In recent years,significant breakthroughs have been achieved in the immunotherapy for Alzheimer's disease.In line with global advancements,two anti-amyloid-β monoclonal antibodies have been approved and successfully launched in China for clinical use.Lecanemab and Donanemab were officially used in June 2024 and April 2025 in China,respectively.In order to standardize the rational and safe application of anti-amyloid-β monoclonal antibodies for Alzheimer's disease in China,this article integrates recom-mendations from the clinical trials and real-world experience from the author's team and domestic peers to further update the recom-mendations for the clinical use of anti-amyloid-β monoclonal antibody based on the 2024 version.It includes indications for therapy,pre-treatment evaluation and preparation,administration protocols and safety measures during treatment,and post-treatment monitor-ing strategies.

Objective:To establish a brain metastasis (BM) prediction model for limited-stage small cell lung cancer (LS-SCLC) patients who achieved complete response (CR) or partial response (PR) after thoracic chemoradiotherapy, and to explore the value of prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) in different risk groups.Methods:Clinical data of 274 patients with LS-SCLC who achieved CR/PR after thoracic chemoradiotherapy in Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital from January 2010 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed, including 144 cases in the PCI group and 130 in the non-PCI group. The nomogram was developed based on variables determined by univariate and multivariate analyses in the non-PCI group. The bootstrap method, receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve, calibration curve and decision curve analysis (DCA) were employed to evaluate the predictive power and clinical benefits of the model. Patients were stratified into high- and low-risk groups based on risk scores. The brain metastases-free survival (BMFS), progression-free survival (PFS), extracranial progression-free survival (ePFS) and overall survival (OS) were compared between patients with and without PCI in different risk-stratified populations using the log-rank test.Results:The nomogram included five variables: systemic immune inflammation index (SII), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), pro-gastrin-releasing peptide precursor (ProGRP), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and blood calcium. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of the nomogram in predicting 1- and 2-year BMFS was 0.761 and 0.822. In the low-risk group, there was no significant difference in the BMFS ( P=0.374), PFS ( P=0.551), ePFS ( P=0.508) and OS ( P=0.767) between the PCI and non-PCI groups. In the high-risk group, PCI could significantly increase the BMFS ( P<0.001) and PFS ( P=0.022), while there was no significant difference in the ePFS ( P=0.963) and OS ( P=0.632). And propensity score-matching (PSM) analysis showed similar results. Conclusions:PCI does not improve OS in LS-SCLC patients regardless of high or low risk of BM. However, PCI significantly prolong the BMFS and PFS in patients at a high risk of BM.

Objective:To assess the effect of low-dose esketamine on postoperative cognitive function in elderly patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery.Methods:One hundred and twenty-four patients, aged 65-80 yr, regardless of gender, with a body mass index of 18-35 kg/m 2, of American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status classification Ⅰ or Ⅱ, were assigned to either esketamine group (group E, n=64) or control group (group C, n=60) using a random number table method. Group E received intravenous esketamine at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg, while group C received an equal volume of normal saline intravenously. Anesthesia was induced with intravenous fentanyl, propofol and rocuronium and maintained using combined intravenous-inhalational anesthesia in both groups. Patient-controlled analgesia was carried out postoperatively. Cognitive function tests including a simple mental state examination, auditory word learning test, tracking connection test A and B, number symbol replacement test, Boston naming test and complex graph test were performed at 1 day before surgery and 30 days after surgery, and postoperative cognitive dysfunction was determined using Z-score method. Delirium was assessed using Confusion Assessment Method from 1 to 7 days after operation. The operative hypotension, postoperative delayed emergence, nausea and vomiting, and hallucinations were recorded. The recovery time of spontaneous breathing, eye opening to verbal command and extubation time were recorded. Results:Compared with group C, the incidence of cognitive dysfunction at 30 days after surgery and intraoperative hypotension was significantly decreased ( P<0.05), and no significant change was found in the recovery time of spontaneous breathing, eye opening to verbal command, extubation time, incidence of postoperative delayed emergence, delirium, nausea and vomiting, and hallucinations in group E ( P>0.05). Conclusions:Low-dose esketamine can improve postoperative cognitive function in elderly patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery.

