Cancer continues to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally, which necessitates the development of more effective and less toxic therapies. Quinoxaline derivatives, a class of heterocyclic compounds with versatile chemical structures, have emerged as promising candidates for anticancer drug development. These derivatives exhibit a range of biological activities and have shown significant efficacy against various tumors. However, the therapeutic potential of quinoxaline derivatives, particularly in clinical applications, remains underexplored, highlighting the need for further research to optimize their use as anticancer agents. This systematic review aims to provide an updated analysis of quinoxaline derivatives’ anticancer potential, focusing on their mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications in oncology. Following PRISMA guidelines, a thorough search was conducted in MEDLINE/PubMed and Science Direct for studies from 2020 to 2024. Relevant keywords were used to identify studies on quinoxaline derivatives and their anticancer properties, resulting in the selection of 77 studies based on pharmacological activity and mechanisms. The review included 77 studies exploring various anticancer activities of quinoxaline derivatives. Key findings indicate that these compounds effectively inhibit cancer cell growth through multiple mechanisms, including the inhibition of topoisomerases, kinases, and other critical proteins involved in cancer progression. Additionally, they demonstrate strong antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects across several cancer cell lines, highlighting their broad therapeutic potential. Quinoxaline derivatives represent a promising class of compounds in anticancer therapy due to their diverse biological activities and multiple molecular targets. The development of these derivatives as targeted therapies holds the potential for more effective cancer treatments.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to compare serum sclerostin levels in human im-munodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients and healthy controls, and to evaluate their relationship with bone turnover markers (BTM) and bone mineral density (BMD). METHODS: We prospectively studied 33 HIV treatment-naive patients and 63 healthy individuals; matched for age and sex. Serum sclerostin levels, BTM, BMD were measured. Viral load and cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) levels were also assessed in HIV-infected patients. RESULTS: The mean+/-standard deviation (SD) age of sample was 37.6+/-10.3 years (range, 19 to 59 years). Of the 96 subjects, 58 (60.4%) were male and 38 (39.6%) were female. Infection with HIV is associated with significant reduction in serum sclerostin levels (HIV-infected: 39.4+/-28.3 vs. non HIV: 76.6+/-15.7 pmol/L; P<0.001) and a decrease in BMD at femoral neck and lumbar spine compared to healthy controls. Sclerostin however was not correlated with BMD and was not related to age, generally a strong correlation. There were no significant correlations between sclerostin and BTM (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that untreated HIV and the resulting immune deficiency and/or systemic inflammation could be an important regulator of serum sclerostin in this population.
Bone Density ; Densitometry* ; Female ; Femur Neck ; Glycoproteins ; HIV* ; Humans ; Humans* ; Inflammation ; Male ; Osteoporosis ; Prospective Studies ; Saudi Arabia ; Spine ; Viral Load

This survey examined the prevalence and intensity of Strongyloides fuelleborni kellyi and other intestinal helminths in children 5 years of age or under living near Kanabea, Papua New Guinea. Of 179 samples, 27% of the children tested positive for Strongyloides, with 81% of these children being a year or less in age. Overall, 68% of the children had one or more infections including Ascaris lumbricoides and hookworm (Necator americanus) as well as Strongyloides. Egg counts in the stools ranged from 100 to 98,300 eggs/ml for Strongyloides, 100 to 59,200 eggs/ml for Ascaris and 100 to 3400 eggs/ml for hookworm. There were significant associations between Strongyloides intensity and weight for age and weight for height such that children with higher intensities had, on average, lower z-scores. Relationships between the prevalence of helminth infections and socioeconomic factors were also observed. Logistic regression models showed that children living farther away from Kanabea (more than 2 hours' walking distance), in smaller households (5 or less people) and with uneducated mothers best predict children with Strongyloides. Two of these variables also predicted the presence of hookworm: maternal education and household size. However, in contrast to Strongyloides, a larger household size (6 or more people) was significantly associated with the presence of hookworm. House type was associated with the prevalence of Ascaris, with children living in houses with tin roofs being less likely to have Ascaris than those living in traditional houses. In addition, maternal education was associated with Ascaris intensity in those children with infection, such that the mean intensities were greater in children of uneducated mothers.
Child ; Strongyloides ; livin ; g <3> ; Hookworms