Solid freeform techniques are revolutionising technology with great potential to fabricate highly organized biodegradable scaffolds for damaged tissues and organs. Scaffolds fabricated via Solid freeform (SFF) techniques have more pronounced effect in bone tissue engineering. SFF techniques produce various types of scaffolds from different biomaterials with specific pore size, geometries, orientation, interconnectivity and anatomical shapes. Scaffolds needs to be designed from such biomaterials which can attach directly to natural tissues and mimic its properties, so ideally mechanical properties of scaffolds should be same as that of regenerating tissues for best results. The scaffolds designed without optimized mechanical properties would lead to the reduced nutrition diffusion within tissue engineered constructs (TECs) causing tissue necrosis. These scaffolds are mainly processed from ceramics and polymers like calcium phosphate, polydioxane, €-polycaprolactone, polylactic and polyglycolic acids etc. While, hydrogel scaffolds provide bridge for encapsulated cells and tissues to integrate with natural ECM. Likewise, 2D images from radiography were not sufficient for the prediction of the brain structure, cranial nerves, vessel and architecture of base of the skull and bones, which became possible using the 3D prototyping technologies. Any misrepresentation can lead to fatal outcomes. Biomodelling from these techniques for spinal surgery and preoperative planning are making its way toward successful treatment of several spinal deformities and spinal tumor. In this review we explored laser based and printing SFF techniques following its methodologies, principles and most recent areas of application with its achievements and possible challenges faced during its applications.
Biocompatible Materials ; Bone and Bones* ; Brain ; Calcium ; Ceramics ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Cranial Nerves ; Diffusion ; Fatal Outcome ; Hydrogel ; Necrosis ; Polyglycolic Acid ; Polymers ; Printing, Three-Dimensional ; Radiography ; Skull

Introduction: Human papillomavirus (HPV) testing is used as a means of triaging cervico-vaginalsmears with low grade squamous abnormalities or as part of co-testing with cytology. While HPVtesting has a high sensitivity, it has a low specificity in detecting cervical intraepithelial neoplasiagrade 2 and above (CIN 2+) leading to unnecessary colposcopy referrals. We investigate the accuracyof the p16/Ki-67 dual immunocytochemical stain in determining the presence of CIN 2+ lesions onhistology and its potential as a superior biomarker for triage. Methods: Liquid based cervico-vaginalcytology specimens with squamous abnormalities and corresponding histology from 97 women withsubsequent colposcopy and biopsy were included. The specimens were then subjected to the dual stainand Roche Cobas 4800 multiplex real time PCR HPV DNA testing. The sensitivity and specificity ofthe dual stain and HPV testing were calculated using CIN 2+ on histology as a reference standard.Results: The sensitivity and specificity of the dual stain in detecting histology proven CIN 2+ was93.7% and 76.5% while HPV testing was 85.7% and 14.7% respectively. Of the 44 women withASCUS or LSIL on cytology, the dual stain also reduced the number of unnecessary colposcopyreferrals from 27 to 7 when used as a triage marker compared to HPV testing. Conclusion: p16/Ki-67dual stain was more sensitive and specific than HPV testing in determining the presence of CIN 2+on histology. It could triage low grade cervico-vaginal specimens more effectively and potentiallyhelp women avoid unnecessary colposcopies. Future studies are needed to further evaluate its rolein cervical cancer screening programmes.

