Purpose: This systematic review evaluated the effects of vitamin D supplementation on depressive symptoms in adult women by synthesizing evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Methods: This review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and CINAHL were searched for RCTs published between January 2020 and November 2025. Eligible studies included women aged ≥ 18 years, vitamin D supplementation as the primary intervention, and assessment of depressive symptoms using validated instruments. Two independent reviewers performed study screening, data extraction, and quality assessment using the Cochrane risk of bias 2.0 tool. Results: Four RCTs (n = 18,628 participants) were included. Three trials enrolled women with type 2 diabetes or prediabetes and concomitant vitamin D deficiency, whereas one large trial enrolled adults aged ≥ 50 years without baseline depression. Interventions ranged from 2,000 IU daily to 50,000 IU weekly for 6 months to 5.3 years. Two trials demonstrated significant reductions in depressive symptoms with high-dose supplementation (25,000~50,000 IU weekly) in women with comorbidities and vitamin D deficiency (p < .050). One trial showed overall improvement, but no between-group differences. The large preventive trial (2,000 IU daily, 5.3 years) found no effect on depression incidence (hazard ratio, 0.97; 95% confidence interval, 0.87~1.09). Conclusion High-dose vitamin D supplementation may be associated with reductions in depressive symptoms among women with vitamin D deficiency and metabolic comorbidities, whereas low-dose supplementation appears to confer limited preventive benefit in the general population.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to investigate the effectiveness and safety of adding basal insulin to initiating dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor and metformin and/or sulfonylurea (SU) in achieving the target glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: This was a single-arm, multicenter, 24-week, open-label, phase 4 study in patients with inadequately controlled (HbA1c ≥7.5%) T2DM despite the use of DPP-4 inhibitor and metformin. A total of 108 patients received insulin glargine while continuing oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs). The primary efficacy endpoint was the percentage of subjects achieving HbA1c ≤7.0%. Other glycemic profiles were also evaluated, and the safety endpoints were adverse events (AEs) and hypoglycemia. RESULTS: The median HbA1c at baseline (8.9%; range, 7.5% to 11.1%) decreased to 7.6% (5.5% to 11.7%) at 24 weeks. Overall, 31.7% subjects (n=33) achieved the target HbA1c level of ≤7.0%. The mean differences in body weight and fasting plasma glucose were 1.2±3.4 kg and 56.0±49.8 mg/dL, respectively. Hypoglycemia was reported in 36 subjects (33.3%, 112 episodes), all of which were fully recovered. There was no serious AE attributed to insulin glargine. Body weight change was significantly different between SU users and nonusers (1.5±2.5 kg vs. −0.9±6.0 kg, P=0.011). CONCLUSION: The combination add-on therapy of insulin glargine, on metformin and DPP-4 inhibitors with or without SU was safe and efficient in reducing HbA1c levels and thus, is a preferable option in managing T2DM patients exhibiting dysglycemia despite the use of OADs.
Blood Glucose ; Body Weight ; Body Weight Changes ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Fasting ; Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated ; Humans ; Hypoglycemia ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; Insulin Glargine ; Insulin ; Metformin ; Morinda

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify trends in nursing research on children and adolescents with cancer in Korea and suggest the direction for future research. METHODS: A COSI model was used to guide the search process between the years 1988 and 2014, using the keywords 'cancer', 'malignancy', 'leukemia', 'HSCT', 'BMT', 'children', 'adolescent' and 'nursing'. RESULTS: Of 104 papers, 10 were doctoral dissertations, 34 were master's theses and 60 were from academic journals. Quantitative research accounted for 91.3% while qualitative research accounted for 7.7%. The most frequently used research designs were quasi-experimental (84.6%) for experimental research and surveys (75.6%) for non-experimental research. As survival rates improved, the focus shifted to descriptive studies examining the adjustment of childhood cancer survivors. CONCLUSION: The overall findings of this study suggest that future research should include more well-designed experimental studies and repeated studies to confirm the effect of previous study findings. Longitudinal studies are recommended to determine long-term child adjustment. Supporting systems and funding are required to help activate research of clinical nurses.
Adolescent* ; Child* ; Financial Management ; Humans ; Korea* ; Longitudinal Studies ; Nursing Research* ; Nursing* ; Qualitative Research ; Research Design ; Survival Rate ; Survivors

PURPOSE: This is a descriptive correlation study to identify self-esteem, job satisfaction, and turnover intention among ship-building supply workers. METHODS: The subjects were 199 ship-building supply workers at two small & medium-sized ship-building supply companies in K city. The data were collected from March 1st through 31st, 2013. The collected data were analyzed using the SAS program through t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe test, and Pearson's correlation coefficients. RESULTS: There was a positive correlation between self-esteem and job satisfaction (r=.29, p<.001), a negative correlation between self-esteem and turnover intention (r=-.20, p<.001). Also there was a negative correlation between job satisfaction and turnover intention (r= -.58, p<.001). CONCLUSION: This finding identified that the self-esteem and job satisfaction were an important variable related to the turnover intention. Therefore, organizational managers need to develop strategies for improving workers' self-esteem and job satisfaction to prevent and decrease worker's turnover intention.
Intention* ; Job Satisfaction* ; Statistics as Topic

