Abstract Vitamin D deficiency is a significant health issue, particularly among office workers. This literature review emphasizes the availability of evidence on vitamin D deficiency and its impacts on musculoskeletal health and immune functions, especially amongst office workers. A literature search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science identified relevant studies on the relationship between vitamin D status and musculoskeletal health and infection risks, highlighting the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in office workers due to limited sunlight exposure and sedentary lifestyles. The risks of osteoporosis, muscle weakness, and musculoskeletal pain, as well as impaired immune system function, are carefully examined. Potential intervention strategies include implementing work schedules allowing for outdoor breaks, providing access to vitamin D-fortified foods or supplements, and routine screening for vitamin D levels. Addressing the low level of vitamin D in office workers is essential for promoting musculoskeletal health, supporting immune functions, and enhancing workforce productivity. This review underscores the need for further research and the implementation of evidence-based interventions to mitigate the impact of vitamin D deficiency in this population.
Vitamin D deficiency ; office workers ; musculoskeletal ; Immunity

Objective: Early-onset scoliosis (EOS) poses a significant therapeutic dilemma, as progressive spinal curvature during early growth can compromise thoracic development and pulmonary function. The growing-rod domino technique has emerged as an important surgical strategy, allowing serial deformity correction while preserving spinal growth and reducing the need for repeated surgical interventions. Methods: We report a technical case study of a 9-year-old girl with idiopathic EOS who presented with a right thoracic Cobb angle of 107° and a compensatory lumbar curve of 62°, Risser stage 0, and a restrictive pulmonary pattern (forced vital capacity 72% predicted). Under general anesthesia with continuous neurophysiological monitoring, rod constructs were anchored proximally at T2–4 and distally at L3–4 using unilateral pedicle screws. The rods were contoured to maintain sagittal balance and tunneled submuscularly. A 20-mm intraoperative distraction was performed. Postoperative management included early mobilization, outpatient magnetic lengthening, and serial radiographic assessments. Results: Intraoperative distraction reduced the thoracic and lumbar curves to 42° and 20°, respectively, with stable somatosensory evoked potential and motor evoked potential signals maintained throughout the procedure. The patient was extubated without complications, mobilized on postoperative day 2, and discharged on postoperative day 4. At 6-month follow-up, outpatient growing-rod activations achieved an additional 5 mm of spinal length. Radiographs confirmed sustained deformity correction, preserved spinal growth, and intact instrumentation. No perioperative or follow-up complications, including infection, implant failure, or autofusion, were observed. Clinically, the patient demonstrated improved trunk symmetry and respiratory function. Conclusion Growing-rod constructs using the domino technique provide a safe, effective, and patient-centered approach for the management of severe EOS. By achieving meaningful deformity correction while allowing continued spinal growth and reducing overall surgical burden, the growing-rod domino technique represents a valuable treatment option in skeletally immature patients, enabling deferral of definitive fusion until skeletal maturity.

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to summarize the pregnancy outcomes of women diagnosed with genital tuberculosis (GTB) who spontaneously conceived or underwent intrauterine insemination (IUI) or in vitro fertilization (IVF) after being treated with antitubercular therapy (ATT). Publications from the PubMed, Medline, Embase, Ovid, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched from December 20, 2021 to March 5, 2022. The outcomes are presented as pooled averages with 95% confidence intervals. The inconsistency index (I2) test was used to measure the heterogeneity between studies. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using GRADEPro (https://www.gradepro.org/). Of the numerous articles identified, 33 met the inclusion criteria and were included in this systematic review. Generally, there was a significant increase in pregnancy rates among patients who underwent IVF compared with those who underwent ATT (37.9% vs. 23.8%; p=0.02). Conversely, there was no significant difference in pregnancy rates between patients who underwent IUI and those who conceived spontaneously (18.1% vs. 23.8%; p=0.65). In cases in which no abnormalities were found on hysterosalpingography or hysterolaparoscopy, pregnancy rates were comparable between spontaneous and IVF conceptions (48.4% vs. 49.2%). There were no significant differences in pregnancy or live birth rates between patients with GTB and those with other infertility factors undergoing IVF treatment (p>0.05). ATT, which is administered during the early stages of GTB is effective in achieving pregnancy outcomes comparable to IVF. However, in patients with advanced-stage disease, IVF is a superior treatment modality, resulting in increased pregnancy rates.

