Human Q fever, a zoonosis caused by Coxiella burnetii, presents with diverse clinical manifestations ranging from mild self-limited febrile illnesses to life-threatening complications such as endocarditis or vascular infection. Although acute Q fever is a benign illness with a low mortality rate, a large-scale outbreak of Q fever in the Netherlands led to concerns about the possibility of blood transfusion-related transmission or obstetric complications in pregnant women. Furthermore, a small minority (< 5%) of patients with asymptomatic or symptomatic infection progress to chronic Q fever. Chronic Q fever is fatal in 5–50% of patients if left untreated. In South Korea, Q fever in humans was designated as a notifiable infectious disease in 2006, and the number of Q fever cases has increased sharply since 2015. Nonetheless, it is still considered a neglected and under-recognized infectious disease. In this review, recent trends of human and animal Q fever in South Korea, and public health concerns regarding Q fever outbreaks are reviewed, and we consider how a One Health approach could be applied as a preventive measure to prepare for zoonotic Q fever outbreaks.

Background/Aims: We aimed to analyze the efficacy of angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI) by the disease course of heart failure (HF). Methods: We evaluated 227 patients with HF in a multi-center retrospective cohort that included those with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤ 40% undergoing ARNI treatment. The patients were divided into patients with newly diagnosed HF with ARNI treatment initiated within 6 months of diagnosis (de novo HF group) and those who were diagnosed or admitted for HF exacerbation for more than 6 months prior to initiation of ARNI treatment (prior HF group). The primary outcome was a composite of cardiovascular death and worsening HF, including hospitalization or an emergency visit for HF aggravation within 12 months. Results: No significant differences in baseline characteristics were reported between the de novo and prior HF groups. The prior HF group was significantly associated with a higher primary outcome (23.9 vs. 9.4%) than the de novo HF group (adjusted hazard ratio 2.52, 95% confidence interval 1.06–5.96, p = 0.036), although on a higher initial dose. The de novo HF group showed better LVEF improvement after 1 year (12.0% vs 7.4%, p = 0.010). Further, the discontinuation rate of diuretics after 1 year was numerically higher in the de novo group than the prior HF group (34.4 vs 18.5%, p = 0.064). Conclusions The de novo HF group had a lower risk of the primary composite outcome than the prior HF group in patients with reduced ejection fraction who were treated with ARNI.

World Health Organization recently recommended new drug regimens including bedaquiline, pretomanid, and linezolid for the treatment of quinolone-resistant multidrug tuberculosis (pre-XDR-TB). Considering a continuous increase in rifampin- and ofloxacin-resistant Mycobacterium leprae, of interest would be antibacterial activities of the new TB drugs against M. leprae. Of the three new TB drugs above, bedaquiline showed the most potent bactericidal effects even after a single dose of 25 mg/km in the mouse footpad infection model of M. leprae. Bedaquiline level could be lowered to as low as 0.1 mg/kg when given with rifampin and/or clofazimine in a combination treatment in mouse models. Despite very potent anti-M. tuberculosis activity, however, pretomanid showed a moderate inhibitory activity against M. leprae in mouse model because of natural resistance due to lack of niroreductase enzyme in the organism, which is essential in releasing nitric oxide. Although linezolid showed an antibacterial activity at 100 mg/kg concentration against M. leprae in a mouse model, it may not be feasible to use for treatment of Hansen’s Disease due to the high frequency of severe adverse events that appeared during treatment of TB patients. While waiting for more new TB drugs with anti-M. leprae activity, bedaquiline seems to be promising for use in the treatment of Hansen’s Disease in the near future.

Background: The current conventional drug susceptibility test (DST) for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) takes several weeks of incubation to obtain results. As a rapid method, molecular DST requires only a few days to get the results but does not fully cover the phenotypic resistance. A new rapid method based on the ability of viable Mtb bacilli to hydrolyze fluorescein diacetate to free fluorescein with detection of fluorescent mycobacteria by flow cytometric analysis, was recently developed. Methods: To evaluate this cytometric method, we tested 39 clinical isolates which were susceptible or resistant to isoniazid (INH) or rifampin (RIF), or ethambutol (EMB) by phenotypic or molecular DST methods and compared the results. Results: The susceptibility was determined by measuring the viability rate of Mtb and all the isolates which were tested with INH, RIF, and EMB showed susceptibility results concordant with those by the phenotypic solid and liquid media methods. The isolates having no mutations in the molecular DST but resistance in the conventional phenotypic DST were also resistant in this cytometric method. These results suggest that the flow cytometric DST method is faster than conventional agar phenotypic DST and may complement the results of molecular DST. Conclusion In conclusion, the cytometric method could provide quick and more accurate information that would help clinicians to choose more effective drugs.