Objective:To evaluate the relationship between serum folate and the prognosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade I (CIN1) and the interaction between folate and high risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection.Methods:From a community-based married women cohort established in Jiexiu and Yangqu County of Shanxi Province from June to December 2014, a total of 564 eligible women with CIN1 by pathologically diagnosed were recruited. The pathological examination was performed again 12 months later. According to the prognosis of CIN1, participants were divided into CIN1 regression group, persistence and progression group, respectively. Nested case-control study was used to explore the relationship between serum folate and CIN1 prognosis, and additive model was used to analyze the interaction between serum folate and HR-HPV infection.Results:Among 564 CIN1 patients, 479 cases underwent pathological examination again, 331 were divided in CIN1 regression group and other 148 in persistence and progression group. The levels of serum folate in CIN1 regression group and persistence and progression group were (18.890±8.360) and (15.640±5.550) nmol/L, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant ( Z=-6.937, P<0.001). HPV infection was detected in 154 patients, including 148 cases of HR-HPV infection and 6 cases of low risk human papillomavirus (LR-HPV) infection. Univariate analysis showed that there were significant differences in the age, passive smoking, frequency of pudendal cleaning, frequency of cleaning after sex, frequency of changing underwear, serum folate and HR-HPV infection between regression group and persistence and progression group ( P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the frequency of pudendal cleaning ( OR=0.422, 95% CI: 0.238-0.750), frequency of changing underwear ( OR=0.574, 95% CI: 0.355-0.928), serum folate (13.06-16.78nmol/L: OR=4.806, 95% CI: 2.355-9.810; ≤13.05nmol/L: OR=8.378, 95% CI: 4.024-17.445), HR-HPV infection ( OR=1.852, 95% CI: 1.170-2.933) were the independent influencing factors of CIN1 prognosis. Interaction analysis showed that the relative excess risk of low serum folate level and HR-HPV infection for the CIN1 persistence and progression was 4.992 (95% CI: 0.189-9.796), attributable proportion due to interaction was 0.552 (95% CI: 0.279-0.824), synergy index was 2.632 (95% CI: 1.239-5.588), a OR of serum folate≤16.78 nmol/L and HR-HPV infection positive was 9.055 (95% CI: 4.878-16.807). Conclusion:Low serum folate level could increase the risk of CIN1 persistence and progression, and might enhance the risk when combined with HR-HPV infection.

Objective:To evaluate the relationship between serum folate and the prognosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade I (CIN1) and the interaction between folate and high risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection.Methods:From a community-based married women cohort established in Jiexiu and Yangqu County of Shanxi Province from June to December 2014, a total of 564 eligible women with CIN1 by pathologically diagnosed were recruited. The pathological examination was performed again 12 months later. According to the prognosis of CIN1, participants were divided into CIN1 regression group, persistence and progression group, respectively. Nested case-control study was used to explore the relationship between serum folate and CIN1 prognosis, and additive model was used to analyze the interaction between serum folate and HR-HPV infection.Results:Among 564 CIN1 patients, 479 cases underwent pathological examination again, 331 were divided in CIN1 regression group and other 148 in persistence and progression group. The levels of serum folate in CIN1 regression group and persistence and progression group were (18.890±8.360) and (15.640±5.550) nmol/L, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant ( Z=-6.937, P<0.001). HPV infection was detected in 154 patients, including 148 cases of HR-HPV infection and 6 cases of low risk human papillomavirus (LR-HPV) infection. Univariate analysis showed that there were significant differences in the age, passive smoking, frequency of pudendal cleaning, frequency of cleaning after sex, frequency of changing underwear, serum folate and HR-HPV infection between regression group and persistence and progression group ( P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the frequency of pudendal cleaning ( OR=0.422, 95% CI: 0.238-0.750), frequency of changing underwear ( OR=0.574, 95% CI: 0.355-0.928), serum folate (13.06-16.78nmol/L: OR=4.806, 95% CI: 2.355-9.810; ≤13.05nmol/L: OR=8.378, 95% CI: 4.024-17.445), HR-HPV infection ( OR=1.852, 95% CI: 1.170-2.933) were the independent influencing factors of CIN1 prognosis. Interaction analysis showed that the relative excess risk of low serum folate level and HR-HPV infection for the CIN1 persistence and progression was 4.992 (95% CI: 0.189-9.796), attributable proportion due to interaction was 0.552 (95% CI: 0.279-0.824), synergy index was 2.632 (95% CI: 1.239-5.588), a OR of serum folate≤16.78 nmol/L and HR-HPV infection positive was 9.055 (95% CI: 4.878-16.807). Conclusion:Low serum folate level could increase the risk of CIN1 persistence and progression, and might enhance the risk when combined with HR-HPV infection.

