Purpose: Keratoconus (KC) involves a progressive corneal deformation, recognized as having an inflammatory component, despite traditionally being considered noninflammatory. This study investigates the notable tear film cytokines and their correlation with KC disease severity. The objectives of this study were to measure inflammatory tear biomarkers in KC patients and to compare them with healthy controls and to evaluate biomarker levels across different severity stages of KC. This study follows a case-control observational design, comparing inflammatory tear biomarkers in KC patients (cases) and healthy individuals (controls), at a single point in time without intervention. Methods: Eighteen KC patients and 25 healthy individuals were enrolled. Tear samples were collected via Schirmer strips and analyzed for interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) using ELISA. Group comparisons were made using nonparametric tests, and Spearman correlation evaluated associations with disease severity. Results: KC patients showed significantly elevated levels of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, MMP-9, and TNF-α (p < 0.05). IL-1β, MMP-9, and TNF-α demonstrated strong associations with disease severity, while IL-6 and IL-10 exhibited moderate correlations, and IL-4 showed only a weak association with KC progression. Conclusions The study emphasizes inflammation’s role in KC and identifies tear film inflammatory markers as promising tools for diagnosis, prognosis, early detection, disease monitoring, and personalized treatment.

Background: To assess the effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) as an adjunct to standard treatment in early-stage oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), focusing on mouth opening, burning sensation, pain, and systemic inflammation. Methods: A randomized comparative study was conducted on early-stage OSMF patients divided into two groups. Group 1 received HBOT along with intralesional triamcinolone, hyaluronidase, and oral antioxidants. Group 2 received only the standard intralesional therapy with antioxidants. Clinical parameters—interincisal distance, burning sensation, and pain—were recorded at baseline, first, and second followup. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were measured pre- and post-treatment. Statistical analysis included unpaired t-tests and chisquare tests. Results: Both groups improved clinically, but Group 1 showed significantly greater reductions in burning sensation (p= 0.020), pain, and CRP levels (p= 0.033). Although intergroup differences in mouth opening were not statistically significant, Group 1 showed greater improvement over time. Fibrotic band distribution remained unchanged in both groups. No complications were reported with HBOT. Conclusion HBOT provides enhanced symptomatic relief and anti-inflammatory effects in early-stage OSMF when used alongside conventional therapy. While it may not reverse fibrosis, its safety and noninvasive nature support its role in multimodal OSMF management.

Background: Chronic periodontitis is associated with various systemic inflammatory diseases; however, research on its association with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is relatively limited. Because both conditions share common risk factors, systemic inflammation plays a key role in the progression of these diseases. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in chronic inflammatory diseases and is a potential biomarker. This study aimed to measure salivary Gal-3 levels in patients with periodontitis and CKD to better understand their association and evaluate Gal-3 as a diagnostic biomarker for these conditions. Methods: Seventy-five patients were categorized into three groups: Group I, patients with CKD and periodontitis (n=25); Group II, patients with chronic periodontitis who were systemically healthy (n=25); and Group III, patients with CKD without chronic periodontitis (n=25). Demographic characteristics and periodontal and renal parameters were recorded for each patient. Saliva samples were collected to evaluate Gal-3 levels using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Patients with chronic periodontitis and CKD and those with chronic periodontitis alone (Groups I and II, respectively) showed significantly higher salivary Gal-3 levels than patients with CKD alone (Group III) (p<0.001). Bivariate correlation analysis indicated a strong relationship between clinical parameters and Gal-3 levels across all three groups. Conclusion Salivary Gal-3 level is a valuable early diagnostic marker of chronic periodontitis and CKD.

Background: Chronic periodontitis is associated with various systemic inflammatory diseases; however, research on its association with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is relatively limited. Because both conditions share common risk factors, systemic inflammation plays a key role in the progression of these diseases. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in chronic inflammatory diseases and is a potential biomarker. This study aimed to measure salivary Gal-3 levels in patients with periodontitis and CKD to better understand their association and evaluate Gal-3 as a diagnostic biomarker for these conditions. Methods: Seventy-five patients were categorized into three groups: Group I, patients with CKD and periodontitis (n=25); Group II, patients with chronic periodontitis who were systemically healthy (n=25); and Group III, patients with CKD without chronic periodontitis (n=25). Demographic characteristics and periodontal and renal parameters were recorded for each patient. Saliva samples were collected to evaluate Gal-3 levels using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Patients with chronic periodontitis and CKD and those with chronic periodontitis alone (Groups I and II, respectively) showed significantly higher salivary Gal-3 levels than patients with CKD alone (Group III) (p<0.001). Bivariate correlation analysis indicated a strong relationship between clinical parameters and Gal-3 levels across all three groups. Conclusion Salivary Gal-3 level is a valuable early diagnostic marker of chronic periodontitis and CKD.