PURPOSE: This study was performed to investigate the effects of a blended learning program on ethical values in undergraduate nursing students. METHODS: This study was a one group pretest-posttest design. Seventy-one undergraduate nursing students who were taking a nursing ethics course at K University in S city were conveniently selected. The blended learning program was undertaken for 120 minutes one day weekly for 15 weeks. It consisted of case-based learning through an online method combined with problem-based learning offline. Scores for ethical value were measured using the ethical values scale. RESULTS: The ethical values score increased significantly in the students after the blended learning (p=.004). Of the subgroup of ethical values human-life, relationship with collaborator, and nursing job scores increased significantly in students after the blended learning, respectively (p=.034; p<.001; p<.001), the score for area as relationship with nursing clients decreased significantly in the students after the blended learning (p<.001). CONCLUSION: The blended learning program was identified as an educational program which induces a positive effect on the development of ethical values in undergraduate nursing students, and in future it can be utilized in nursing ethics education.
Education ; Ethics, Nursing ; Humans ; Learning* ; Nursing ; Problem-Based Learning ; Students, Nursing*

PURPOSE: This study was to assess the prevalence of workplace bullying and the relationship workplace bullying to self-esteem and turnover intention among clinical nurses. METHODS: The subjects were 223 clinical nurses at 3 small and medium-sized hospitals in K and B cities. The data were collected from February 1st throughout 28th, 2013. The collected data were analyzed using the SAS program through the frequency, percentage, mean, and Pearson's correlation coefficients. RESULTS: The rate of self-reported bullying in the nursing workplace was 24.6% of respondents. There was a negative correlation between workplace bullying and self-esteem (r=-.39, p<.001). Also there was a positive correlation between workplace bullying and turnover intention (r=.14, p=.031). CONCLUSION: Prevalence of self-reported bullying is high among small and medium-sized hospitals and is clearly associated with lower levels of self-esteem and higher levels of turnover intention. Therefore, an organizational nursing management program as a monitoring regularly the psychosocial work environment and policies and procedures to prevent and manage workplace bullying is strongly recommended for the promotion of self-esteem and reducing the nurse's intention to leave the organization.
Bullying* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Intention* ; Nursing ; Prevalence

PURPOSE: This study was to assess the prevalence of workplace bullying and the relationship workplace bullying to self-esteem and turnover intention among clinical nurses. METHODS: The subjects were 223 clinical nurses at 3 small and medium-sized hospitals in K and B cities. The data were collected from February 1st throughout 28th, 2013. The collected data were analyzed using the SAS program through the frequency, percentage, mean, and Pearson's correlation coefficients. RESULTS: The rate of self-reported bullying in the nursing workplace was 24.6% of respondents. There was a negative correlation between workplace bullying and self-esteem (r=-.39, p<.001). Also there was a positive correlation between workplace bullying and turnover intention (r=.14, p=.031). CONCLUSION: Prevalence of self-reported bullying is high among small and medium-sized hospitals and is clearly associated with lower levels of self-esteem and higher levels of turnover intention. Therefore, an organizational nursing management program as a monitoring regularly the psychosocial work environment and policies and procedures to prevent and manage workplace bullying is strongly recommended for the promotion of self-esteem and reducing the nurse's intention to leave the organization.
Bullying ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Intention ; Nursing ; Prevalence

PURPOSE: This study was done to investigate changes in image of nursing in first year students of nursing after courses on history & philosophy of nursing. METHODS: Participants were 100 first year students at a nursing college located in K city. The students were asked to submit a written answer to an open-ended question. Data were collected in March, 2011, before the students started nursing courses, and again in June, 2011, after they had finished one semester of nursing courses. Data were analyzed using Van Kaam's phenomenological method. RESULTS: Before the nursing courses, students regarded nursing as caring for patients comfortably with warmth and kindness, helping patients with self-sacrificing spirit and service, and being tough and overwhelming to do. After finishing one semester of nursing courses, they regarded nursing as a profession that requires motherly care, love and devotion, and as meaningful and beautiful to do. CONCLUSIONS: After finishing one semester of nursing courses, the images of nursing held by the students changed from a traditional perspective emphasizing the emotional and negative aspects to one focusing more on the professional and positive aspects. It is essential to establish healthy and positive images of nursing among students through the nursing curriculum.
Curriculum ; Humans ; Love ; Philosophy ; Students, Nursing

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between nurse managers' facilitative communication as perceived by nurses and nurses' self-esteem. METHODS: The subjects were 256 staff nurses at B hospital of C University in Kyeonggi-do. The data were collected between December 1, 2009 and January 12, 2010. The collected data were analyzed using the SAS program through t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe test, Pearson's correlation coefficients. RESULTS: Nurses' self-esteem was higher when nurse managers perceived them as facilitative communicators in empathic understanding and genuineness subgroup of facilitative communication (p<.05). There was a positive correlation between nurse managers' facilitative communication and nurses' self-esteem(r=.15, p=.015). Also there was a positive correlation among the nurse managers' facilitative communication subgroups, empathic understanding; genuineness; concreteness(r=0.18, p=.004; r=0.18, p=.003; r=0.19, p=.002) and nurses' self-esteem. CONCLUSION: Nurse managers are in need of facilitative communication. Therefore, job education and training for improving nurse managers' communication skills particularly related to empathic understanding, genuineness and concreteness are required.
Humans ; Nurse Administrators ; Phenothiazines

Malignant melanoma is one of the most common malignancies associated with metastatic disease to the gastrointestinal tract. Malignant melanotic melanomas metastasized to the stomach and duodenum, stomach, small bowel, and rectum have been reported in Korea. However, amelanotic malignant melanoma metastasized to the gastrointestinal tract, to our knowledge, has not been reported in Korea. Recently, we experienced a case of amelanotic malignant melanoma metastasized to the duodenum in a 48 year-old man. The primary site was presumed to be the soft tissue near the right knee. Pulmonary and pancreatic metastasis were also noted at presentation. Despite systemic chemotherapy, the patient died of progressive disease at about 13 months after presentation.
Drug Therapy ; Duodenum* ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Humans ; Knee ; Korea ; Melanoma* ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Rectum ; Stomach