Objective: To investigate the association between genetic polymorphisms of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) or serotonin transporter gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) and tinnitus, and the mediating effects of psychological distress on this association. Methods: Eighty-six patients experiencing tinnitus and 252 controls were recruited. The Tinnitus Handicap Inventory was used to assess the severity of tinnitus and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Beck Anxiety Inventory-II (BAI-II), and the Korean version of the Brief Encounter Psychosocial Instrument (BEPSI-K) were used to assess psychological distress. We compared the association of BDNF rs6265 (Val66Met) and 5-HTTLPR variants in the two groups. The mediating effects of BDI-II, BAI-II, and BEPSI-K were examined using multiple regression analysis and validated by the Sobel test and bootstrapping. Results: No significant differences were found between the groups regarding BDNF Val66Met and 5-HTTLPR, but the 5-HTTLPR variants trended toward association. Depressive symptoms appeared to act as a mediator on the relationship within the 5-HTTLPR s/s genotype and the severity of tinnitus. Conclusion Our findings provide a speculative idea on the association between the serotonergic system and tinnitus and suggest that depressive symptoms act as a mediator in tinnitus. Therefore, screening for depressive symptoms in patients with tinnitus is essential and intervention for depressive symptoms may help alleviate the severity of tinnitus.

Background: The advancement of treatment with direct-acting antiviral (DAA) agents has improved the cure rate of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection close to 100%. The aim of our study was to assess the real-world effectiveness and safety of DAA regimens for the treatment of patients with chronic HCV genotype 2. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of patients treated with sofosbuvir plus ribavirin (SOF + RBV) or glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (G/P) for chronic HCV genotype 2 infection at seven university hospitals in the Korean southeast region. Results: SOF + RBV therapy produced an 89% and 98.3% sustained virologic response 12 week (SVR12) after treatment completion in the full analysis set and per-protocol set, respectively, and the corresponding values for G/P therapy were 89.5% and 99.2%, respectively. The difference between the treatments was probably because 6.2% (59/953) of patients in the SOF + RBV group did not complete the treatment and 9.8% (14/143) in the G/P group did not test HCV RNA after treatment completion. Adverse events (A/Es) were reported in 59.7% (569/953) and 25.9% (37/143) of the SOF + RBV and G/P groups, respectively. In the SOF + RBV group, 12 (1.26%) patients discontinued treatment owing to A/Es, whereas no patients discontinued treatment because of A/Es in the G/P group. Conclusion In both treatment groups, SVR was high when treatment was completed.However, there was a high dropout rate in the SOF + RBV group, and the dropout analysis showed that these were patients with liver cirrhosis (LC; 43/285, 15.1%), especially those with decompensated LC (12/32, 37.5%). Therefore, an early initiation of antiviral therapy is recommended for a successful outcome before liver function declines. Furthermore, patients with decompensated LC who are considered candidates for SOF + RBV treatment should be carefully monitored to ensure that their treatment is completed, especially those with low hemoglobin and high alanine transaminase.

Objective: To investigate the association between genetic polymorphisms of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) or serotonin transporter gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) and tinnitus, and the mediating effects of psychological distress on this association. Methods: Eighty-six patients experiencing tinnitus and 252 controls were recruited. The Tinnitus Handicap Inventory was used to assess the severity of tinnitus and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Beck Anxiety Inventory-II (BAI-II), and the Korean version of the Brief Encounter Psychosocial Instrument (BEPSI-K) were used to assess psychological distress. We compared the association of BDNF rs6265 (Val66Met) and 5-HTTLPR variants in the two groups. The mediating effects of BDI-II, BAI-II, and BEPSI-K were examined using multiple regression analysis and validated by the Sobel test and bootstrapping. Results: No significant differences were found between the groups regarding BDNF Val66Met and 5-HTTLPR, but the 5-HTTLPR variants trended toward association. Depressive symptoms appeared to act as a mediator on the relationship within the 5-HTTLPR s/s genotype and the severity of tinnitus. Conclusion Our findings provide a speculative idea on the association between the serotonergic system and tinnitus and suggest that depressive symptoms act as a mediator in tinnitus. Therefore, screening for depressive symptoms in patients with tinnitus is essential and intervention for depressive symptoms may help alleviate the severity of tinnitus.

