrosis, and determine its clinical relevance. Materials and Methods : 200 chronic HCV infected individuals were included in the study according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. After obtaining informed consent from each participant, a questionnaire was used to collect information, perform physical measurements, and collect peripheral blood samples. Complete blood count and biochemical tests (liver and kidney function) were performed. The degree of liver fibrosis was assessed non-invasively (APRI, FIB4). The glomerular filtration rate was calculated electronically using the MDRD GFR Equation. Skin examination was performed to assess the presence of rash, ulcers, and scarring on the shins and ankles of cryoglobulinemia. To determine cryoglobulinemia, 8 ml of blood was collected in a tube without anticoagulant, and the sample was kept motionless for 1 hour at room temperature until clotting was complete. After centrifugation, the samples were separated and stored in a refrigerator at +4°C for 7 days, and then at room temperature for 30 minutes, the precipitate was detected. Results : A total of 200 people participated in the study, of which 71 were men (35.5%), the average age was 53.39±13.0. Cryoglobulinemia protein precipitates were determined in a total of 148 people, of which 50 were men (33.8%), the average age was 52.95±13.0. Cryoglobulinemia protein precipitates were detected in 89 people, or 60.1% of the study participants. Of the total study participants, 176 (88.0%) had chronic hepatitis C (CHC). Of these, 57 people had CHC with cryoglobulinemia. Comparing laboratory parameters, the mean GGT level in the cryoglobulinemia group was statistically significantly higher than in the non-cryoglobulinemia group (p=0.039). However, when laboratory parameters were grouped by increasing or decreasing, AST and ALT levels were significantly higher in the cryoglobulinemia group, indicating more hepatocellular damage (p<0.000). Increased creatinine levels may be associated with the risk of renal dysfunction. The FIB-4 index and APRI index showed a more severe degree of fibrosis in the cryoglobulinemia group (p<0.005; p<0.000). Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that age was associated with the occurrence of cryoglobulinemia (OR=2.48; 95% CI:1.31–4.70; p=0.005). Platelet count had a statistically significant positive effect in multivariate analysis (OR=14.38; 95% CI:1.26–163.89; p=0.032). Conclusion The prevalence of cryoglobulinemia among HCV-infected patients was 60.1%, and older age and decreased platelet count among infected individuals were associated with the occurrence of cryoglobulinemia.

Background: Nitric oxide (NO) is a biological messenger molecule that plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of inflammation. It has anti-inflammatory effects under physiological conditions but can act as a pro-inflammatory mediator when produced excessively under abnormal conditions. NO is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases affecting the joints, intestines, and lungs. Therefore, compounds that inhibit NO production are considered important for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and are used clinically. The RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage-like cell line is a widely used model for inflammation studies. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, is used to activate RAW 264.7 cells and create an inflammation model. Glycyrrhiza uralensis, also known as licorice, is a perennial herbaceous plant in the Fabaceae family. It has been widely used in traditional medicine due to its anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and hepatoprotective properties. Recent studies have shown that licorice contains bioactive compounds such as glycyrrhizin, liquiritigenin, and isoliquiritigenin, which play an important role in inhibiting the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages induced by LPS. Inula helenium L., also known as elecampane, is a perennial herbaceous plant used as an expectorant, anti-infective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-helminthic agent in various respiratory diseases. Licorice and Inula helenium are included in Mongolian traditional medicine prescriptions, but their anti-inflammatory effects have not been fully determined, which forms the basis for this research. Aim: To study the effect of Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Inula helenium extracts on the production of NO, the end product of inflammation, in RAW 264.7 macrophage cell lines stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Materials and Methods: The non-toxic dose of the plant extracts was determined in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage-like cell line cultures using the MTT assay. Nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cell line cultures stimulated with lipopolysaccharide was assessed using the Griess method. Statistical analysis of the results was performed using SPSS 25.0 software, with the p-value calculated by one-way ANOVA, and the differences between groups were evaluated. Results: In RAW 264.7 cell cultures, Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Inula helenium extracts were non-toxic and promoted cell growth at doses ranging from 1 to 25 μg/ml, while a dose of 50 μg/ml was toxic and inhibited cell growth (p<0.01). When the combined plant extracts were applied to cells at doses ranging from 1 to 100 μg/ml, they were also non-toxic and enhanced cell growth, while a dose of 500 μg/ml was toxic and inhibited growth (p<0.001). In terms of nitric oxide production, Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract increased NO production in a dose- and time-dependent manner compared to the control or PBS-treated group. However, Inula helenium extract did not show a dose- or time-dependent effect on NO production. In the lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation model, licorice extract inhibited NO production at a dose of 30 μg/ml after 12 hours, and further reduced NO production in a dose- and time-dependent manner after 48 hours. Conversely, no significant changes were observed in the Inula helenium extract group at a dose of 25 μg/ml after 48 hours, but a reduction in LPS-induced NO production was observed at a dose of 25 μg/ml after 48 hours. Conclusion Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract alone increased NO production in a dose- and time-dependent manner. It also reduced LPS-induced NO production in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In contrast, Inula helenium extract inhibited LPS-induced NO production at a dose of 25 μg/ml after 48 hours.