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito borne pathogen, belongs to Flaviviridae family having a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome, currently known for causing large epidemics in Brazil. Its infection can cause microcephaly, a serious birth defect during pregnancy. The recent outbreak of ZIKV in February 2016 in Brazil realized it as a major health risk, demands an enhanced surveillance and a need to develop novel drugs against ZIKV. Amodiaquine, prochlorperazine, quinacrine, and berberine are few promising drugs approved by Food and Drug Administration against dengue virus which also belong to Flaviviridae family. In this study, we performed molecular docking analysis of these drugs against nonstructural 3 (NS3) protein of ZIKV. The protease activity of NS3 is necessary for viral replication and its prohibition could be considered as a strategy for treatment of ZIKV infection. Amongst these four drugs, berberine has shown highest binding affinity of –5.8 kcal/mol and it is binding around the active site region of the receptor. Based on the properties of berberine, more similar compounds were retrieved from ZINC database and a structure-based virtual screening was carried out by AutoDock Vina in PyRx 0.8. Best 10 novel drug-like compounds were identified and amongst them ZINC53047591 (2-(benzylsulfanyl)-3-cyclohexyl-3H-spiro[benzo[h]quinazoline-5,1'-cyclopentan]-4(6H)-one) was found to interact with NS3 protein with binding energy of –7.1 kcal/mol and formed H-bonds with Ser135 and Asn152 amino acid residues. Observations made in this study may extend an assuring platform for developing anti-viral competitive inhibitors against ZIKV infection.
Amodiaquine ; Berberine ; Brazil ; Catalytic Domain ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Culicidae ; Dengue Virus ; Drug Design ; Flaviviridae ; Flavivirus ; Genome ; High-Throughput Screening Assays ; Humans ; Mass Screening* ; Microcephaly ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Pregnancy ; Prochlorperazine ; Quinacrine ; RNA ; United States Food and Drug Administration ; Zika Virus* ; Zinc

Umbilical cord ulceration is a rare condition presenting with sudden fetal bradycardia due to fetal hemorrhage and in most cases leading to intrauterine death. A strong association with intestinal atresia has been reported. Most cases present after 30 weeks of gestation, with preterm labor or rupture of membranes followed by sudden fetal bradycardia. We report two such cases of umbilical cord ulceration and review the available literature. One of the cases interestingly presented at 26 weeks, much earlier than what is reported in the world literature. In view of high perinatal mortality and morbidity, awareness of this condition is mandatory for timely and appropriate management to improve the fetal outcome.
Bradycardia ; Female ; Hemorrhage ; Intestinal Atresia ; Membranes ; Obstetric Labor, Premature ; Perinatal Mortality ; Pregnancy ; Rupture ; Ulcer* ; Umbilical Cord*

Umbilical cord ulceration is a rare condition presenting with sudden fetal bradycardia due to fetal hemorrhage and in most cases leading to intrauterine death. A strong association with intestinal atresia has been reported. Most cases present after 30 weeks of gestation, with preterm labor or rupture of membranes followed by sudden fetal bradycardia. We report two such cases of umbilical cord ulceration and review the available literature. One of the cases interestingly presented at 26 weeks, much earlier than what is reported in the world literature. In view of high perinatal mortality and morbidity, awareness of this condition is mandatory for timely and appropriate management to improve the fetal outcome.
Bradycardia ; Female ; Hemorrhage ; Intestinal Atresia ; Membranes ; Obstetric Labor, Premature ; Perinatal Mortality ; Pregnancy ; Rupture ; Ulcer* ; Umbilical Cord*

The leading cause of cancer mortality globally amongst the women is due to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. There is need to explore anti-cancerous drugs against this life-threatening infection. Traditionally, different natural compounds such as withaferin A, artemisinin, ursolic acid, ferulic acid, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, berberin, resveratrol, jaceosidin, curcumin, gingerol, indol-3-carbinol, and silymarin have been used as hopeful source of cancer treatment. These natural inhibitors have been shown to block HPV infection by different researchers. In the present study, we explored these natural compounds against E6 oncoprotein of high risk HPV18, which is known to inactivate tumor suppressor p53 protein. E6, a high throughput protein model of HPV18, was predicted to anticipate the interaction mechanism of E6 oncoprotein with these natural inhibitors using structure-based drug designing approach. Docking analysis showed the interaction of these natural inhibitors with p53 binding site of E6 protein residues 108-117 (CQKPLNPAEK) and help reinstatement of normal p53 functioning. Further, docking analysis besides helping in silico validations of natural compounds also helped elucidating the molecular mechanism of inhibition of HPV oncoproteins.
Binding Sites ; Computer Simulation* ; Curcumin ; Drug Design ; Female ; Hope ; Human papillomavirus 18* ; Humans ; Mortality ; Oncogene Proteins ; Silymarin