Objective:To explore the effects of hnRNP E1 on the expression of early genes E2, E6 of HPV16 and the biological function in cervical cancer SiHa cell lines.Methods:The cell experiments in vitro were carried out in cervical cancer cell lines SiHa. The expression levels of E2, E6 mRNA and protein of HPV16 were detected by Real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively, before and after up-regulating hnRNP E1. Meanwhile, the cell proliferation, cycle and apoptosis were evaluated by CCK-8 and flow cytometry. Data analyses were performed using SPSS 22.0 and Graphpad Prism 7.0 software. Results:Compared with the blank and the blank plasmid group, the cells activity and proliferation decreased at 24, 48 and 72 h after up-regulating hnRNP E1 ( P<0.05), while the percentage of cells in G0/G1 phase increased and the percentage in S and G2/M phase and proliferation index decreased ( P<0.05). Moreover, the late apoptotic rate and the total apoptotic rate increased ( P<0.05). The expression levels of E6 mRNA and protein of HPV16 in hnRNP E1 up-regulated group were significantly lower than that in both blank group and blank plasmid group, the differences were significant ( P<0.05), showing the tendency of cells proliferation index decrease and total apoptotic rate increase with decreased HPV16 E6 expression. There were no significant differences in the expression of E2 mRNA of HPV16 among the three groups ( P=0.427), and no E2 protein of HPV16 was detected. Conclusions:hnRNP E1 could inhibit the transcription and translation of E6 oncogene of HPV16 and further inhibit the proliferation and promote apoptosis of cervical cancer cells, suggesting that hnRNP E1 might be a potential target marker to prevent cervical lesions. But no association between hnRNP E1 and HPV16 E2 was found in SiHa cells.

Objective:To explore the effect of dietary water-soluble vitamins on the poor prognosis of low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CINⅠ).Methods:A total of 564 participants with CINⅠ were selected from a community-based married women cohort established in 2014. The general baseline information was collected, and HPV genotyping was detected. A food frequency questionnaire was used to investigate dietary water-soluble vitamins' consumption and determine their exposure levels. The follow-up program was carried out for 12 months, and the regression, persistence, and progression of CINⅠ was determined according to histopathological results at 12-month.Results:The low-levels of dietary water-soluble vitamins could promote CINⅠ's persistence and progression, showing the increasing tendency of CINⅠ poor prognosis with the decrease of water-soluble vitamin levels. Especially folate, VB1, VB2, VB6, niacin, biotin, and VC ( RR values were 15.22, 1.86, 1.92, 2.11, 2.98, 2.14, 2.19, respectively) played an important role. Considering the status of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection, our results showed that the low levels of folate, niacin, biotin could promote the poor prognosis of CINⅠ. Conclusions:The low-level of dietary water-soluble vitamins could facilitate the poor prognosis of CINⅠ. In addition, folate, niacin, biotin were more effective on HR-HPV positive women.

Objective:To describe the characteristics of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection and its influences by vaginal micro-environmental factors.Methods:A total of 421 women with HR-HPV infection and normal cervix diagnosed by pathology were selected from a community cohort established earlier by our research group for a 24-month follow-up. The baseline data were collected at enrollment. The vaginal micro-environmental factors were detected by using the combined detection kit of aerobic vaginitis and bacterial vaginosis. And the HPV was detected by using the flow-through hybridization technology. According to the HR-HPV infection status in baseline and 24 months of follow-up, with the prognosis characteristics of HR-HPV infection described, the impact of vaginal micro-environmental factors on the prognosis of HR-HPV infection was explored as well.Results:Among 390 HR-HPV infected women who completed 24 months of follow-up, the top five types of persistent HR-HPV infection rate appeared as HPV16 (24.1%), HPV58 (22.2%), HPV53 (21.7%), HPV52 (20.0%), and HPV39 (11.8%), respectively. The results showed that women with abnormal vaginal pH (a OR=1.74, 95% CI: 1.08-2.80), abnormal neuraminidase (a OR=2.70, 95% CI: 1.52-4.83), or abnormal leucocyte esterase (a OR=3.41, 95% CI: 2.13-5.44), the risk of HR-HPV persistent infection increased. The abnormalities of neuraminidase and leukocyte esterase could increase the risk of persistent infection of homotype and heterotypic HR-HPV. Conclusions:HPV16 was prone to persistent infection. Abnormalities of vaginal pH, neuraminidase, and leukocyte esterase might increase the risk of HR-HPV persistent infection. Both the abnormalities of neuraminidase and leukocyte esterase play an essential role in the HR-HPV persistent infection.