: The increasing prevalence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), driven by factors such as population growth, urbanization, and economic development, presents significant individuals, families, challenges and to healthcare systems. These diseases are often linked to lifestyle choices, poor diet, and physical inactivity. As a result, there is growing interest in finding alternatives to synthetic drugs, particularly those derived from medicinal plants. Medicinal plants are known to contain bioactive compounds that offer therapeutic properties with fewer side effects compared to conventional pharmaceuticals. This study explores the cytoprotective effects of Glycyrrhiza uralensis (licorice) and Inula helenium (elecampane) extracts against oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cells.
The study found that both plant extracts were non-toxic at doses ranging from 1 to 25 µg/mL and promoted cell growth (p<0.01). The results suggest that these extracts support cell survival and exhibit biological activity.
To assess the antioxidant effects, various concentrations of H₂O₂ (10–400 µM) were tested, and 200 µM was found to significantly reduce cell viability. Licorice and elecampane extracts (10 µg/mL and 25 µg/ mL, respectively) enhanced cell viability and reduced oxidative damage. Both extracts significantly reduced cell death compared to the H₂O₂-only group (p<0.01), highlighting their potent antioxidant properties. Conclusion Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Inula helenium extracts demonstrated strong cytoprotective and antioxidant effects, supporting their potential as natural therapeutics for oxidative stress-related conditions.

This clinical review provides a summary of information on antibiotic-food interactions. The effects of medications vary from person to person due to multiple interactions. These include drug-drug interactions and drug-food interactions, which are influenced by everything an individual consumes. While drug-drug interactions are relatively well studied and understood by healthcare professionals such as doctors, nurses, and pharmacists, drugfood interactions are often overlooked, even by medical professionals.
As a result, medications' effects may become stronger, weaker, or completely absent, and in some cases, this may lead to toxicity. Therefore, this review aims to enhance awareness of drug-food interactions among healthcare professionals and the general public to improve treatment outcomes. Food-drug interactions are more noteworthy compared to other interactions. This is because dietary habits are often not recorded in a patient’s medical history and are not always included in consultations with healthcare professionals. However, the risk of adverse effects is the same for both food and medication.
Particularly, solid dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, and pills should be taken with water. If taken with other beverages— such as milk, alcohol, coffee, or fruit juices— they can affect the drug's pharmacokinetics (absorption, metabolism, distribution, and excretion), potentially increasing side effects or suppressing the drug’s effectiveness. Spoiled food, food that has not been stored in a refrigerator, or aged, pickled, fermented, or smoked foods may contain tyramine. Therefore, special caution should be taken to avoid consuming these foods during medication treatment. Tyramine is also found in foods like bananas, avocados, raisins, raspberries, and soy sauce.
When Linezolid is taken with foods high in tyramine, it can cause a sudden and dangerous increase in blood pressure. Thus, it is important to check food labels and ingredients carefully.

Background: Employee satisfaction in the healthcare sector has a direct impact not only on the quality of medical services, but also on workforce stability and overall organizational performance. High levels of job satisfaction are associated with improved work performance, whereas low satisfaction often leads to negative outcomes such as stress and burnout. Although studies on job satisfaction have been conducted in Mongolia, research specifically targeting healthcare workers—and identifying the key factors influencing their satisfaction—remains relatively limited. This gap provides the rationale for the present study Aim: The objective of this study is to examine job satisfaction among healthcare workers at primary and referral hospitals and to identify key factors influencing it. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted between 2022 and 2024 among 1,883 physicians, nurses, and other healthcare professionals aged 18–65 years from 11 provinces and Ulaanbaatar city, using a quantitative research approach with a cross-sectional design. Job satisfaction was assessed with a questionnaire comprising six subdomains (supportive leadership, opportunities for human resource development, professional ethics, organizational culture, quality of healthcare services, and workplace safety), rated on a three-point Likert scale. Data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 26.0. Results: The overall level of job satisfaction among participants was 77.6%. Among the subdomains, workplace safety and supportive environment scored the lowest at 71.7%, whereas the quality and safety of healthcare services scored the highest at 83.4%. The findings indicated that holding a managerial position in hospitals in Ulaanbaatar and working as a physician in primary-level hospitals were positively associated with job satisfaction (p < 0.05). Age demonstrated a statistically significant association with job satisfaction, while years of work experience showed a negative correlation, with satisfaction decreasing as tenure increased (r = −0.09, p < 0.001). The findings indicate that improving healthcare workers’ job satisfaction requires strengthening and supporting several organizational dimensions, including supportive leadership, opportunities for human resource development, organizational culture, workplace safety, and a supportive work environment Conclusion Workplace safety and support, opportunities for human resource development, and organizational culture were found to be critical determinants of employee job satisfaction. The findings suggest that job satisfaction can be enhanced by optimizing organizational support, ensuring opportunities for professional growth, and strengthening workplace safety