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to summarize the pregnancy outcomes of women diagnosed with genital tuberculosis (GTB) who spontaneously conceived or underwent intrauterine insemination (IUI) or in vitro fertilization (IVF) after being treated with antitubercular therapy (ATT). Publications from the PubMed, Medline, Embase, Ovid, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched from December 20, 2021 to March 5, 2022. The outcomes are presented as pooled averages with 95% confidence intervals. The inconsistency index (I2) test was used to measure the heterogeneity between studies. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using GRADEPro (https://www.gradepro.org/). Of the numerous articles identified, 33 met the inclusion criteria and were included in this systematic review. Generally, there was a significant increase in pregnancy rates among patients who underwent IVF compared with those who underwent ATT (37.9% vs. 23.8%; p=0.02). Conversely, there was no significant difference in pregnancy rates between patients who underwent IUI and those who conceived spontaneously (18.1% vs. 23.8%; p=0.65). In cases in which no abnormalities were found on hysterosalpingography or hysterolaparoscopy, pregnancy rates were comparable between spontaneous and IVF conceptions (48.4% vs. 49.2%). There were no significant differences in pregnancy or live birth rates between patients with GTB and those with other infertility factors undergoing IVF treatment (p>0.05). ATT, which is administered during the early stages of GTB is effective in achieving pregnancy outcomes comparable to IVF. However, in patients with advanced-stage disease, IVF is a superior treatment modality, resulting in increased pregnancy rates.

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to summarize the pregnancy outcomes of women diagnosed with genital tuberculosis (GTB) who spontaneously conceived or underwent intrauterine insemination (IUI) or in vitro fertilization (IVF) after being treated with antitubercular therapy (ATT). Publications from the PubMed, Medline, Embase, Ovid, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched from December 20, 2021 to March 5, 2022. The outcomes are presented as pooled averages with 95% confidence intervals. The inconsistency index (I2) test was used to measure the heterogeneity between studies. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using GRADEPro (https://www.gradepro.org/). Of the numerous articles identified, 33 met the inclusion criteria and were included in this systematic review. Generally, there was a significant increase in pregnancy rates among patients who underwent IVF compared with those who underwent ATT (37.9% vs. 23.8%; p=0.02). Conversely, there was no significant difference in pregnancy rates between patients who underwent IUI and those who conceived spontaneously (18.1% vs. 23.8%; p=0.65). In cases in which no abnormalities were found on hysterosalpingography or hysterolaparoscopy, pregnancy rates were comparable between spontaneous and IVF conceptions (48.4% vs. 49.2%). There were no significant differences in pregnancy or live birth rates between patients with GTB and those with other infertility factors undergoing IVF treatment (p>0.05). ATT, which is administered during the early stages of GTB is effective in achieving pregnancy outcomes comparable to IVF. However, in patients with advanced-stage disease, IVF is a superior treatment modality, resulting in increased pregnancy rates.

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to summarize the pregnancy outcomes of women diagnosed with genital tuberculosis (GTB) who spontaneously conceived or underwent intrauterine insemination (IUI) or in vitro fertilization (IVF) after being treated with antitubercular therapy (ATT). Publications from the PubMed, Medline, Embase, Ovid, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched from December 20, 2021 to March 5, 2022. The outcomes are presented as pooled averages with 95% confidence intervals. The inconsistency index (I2) test was used to measure the heterogeneity between studies. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using GRADEPro (https://www.gradepro.org/). Of the numerous articles identified, 33 met the inclusion criteria and were included in this systematic review. Generally, there was a significant increase in pregnancy rates among patients who underwent IVF compared with those who underwent ATT (37.9% vs. 23.8%; p=0.02). Conversely, there was no significant difference in pregnancy rates between patients who underwent IUI and those who conceived spontaneously (18.1% vs. 23.8%; p=0.65). In cases in which no abnormalities were found on hysterosalpingography or hysterolaparoscopy, pregnancy rates were comparable between spontaneous and IVF conceptions (48.4% vs. 49.2%). There were no significant differences in pregnancy or live birth rates between patients with GTB and those with other infertility factors undergoing IVF treatment (p>0.05). ATT, which is administered during the early stages of GTB is effective in achieving pregnancy outcomes comparable to IVF. However, in patients with advanced-stage disease, IVF is a superior treatment modality, resulting in increased pregnancy rates.