Background: The advancement of treatment with direct-acting antiviral (DAA) agents has improved the cure rate of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection close to 100%. The aim of our study was to assess the real-world effectiveness and safety of DAA regimens for the treatment of patients with chronic HCV genotype 2. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of patients treated with sofosbuvir plus ribavirin (SOF + RBV) or glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (G/P) for chronic HCV genotype 2 infection at seven university hospitals in the Korean southeast region. Results: SOF + RBV therapy produced an 89% and 98.3% sustained virologic response 12 week (SVR12) after treatment completion in the full analysis set and per-protocol set, respectively, and the corresponding values for G/P therapy were 89.5% and 99.2%, respectively. The difference between the treatments was probably because 6.2% (59/953) of patients in the SOF + RBV group did not complete the treatment and 9.8% (14/143) in the G/P group did not test HCV RNA after treatment completion. Adverse events (A/Es) were reported in 59.7% (569/953) and 25.9% (37/143) of the SOF + RBV and G/P groups, respectively. In the SOF + RBV group, 12 (1.26%) patients discontinued treatment owing to A/Es, whereas no patients discontinued treatment because of A/Es in the G/P group. Conclusion In both treatment groups, SVR was high when treatment was completed.However, there was a high dropout rate in the SOF + RBV group, and the dropout analysis showed that these were patients with liver cirrhosis (LC; 43/285, 15.1%), especially those with decompensated LC (12/32, 37.5%). Therefore, an early initiation of antiviral therapy is recommended for a successful outcome before liver function declines. Furthermore, patients with decompensated LC who are considered candidates for SOF + RBV treatment should be carefully monitored to ensure that their treatment is completed, especially those with low hemoglobin and high alanine transaminase.

Background: Pyomyositis (PM) is a serious soft tissue infection and despite its clinical importance, previous studies have not been able to fully determine the clinical characteristics and microbial epidemiology of PM in Korea, which we therefore aimed to investigate. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively identified 140 adult patients diagnosed with PM from 13 general hospitals between January 2012 and December 2015. We analyzed the clinical and microbial characteristics of community-onset PM and compared them with communityacquired (CA) and healthcare-associated (HCA) PM. Results: One hundred eleven organisms were isolated from 96 (68.6%) patients with PM.Staphylococcus aureus (38 patients) was the most common pathogen, followed by streptococci (24 patients), and enteric Gram-negative organisms (27 patients). Methicillin-resistant S.aureus (MRSA) was identified in four (2.9%) patients and in-hospital mortality reached 8.6% (12/140). Enterococci isolates were identified in the HCA PM subgroup only The proportion of MRSA isolates was not comparable between CA and HCA PM subgroups. In the 83 patients with PM infected by monomicrobial pathogens, isolates of Gram-negative organisms were more commonly found in HCA PM subgroup than in CA PM subgroup (47.6% [10/21] of patients with HCA PM vs. 20.7% [12/58] of patients with CA PM; P = 0.01). Conclusion Gram-positive cocci such as S. aureus and streptococci were dominant etiologies in community-onset PM, whereas MRSA appears to an uncommon causative organism of PM in Korea. Enteric Gram-negative organisms should also be considered as major etiologies, especially in HCA PM patient population in Korea.

Background: Pyomyositis (PM) is a serious soft tissue infection and despite its clinical importance, previous studies have not been able to fully determine the clinical characteristics and microbial epidemiology of PM in Korea, which we therefore aimed to investigate. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively identified 140 adult patients diagnosed with PM from 13 general hospitals between January 2012 and December 2015. We analyzed the clinical and microbial characteristics of community-onset PM and compared them with communityacquired (CA) and healthcare-associated (HCA) PM. Results: One hundred eleven organisms were isolated from 96 (68.6%) patients with PM.Staphylococcus aureus (38 patients) was the most common pathogen, followed by streptococci (24 patients), and enteric Gram-negative organisms (27 patients). Methicillin-resistant S.aureus (MRSA) was identified in four (2.9%) patients and in-hospital mortality reached 8.6% (12/140). Enterococci isolates were identified in the HCA PM subgroup only The proportion of MRSA isolates was not comparable between CA and HCA PM subgroups. In the 83 patients with PM infected by monomicrobial pathogens, isolates of Gram-negative organisms were more commonly found in HCA PM subgroup than in CA PM subgroup (47.6% [10/21] of patients with HCA PM vs. 20.7% [12/58] of patients with CA PM; P = 0.01). Conclusion Gram-positive cocci such as S. aureus and streptococci were dominant etiologies in community-onset PM, whereas MRSA appears to an uncommon causative organism of PM in Korea. Enteric Gram-negative organisms should also be considered as major etiologies, especially in HCA PM patient population in Korea.