Background: There are many theories to explain the origin and development of cancer, and it is a multistep process. It depends on many genes that control functions such as growth, proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Ameloblastoma is a tumor of odontogenic epithelium, 80% of which occur in the jaw and often painlessly enlarge the jaw and cause facial deformity. Although ameloblastoma is a benign tumor, it is a locally invasive tumor and has a recurrence rate of up to 90% after surgery. It can also transform into cancer. According to the results of the researchers, ameloblastoma cells grow and infiltrate. The current standard treatment for ameloblastoma includes osteotomy, which is divided into marginal mandibular, segmental maxillary, partial maxillary, or total maxillary resection, depending on the location of the tumor. Although these surgical treatments are somewhat effective, the results often result in jaw deformity and facial deformity. Therefore, it is necessary to actively search for specific therapeutic strategies. Recent studies have begun to investigate the relationship between the activation of abnormal signaling pathways and ameloblastoma invasion. The complex interactions between signaling pathway elements, target genes, and molecular entities regulate tumor cell growth, apoptosis, and other key pathological phenomena in various signaling pathways. The results of other researchers have shown that the Notch signaling pathway is important in promoting ameloblastoma cell invasion. However, the role of the Notch signaling pathway and its related proteins in ameloblastoma cell invasion remains unclear. Our study investigated how inhibition of the Notch signaling pathway affects ameloblastoma cell invasion and investigated the relationship between them. We conducted a study to determine how this pathway affects ameloblastoma cell invasion by inhibiting the Notch signaling pathway in ameloblastoma cells. Aim: To investigate the effect of Notch signaling pathway inhibitors on ameloblastoma cell invasion. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at the Experimental Research Base of Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng University, Inner Mongolia, China, using quantitative research methods and experimental research designs. The effect of FLI-06 on the infiltration of AB cells after inhibition of the Notch signaling pathway was studied by Transwell method. The ameloblastoma cell lines used in the study were obtained from the Experimental Research Base of Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng University. The Notch signaling pathway inhibitor FLI-06 was purchased from Absin Bioscience Inc. (Absin® CAS: 313967-18-9), Shanghai. Results: After staining the cells in the Transwell (Lower chamber) with Amethyst dye, the number of AB cells inhibited by FLI-06 was observed under a microscope. The cell permeability of the control group was estimated to be 100%, while the cell permeability of the experimental group was 25%. The infiltration activity of ameloblastoma cells was 1.37±0.06%, and the number of infiltrating cells was 137.20±25.55, while the infiltration activity of normal oral mucosa cells was 0.12±0.01%, and the number of infiltrating cells was 80.40±3.36. The number of AB cells after inhibition with FLI-06 was 34.60±6.95, and the number of cells in the control group using simple culture medium was 137.20±25.55. Conclusion Inhibition of the Notch signaling pathway with FLI-06 reduced ameloblastoma cell invasion

Background: Patient safety is a core dimension of healthcare quality and has become a global priority. According to the report by the U.S. Institute of Medicine, between 44,000 and 98,000 deaths occur annually due to medical errors in hospitals. One of the key indicators of patient safety is the Adverse Events (AE), defined as unintended harm to a patient that results from medical care rather than from the underlying disease. The assessment of adverse events is not only a tool for detecting errors but also an active strategy for improving system reliability and safety. Accurate identification of adverse events is therefore essential for enhancing patient safety and serves as a critical performance indicator with financial implications for hospitals. Aim: To determine the incidence of adverse events in referral hospitals and to analyze the relationship between triggers and adverse events. Material and Methods: Data were collected during 2023–2024 from three referral hospitals, the First, Second, and Third State Central Hospitals after obtaining institutional approval. The study was conducted within the framework of the Whole System Measures methodology developed by the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI), which is internationally used for system-wide performance assessment. Data extraction was performed from electronic health records and inpatient departments, and statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 25. Results: The study identified 8.3% adverse events per 1,000 patient-days, which is 1.66 times higher than the international reference rate. A statistically significant association was observed between the number of triggers and the occurrence of adverse events, indicating that the use of triggers facilitates the active detection of adverse events. Conclusion The incidence of adverse events in tertiary specialized hospitals was found to be higher than international benchmarks. The application of trigger-based active surveillance proved to be an effective method for identifying adverse events and enhancing patient safety monitoring systems.