Objective:To investigate the diagnostic value of different vaginal micro-environmental factors in low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN Ⅰ) and determine the optimal model in high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection.Methods:A total of 926 women, including 623 with normal cervical (NC) condition and 303 CINⅠ patients, had undergone pathological examinations, and were enrolled in the study. All the women were from a community previously established cohort. Vaginal cleanliness, pH, H 2O 2, β-glucuronidase, coagulase, sialidase, and leukocyte esterase (LE) were detected by the combined detection method aerobic vaginitis/bacterial vaginosis in vaginal secretions. HPV genotyping was performed by using the flow-through hybridization technology. The data were analyzed by SAS 9.2 and SPSS 23.0. Results:The vaginal cleanliness, pH, sialidase, and LE were determined as the representative vaginal micro-environment factors by principal component analysis. Based on logistic regression theory to analyze the ROC curve, the results showed that the highest sensitivity was with pH value (76.2%), and the highest specificity was with sialidase (90.9%). The area under ROC curve were higher in combination detection modes of sialidase+LE (0.714), pH+sialidase+LE (0.719), vaginal cleanness+sialidase+LE (0.713) and pH+vaginal cleanness+sialidase+LE (0.709). According to HR-HPV infection status, the TOPSIS method was used to analyze the combined detection optimal model. Specifically, we found that the best diagnostic model was pH+sialidase +LE ( C i=0.585) in the HR-HPV positive group and vaginal cleanness+sialidase+LE ( C i=0.641) in the negative group. Conclusions:The combined detection of vaginal microenvironment factors could be used for auxiliary diagnosis for CINⅠ. It would be more effective when detecting pH, sialidase, and LE in HR-HPV positive women while vaginal cleanness, sialidase, and LE in HR-HPV negative women at the same time.

Objective:To investigate the effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure on the prognosis of high risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection.Methods:In this prospective study, 564 patients with low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia confirmed by pathology were selected from the natural cohort population established by our research group in Shanxi province in 2014. Based on the baseline data of demographic characteristics and factors related to HPV infection, the concentrations of 1-hydroxypyrene in urine samples of the patients were determined by high performance liquid chromatography to define the exposure level of PAHs. At baseline survey and follow-up after 24 months, flow-through hybridization was used to detect HPV infection types, and to evaluate the prognosis of HR-HPV (persistent infection, negative conversion, positive conversion and persistent negative status).Results:Of the 564 subjects, 483 completed the follow-up, with a follow-up rate of 85.6% (483/564). Among them, the persistent infection rate was 52.4% (75/143), the persistent homotype infection rate was 35.7% (51/143), the negative conversion rate was 47.6% (68/143), the positive conversion rate was 19.7% (67/340), and the persistent negative rate was 80.3% (273/340). The follow-up results showed that the persistent infection rate (a RR=3.22, 95% CI: 1.85-5.62) and positive conversion rate (a RR=2.84, 95% CI: 1.64-4.94) of HR-HPV in high PAHs exposure group were higher than those in low PAHs exposure group, while the persistent negative rate (a RR=0.55, 95% CI: 0.43-0.70) of HR-HPV in high PAHs exposure group were lower than those in low PAHs exposure group. Based on restrictive cubic spline analysis, the results showed that the effects of PAHs exposure on persistent HR-HPV infection and persistent homotype infection showed an ascending linear dose-response relationship, while on HR-HPV positive conversion and persistent negative status showed an ascending and declining nonlinear dose-response relationship respectively ( P<0.01). Conclusions:High PAHs exposure could promote persistent HR-HPV infection and persistent homotypic infection. Reducing PAHs exposure might conducive to HR-HPV continuous negative maintenance. Active prevention and control of PAHs exposure is of great significance to prevent HR-HPV infection and persistent infection.