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to summarize the pregnancy outcomes of women diagnosed with genital tuberculosis (GTB) who spontaneously conceived or underwent intrauterine insemination (IUI) or in vitro fertilization (IVF) after being treated with antitubercular therapy (ATT). Publications from the PubMed, Medline, Embase, Ovid, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched from December 20, 2021 to March 5, 2022. The outcomes are presented as pooled averages with 95% confidence intervals. The inconsistency index (I2) test was used to measure the heterogeneity between studies. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using GRADEPro (https://www.gradepro.org/). Of the numerous articles identified, 33 met the inclusion criteria and were included in this systematic review. Generally, there was a significant increase in pregnancy rates among patients who underwent IVF compared with those who underwent ATT (37.9% vs. 23.8%; p=0.02). Conversely, there was no significant difference in pregnancy rates between patients who underwent IUI and those who conceived spontaneously (18.1% vs. 23.8%; p=0.65). In cases in which no abnormalities were found on hysterosalpingography or hysterolaparoscopy, pregnancy rates were comparable between spontaneous and IVF conceptions (48.4% vs. 49.2%). There were no significant differences in pregnancy or live birth rates between patients with GTB and those with other infertility factors undergoing IVF treatment (p>0.05). ATT, which is administered during the early stages of GTB is effective in achieving pregnancy outcomes comparable to IVF. However, in patients with advanced-stage disease, IVF is a superior treatment modality, resulting in increased pregnancy rates.

Background::Elevated high blood pressure is controlled by complicated, little-understood genetic and epigenetic pathways that are influenced by both heritable and environmental variables. Many adult systolic and diastolic blood pressure-related genomic loci have been identified through previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS); meanwhile, studies specifically on Asian adult populations have not been done. This study aims to comprehensively assess and summarize any gene changes that have been studied and see whether there is a possible influence between epigenetic changes and hypertension in Asian adults.Methods::This evidence-based analysis is based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 statement and has been registered in PROSPERO under registration number [CRD42024622261]. The data were processed qualitatively to assess the risk of bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) and Agency for Health Research and Quality (AHRQ) standards as the threshold. Our study in particular shows that epigenetic modifications may play a role in hypertension, particularly in Asian individuals.Results::A total of 28 studies were selected for qualitative evaluation. In the adult Asian population, 26 publications (92.8%) reported a relationship between blood pressure and epigenetics. Every study describes a distinct gene or location associated with hypo- or hypermethylation. Elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure was linked to variations of several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), cytosine phosphate guanines (CPGs), and other monogenic genes.Conclusion::Alterations in epigenetic modifications in potential genes or loci are linked to systolic and diastolic blood pressure of Asian adult populations.

Background::Elevated high blood pressure is controlled by complicated, little-understood genetic and epigenetic pathways that are influenced by both heritable and environmental variables. Many adult systolic and diastolic blood pressure-related genomic loci have been identified through previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS); meanwhile, studies specifically on Asian adult populations have not been done. This study aims to comprehensively assess and summarize any gene changes that have been studied and see whether there is a possible influence between epigenetic changes and hypertension in Asian adults.Methods::This evidence-based analysis is based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 statement and has been registered in PROSPERO under registration number [CRD42024622261]. The data were processed qualitatively to assess the risk of bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) and Agency for Health Research and Quality (AHRQ) standards as the threshold. Our study in particular shows that epigenetic modifications may play a role in hypertension, particularly in Asian individuals.Results::A total of 28 studies were selected for qualitative evaluation. In the adult Asian population, 26 publications (92.8%) reported a relationship between blood pressure and epigenetics. Every study describes a distinct gene or location associated with hypo- or hypermethylation. Elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure was linked to variations of several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), cytosine phosphate guanines (CPGs), and other monogenic genes.Conclusion::Alterations in epigenetic modifications in potential genes or loci are linked to systolic and diastolic blood pressure of Asian adult populations.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the levels of chitinase-3-like protein-1 (CHI3L1), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in adenomyosis, as compared to normal myometrial tissue. These biomarkers may be useful for determining potential treatment targets. Methods: This was a correlative, analytical, and observational study with a cross-sectional design. Participants with a diagnosis of moderate-to-severe adenomyosis, as determined through transvaginal ultrasonography and histological examination, and who underwent laparotomy or laparoscopic surgery for the treatment of adenomyosis, were enrolled in the study. Unlike other studies that recruited healthy women as controls, our study used adenomyotic and healthy nonadenomyotic myometria obtained from the same individual. The levels of CHI3L1, MMP-9, and MCP-1 in the biopsy samples were determined using enzyme-linked immunoassay kits, according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Results: A highly significant increase in the levels of CHI3L1, MMP-9, and MCP-1 was found in adenomyotic tissues compared to non-adenomyotic tissues (P<0.001). A significant positive correlation was found between CHI3L1 and MMP-9 levels (r=0.463; P=0.008), CHI3L1 and MCP-1 levels (r=0.594; P<0.001), and MCP-1 and MMP-9 levels (r=0.680; P<0.001) in adenomyotic tissues. Conclusion CHI3L1 may play a role in the pathogenesis of adenomyosis via the regulation of the MCP-1 and MMP-9 pathways. Therefore, these molecules may serve as biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for adenomyosis.