Background: Ameloblastoma (AB) is an odontogenic epithelial tumor. 80% of ameloblastomas occur in the jaw and often painlessly enlarge the jaw and cause facial deformity. Ameloblastoma is usually treated with a complete osteotomy, which is divided into three types: partial maxillary marginal resection, maxillary sinus resection, and total maxillary resection. These surgical procedures cause jaw deformity and facial trauma, so effective treatment methods with minimal trauma are still being sought in medicine. In order to develop new drugs for the treatment of ameloblastoma, it is necessary to study the molecular mechanisms that inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells. In recent years, it has been established that ameloblastoma is caused by abnormal activation of signaling pathways. Multiple signaling pathway regulators, target genes, and molecular interactions are involved in tumor cell proliferation and apoptosis. Previous studies have shown that blocking key signaling pathways is not only a therapeutic option in clinical practice, but also a useful tool in selecting tumor resection sites. Therefore, studying the molecular level of the Notch signaling pathway in the proliferation of ameloblastoma cells is of great importance for the treatment of the disease. Studies have shown that many factors of the Notch signaling pathway play important roles in promoting or inhibiting different tumors. The Notch signaling pathway promotes tumor cell proliferation by regulating CDK1, Cyclin D1, HES-1, and COX-2. Chinese researchers Li Wenchao and Baolidao’s research team have studied factors related to AB proliferation and invasion for the past decade, and have identified the roles of factors such as COX-2, Survivin, Akt, and PI3K in AB proliferation and invasion, and have successfully cultured primary ameloblastoma cells. However, the exact role of the Notch signaling pathway in AB cell proliferation has not been clearly studied. Aim: To study the effect of Notch signaling pathway inhibitors on ameloblastoma cell proliferation. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at the Experimental Research Base of Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng University, Inner Mongolia, China, using quantitative research methods and experimental research designs. The expression of Notch1, Cyclin D1, and CDK1 genes in AB cells was detected using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The effect of FLI-06 on the proliferation of AB cells after inhibition was studied by counting (CCK8) method. The ameloblastoma cell lines used in the study were obtained from the Experimental Research Base of Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng University. The Notch signaling pathway inhibitor FLI-06 was purchased from Absin Bioscience Inc. (Absin® CAS: 313967-18-9), Shanghai. Results: In the study, real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that the expression of Cyclin D1 in AB cells was 7.01 times higher than that in normal oral mucosa cells, the expression of CDK1 was 2.63 times higher, and the expression of Notch1 was 4.95 times higher. The cell proliferation of the control group was calculated as 100% by the AB cell proliferation inhibitor (CCK8) method, and compared with the experimental group, the cell proliferation of the group added with 5.0μM FLI-06 was 53.98%, 46.53% in the 10.0μM concentration group, and 22.33% in the 20.0μM concentration group. Conclusion Notch1, Cyclin D1, and CDK1 expression in ameloblastoma were significantly different from that in normal oral mucosa cells. Inhibition of the Notch signaling pathway with FLI-06 reduced ameloblastoma cell proliferation.

This article provides an overview of the clinical evidence of interactions between herbal and conventional medicines. Herbs involved in drug interactions – or that have been evaluated in pharmacokinetic trials – are discussed in this review. While many of the interactions reported are of limited clinical significance and many herbal products (echinacea, valerian) seem to expose patients to minor risk under conventional pharmacotherapy, a few herbs, notably St. John’s wort, may provoke adverse events sufficiently serious about endangering the patient’s health. Healthcare professionals should remain vigilant for potential interactions between herbal medicines and prescribed drugs, especially when drugs with a narrow therapeutic index are used. Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John’s wort) extracts are widely used as a safe alternative to conventional antidepressant drugs for mild to moderate forms of depressive disorders. St. John’s wort represents the herbal product that is most involved in herb-to drug interactions. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the clinical data regarding the E2 interactions between herbal remedies and prescribed drugs. For patients on prescription medications, the concomitant use of herbal medications can cause serious and adverse effects. It is the responsibility of health professionals to be well informed about the clinical evidence of herb-drug interactions.