Background: Chronic periodontitis is associated with various systemic inflammatory diseases; however, research on its association with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is relatively limited. Because both conditions share common risk factors, systemic inflammation plays a key role in the progression of these diseases. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in chronic inflammatory diseases and is a potential biomarker. This study aimed to measure salivary Gal-3 levels in patients with periodontitis and CKD to better understand their association and evaluate Gal-3 as a diagnostic biomarker for these conditions. Methods: Seventy-five patients were categorized into three groups: Group I, patients with CKD and periodontitis (n=25); Group II, patients with chronic periodontitis who were systemically healthy (n=25); and Group III, patients with CKD without chronic periodontitis (n=25). Demographic characteristics and periodontal and renal parameters were recorded for each patient. Saliva samples were collected to evaluate Gal-3 levels using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Patients with chronic periodontitis and CKD and those with chronic periodontitis alone (Groups I and II, respectively) showed significantly higher salivary Gal-3 levels than patients with CKD alone (Group III) (p<0.001). Bivariate correlation analysis indicated a strong relationship between clinical parameters and Gal-3 levels across all three groups. Conclusion Salivary Gal-3 level is a valuable early diagnostic marker of chronic periodontitis and CKD.

Background: Chronic periodontitis is associated with various systemic inflammatory diseases; however, research on its association with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is relatively limited. Because both conditions share common risk factors, systemic inflammation plays a key role in the progression of these diseases. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in chronic inflammatory diseases and is a potential biomarker. This study aimed to measure salivary Gal-3 levels in patients with periodontitis and CKD to better understand their association and evaluate Gal-3 as a diagnostic biomarker for these conditions. Methods: Seventy-five patients were categorized into three groups: Group I, patients with CKD and periodontitis (n=25); Group II, patients with chronic periodontitis who were systemically healthy (n=25); and Group III, patients with CKD without chronic periodontitis (n=25). Demographic characteristics and periodontal and renal parameters were recorded for each patient. Saliva samples were collected to evaluate Gal-3 levels using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Patients with chronic periodontitis and CKD and those with chronic periodontitis alone (Groups I and II, respectively) showed significantly higher salivary Gal-3 levels than patients with CKD alone (Group III) (p<0.001). Bivariate correlation analysis indicated a strong relationship between clinical parameters and Gal-3 levels across all three groups. Conclusion Salivary Gal-3 level is a valuable early diagnostic marker of chronic periodontitis and CKD.

Endovascular neurointervention is typically performed with iodinated contrast medium (ICM) under fluoroscopy. However, some patients may be contraindicated to such procedures based on their sensitivity to ICM. In this report, we describe a case of successful coil embolization of a direct carotid cavernous fistula using angiography with gadolinium-based contrast agents in a patient with severe allergic reaction to ICM. The clinical decision-making for this patient was further complicated by comorbidities of renal impairment, drug allergies, and previously severe gastrointestinal bleeding.

Purpose: Trauma is a common cause of death worldwide and head injury is the most common form of trauma presented at the Emergency Department. Physiological scores are better for predicting outcome than anatomical scores. To reduce mortality rates, this study compared the capacity of the revised trauma scores (RTS) and the Glasgow coma scale- age- pressure (GAP) scores to predict the survival of patients and effectively channel resources. Methods: An observational study of head trauma patients aged 12 to 80 years was performed at a tertiary care center (N = 500). We noted demographic information, RTS and GAP trauma scores, and outcomes in terms of mortality or survival at 24 hours, 48 hours, and 7 days. Results: Of the 500 patients who were enrolled, 414 (82.8%) survived 24 hours, 373 (74.6%) survived 48 hours, and 265 (53%) survived after 7 days. Using the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve, the RTS score was a significantly better predictor of survival in patients with head trauma than the GAP score at 24 hours (p = 0.044) and 48 hours (p = 0.049) of admission. The results were not significantly different at 7 days (p = 0.240). Mortality or survival outcomes were not significantly different between the RTS and GAP scores (p = 0.373). Conclusion RTS appears to be a better early predictor for mortality (within 48 hours of admission) than the GAP score. The RTS was more effective in directing the triage of patients which improved survival rates in head trauma patients.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the pattern of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ genotype in children diagnosed with celiac disease (CD) (biopsy proven), and to compare this with a control group; and secondarily, to correlate HLA genotypes with clinical profiles of CD. Methods: This cross-sectional comparative observational study included 26 controls and 52 patients diagnosed with CD who presented at Sir Padampat Mother and Child Health Institute, Jaipur, from May, 2017 to October, 2018. HLA DQ genotype was assessed for each patients and correlated with clinical profiles. Results: HLA DQ2/DQ8 genotypes were significantly more common in CD (present in 100.0% cases) than in controls (23.1%) in Northern India (Rajasthan). When HLA DQ2.5 and DQ8 were present together, individuals had significantly more atypical presentations and severe findings on duodenal biopsy. Similarly, patients with the HLA DQ 2.5 genotype were also predisposed to more severe endoscopic findings, while HLA DQ2.2 predisposed them to less severe biopsy findings. HLA DQ8 was significantly associated with later age at diagnosis (>5 years) and shorter stature. The highest HLA DQ relative risk (RR) for CD development was associated with HLA DQ2.5 and DQ2.2 in combination, followed by HLA DQ2.5 and DQ8 in combination, while HLA DQx.5 and HLA DQ2.2 together had the lowest risk. Conclusion HLA DQ2/DQ8 genotypes are strongly associated with pediatric CD patients in northern India. These genotypes and their combinations may be associated with different clinical presentations of CD, and may help predict severity of CD.