Variations in the urogenital vascular anomalies in the abdomen are very common. However, they warrant attention due to their importance in operative, diagnostic, and endovascular procedures. During routine dissection of abdomen in a male cadaver, unique urogenital vascular anomalies were observed. On the right side, the right renal artery was found to be originated from the abdominal aorta at the level of L2 and divided into five branches; the right testicular artery and inferior suprarenal artery originated from the lower branch. We also observed, accessory renal artery arising from abdominal aorta at the level of L3 and double renal veins on right side. On the left side, we found left renal artery originating from the abdominal aorta at the level of L2 and divided into two branches. Double testicular (medial and lateral) arteries were also observed. In addition to these vascular variations, bilateral kinking of ureter at the pelviureteric junction was also observed. Although the variations in the origin of urogenital vessels in the abdomen are common, deeper understanding of the urogenital vascular variations and their relations to adjacent structures is significant during surgical and radiological procedures.

Primary amenorrhoea with microperforate transverse vaginal septum is a rare entity with varied incidence in different parts of the world. It may be asymptomatic, unlike imperforate hymen. Depending on the size of the microperforation in transverse vaginal septum clinical features may vary similar to those found in imperforate hymen cases. We report two cases of a 25 and 22-year-old women who sought the gynaecologist with complains of primary infertility. They had normal menses with one of them having secondary dysmenorrhea. Physical examination and imaging disclosed microperforation of transverse vaginal septum in the upper part of the vagina at mid point position. Resection of the septum under anesthesia was done. The outcome was favourable and 25 year asymptomatic patient with primary infertility at the present moment have conceived carrying six weeks pregnancy and second patient is in follow up. We conclude that this anomaly may be overlooked, interfering on its incidence determination. The finding of transverse vaginal septum in an asymptomatic infertility patient is highly unusual. Clinicians must be aware of atypical presentations and potential multifactorial etiologies of primary infertility. Ensuring a thorough evaluation is essential in order to mitigate long-term effects of a misdiagnosis.
Infertility

Advancements in bio-ceramic technology has revolutionised endodontic material science by enhancing the treatment outcome for patients. This class of dental materials conciliates excellent biocompatibility with high osseoconductivity that render them ideal for endodontic care. Few recently introduced bio-ceramic materials have shown considerable clinical success over their early generations in terms of good handling characteristics. Calcium enriched mixture (CEM) cement, Endosequence sealer, and root repair materials, Biodentine and BioAggregate are the new classes of bio-ceramic materials. The aim of this literature review is to present investigations regarding properties and applications of CEM cement in endodontics. A review of the existing literature was performed by using electronic and hand searching methods for CEM cement from January 2006 to December 2013. CEM cement has a different chemical composition from that of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) but has similar clinical applications. It combines the biocompatibility of MTA with more efficient characteristics, such as significantly shorter setting time, good handling characteristics, no staining of tooth and effective seal against bacterial leakage.
Calcium* ; Dental Materials ; Endodontics* ; Family Characteristics ; Hand ; Humans ; Tooth ; Treatment Outcome ; Pemetrexed

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the leading cause of cancer mortality among women worldwide. The life-threatening infection caused by HPV demands the need for designing anticancerous drugs. In the recent years, different compounds from natural origins, such as carrageenan, curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, indole-3-carbinol, jaceosidin, and withaferin, have been used as a hopeful source of anticancer therapy. These compounds have been shown to suppress HPV infection by different researchers. In the present study, we explored these natural inhibitors against E6 oncoprotein of high-risk HPV-16, which is known to inactivate the p53 tumor suppressor protein. A robust homology model of HPV-16 E6 was built to anticipate the interaction mechanism of E6 oncoprotein with natural inhibitory molecules using a structure-based drug designing approach. Docking analysis showed the interaction of these natural compounds with the p53-binding site of E6 protein residues 113-122 (CQKPLCPEEK) and helped the restoration of p53 functioning. Docking analysis, besides helping in silico validation of natural compounds, also helps understand molecular mechanisms of protein-ligand interactions.
Carrageenan ; Computer Simulation ; Curcumin ; Drug Design ; Female ; Hope ; Human papillomavirus 16* ; Humans ; Mortality ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53