Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) with concomitant thyroid cancer is rare and is usually caused by a parathyroid adenoma rather than parathyroid carcinoma. Although an association between PHPT and well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma has been reported, it is often considered coincidental. We report a case of a 50-year-old female presenting with tingling, shoulder pain, muscle weakness, and elevated serum calcium and parathyroid hormone levels. Neck ultrasonography revealed a hypoechoic nodule in the left inferior region to the thyroid gland and thyroid nodules in both lobes. A Tc99m-MIBI parathyroid scan showed a focal hot nodule, and fine-needle aspiration confirmed papillary thyroid carcinoma, later verified by histopathology. The patient underwent surgery and was diagnosed with PHPT and papillary thyroid carcinoma. This case highlights the importance of evaluation for concomitant thyroid malignancy in PHPT patients with suspicious thyroid nodules.

Rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) is a rare fungal infection that may be fatal in immunocompromised patients. Acupuncture is commonly used in Eastern Asia in addition to steroid medication for the treatment of Bell’s palsy. For such patients with comorbid medical conditions, potential risks might arise after the acupuncture procedure; however, ROCM following acupuncture therapy has not been reported to date. Here we present a rare case of invasive mucormycosis that began from the facial skin after acupuncture procedure. In this case, the patient was suspected of ROCM infection and emergently treated with surgical debridement and antifungal therapy. Despite early surgical debridement and medical treatment, the patient died due to brain infarction and invasion of mucormycosis into the internal carotid artery and cavernous sinus. Although acupuncture therapy is considered relatively safe in general, care should be taken when performing acupuncture in patients with underlying diseases that cause immunosuppression.

It is difficult to determine a cause of bile duct stricture and dilatation. Eosinophilic cholangitis, a rare benign condition, may be one cause of bile duct stricture and dilatation. It can be evaluated using various methods of histopathology, radiographs, endoscopy, and hematologic findings. Treatment generally involves steroid therapy which can lead to improvement. This case report will discuss eosinophilic cholangitis, emphasizing that while it can easily be overlooked but should be considered in differential diagnoses.

Endoscopic spine surgery (ESS) is growing in popularity worldwide. An expanding body of literature demonstrates rapid functional recovery with reduced morbidity compared to open techniques. Both full endoscopic spine surgery, or uniportal endoscopy, and unilateral biportal endoscopy (UBE) can be employed in conjunction with various navigation and enabling technologies for assistance with localization of anatomic orientation and assessment of the intraoperative target spinal pathology. This review article describes various navigation technologies in ESS, including 2-dimensional (2D) fluoroscopic imaging, 2D fluoroscopic navigation, 3-dimensional C-arm navigation, augmented reality, and spinal robotics. Employment of enabling navigation and emerging technology with the registration of patient-specific anatomy enables clear delineation of anatomic landmarks and facilitation of a successful procedure. Additionally, avoidance of common pitfalls during use of navigation systems in ESS is discussed in this review.

Objective: The upper lumbar region has distinctive anatomical characteristics that contribute to the challenges of performing discectomy. We introduce far-lateral transforaminal unilateral biportal endoscopic (UBE) lumbar discectomy for central or paracentral disc herniations in the upper lumbar region. Methods: We conducted retrospective review of the patients who underwent a far-lateral transforaminal UBE lumbar discectomy at our institution from January 2018 to September 2024. The electronic medical records, operative records, and radiologic images of the patients were reviewed. Results: A total of 27 patients underwent far-lateral transforaminal UBE lumbar discectomy for central or paracentral disc herniations in the upper lumbar region. The patient had a mean age of 54.0 ± 13.7 years. Operation was performed at the L1–2 level in 3 patients (11.1%), L2–3 in 9 patients (33.3%), and L3–4 in 15 patients (55.6%). The patients were followed-up for a mean of 27.7 ± 19.3 months. The Oswestry Disability Index was significantly decreased from 36.3 ± 6.8 preoperatively to 3.7 ± 3.3 at last follow-up (p < 0.001). The visual analogue scale (VAS) back was significantly decreased from 7.8 ± 0.9 preoperatively to 3.1 ± 0.6 postoperative day 2 (p < 0.001). The VAS leg was significantly decreased from 8.1 ± 0.8 preoperatively to 2.3 ± 0.7 postoperative day 2 (p < 0.001). Conclusion The far-lateral transforaminal UBE lumbar discectomy would be a viable surgical option for upper lumbar disc herniations.

Hysteroscopy is particularly valuable for the diagnosis of uterine cavity abnormalities through direct visualization. The development of office hysteroscopy has expanded the range of diagnostic and surgical procedures available. These detailed guidelines include patient counseling and the selection and setting of office hysteroscopy, including room, equipment, and medical staff. Analgesia or local anesthesia is often required in selective office hysteroscopy cases. Cervical dilation and preparation using medical or mechanical methods are required for most diagnostic hysteroscopic procedures. Methods for optimizing visualization and choosing suitable distension media are important for a successful office hysteroscopy. It is crucial to adhere to guidelines to prevent complications, such as vasovagal syncope, cervical trauma, uterine perforation, fluid overload, and embolism. Vaginoscopy can be a good alternative option for alleviating pain, especially in cases where the insertion of a vaginal speculum is expected to be challenging.

Objectives: Although non-ampullary duodenal neuroendocrine tumors (NADNETs) are rare neoplasms, their incidence has been increasing. In this study, we aimed to analyze the long-term outcomes of patients with NADNETs who underwent endoscopic resection (ER) or surgery. Methods: This retrospective study included 55 adults (aged 26–78 years) diagnosed with NADNETs between 2009 and 2022 at Seoul National University Hospital. We categorized the patients into 3 groups: 21 underwent ER, 28 underwent surgical resection, and 6 had no detectable residual tumors after the initial biopsy during the follow-up period. Continuous data were examined using the Mann–Whitney U or Kruskal–Wallis tests, and categorical variables were analyzed using the χ2 or Fisher’s exact tests. Results: A total of 21 patients, with a mean tumor size of 9.2±5.3 mm, underwent successful ER. After ER, three patients experienced perforation (14% [3/21]); two underwent primary repair surgery, and one recovered with conservative treatment. The mean tumor size of 28 patients who underwent surgical resection was 13.9±6.7 mm. There were no cases of postoperative bleeding or perforation; however, four patients experienced ileus and required prolonged hospital stays. The median follow-up periods for patients who underwent ER, surgical resection, and removal after the initial biopsy were 42, 48, and 42.5 months, respectively. During the follow-up period, no recurrence was observed in any group. Conclusions Recurrence-free survival in patients undergoing ER for NADNETs, with an endoscopically measured size of approximately 10 mm, was comparable to that of patients undergoing surgical resection. However, ER carried a relatively high risk of perforation due to the challenging anatomical access and thin duodenal wall.