The therapeutic efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine has been widely acknowledged due to its extensive history of clinical effectiveness. However, the precise active components underlying each prescription remain incompletely understood. Polysaccharides, as a major constituent of water decoctions-the most common preparation method for Chinese medicinals-may provide a crucial avenue for deepening our understanding of the efficacy principles of Chinese medicine and establishing a framework for its modern development. The structural complexity and diversity of Chinese herbal polysaccharides present significant challenges in their separation and analysis compared to small molecules. This paper aims to explore the potential of Chinese herbal polysaccharides efficiently by briefly summarizing recent advancements in polysaccharide chemical research, focusing on methods of acquisition, structure elucidation, and quality control.
Polysaccharides/isolation & purification* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/standards* ; Quality Control ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Humans ; Molecular Structure

BACKGROUND:Compared with conventional repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,Theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation(TBS)has attracted extensive attention from scholars in various fields due to its advantages of short stimulation time,high efficiency,good safety and long-lasting effect,and the research popularity continues to rise.OBJECTIVE:Through the visual bibliometrics analysis of international TBS research in the past 20 years,to sort out the development context of TBS research,summarize the research status,reveal research hotspots and development trends,and provide reference for subsequent research.METHODS:Relevant studies on TBS from January 2005 to June 2024 were searched in the Web of Science Core Collection database.CiteSpace software was used to perform annual publication volume analysis,co-occurrence analysis of countries,institutions and authors,and co-citation analysis of references,journals and authors,keywords co-occurrence,clustering,time evolution and emergence analysis,and so on,and draw the visual knowledge map.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)After screening,a total of 1914 papers were included in the study,and the amount of TBS research has shown an overall increasing trend over the past 20 years,and it is expected to continue to be a hot topic of research in the future.(2)The top three countries in terms of number of publications are the United States,China and Italy,and the top three institutions are the University of Toronto,the University of London and Harvard Medical School.Pascual-leone Alvaro from Harvard Medical School has the most research achievements,and HUANG YZ from Chang Gung University has the most citations.NEURON is the most influential core journal.(3)Analyses of high-frequency keywords,highly cited references and clustering topics showed that the research hotspots of TBS in the past 20 years mainly focus on the mechanism of TBS on synaptic plasticity and neurophysiological activity,the effect of TBS on stimulating targets in different brain regions(including the motor cortex,dorsolateral prefrontal cortex,anterior cingulate cortex and cerebellum,etc.),and the therapeutic effect of TBS on neurological and psychiatric diseases(including depression,Parkinson's disease movement disorder,post-stroke movement disorder and cognitive impairment,and Alzheimer's disease memory disorders).(4)Keyword burst,literature emergence and keyword temporal evolution analyses showed that"major depression,application guidelines,rating scale,efficacy,disorder,refractory depression,meta-analysis,etc."are not only current research hotspots,but also future research trends.(5)In the future,TBS research should strengthen the regional cooperation of core authors and institutions,explore the clinical application in the treatment of refractory diseases,and realize the precision,personalization and optimization of TBS application by combining cutting-edge technologies and optimizing stimulus parameters,so as to solve more clinical problems.

BACKGROUND:Compared with conventional repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,Theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation(TBS)has attracted extensive attention from scholars in various fields due to its advantages of short stimulation time,high efficiency,good safety and long-lasting effect,and the research popularity continues to rise.OBJECTIVE:Through the visual bibliometrics analysis of international TBS research in the past 20 years,to sort out the development context of TBS research,summarize the research status,reveal research hotspots and development trends,and provide reference for subsequent research.METHODS:Relevant studies on TBS from January 2005 to June 2024 were searched in the Web of Science Core Collection database.CiteSpace software was used to perform annual publication volume analysis,co-occurrence analysis of countries,institutions and authors,and co-citation analysis of references,journals and authors,keywords co-occurrence,clustering,time evolution and emergence analysis,and so on,and draw the visual knowledge map.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)After screening,a total of 1914 papers were included in the study,and the amount of TBS research has shown an overall increasing trend over the past 20 years,and it is expected to continue to be a hot topic of research in the future.(2)The top three countries in terms of number of publications are the United States,China and Italy,and the top three institutions are the University of Toronto,the University of London and Harvard Medical School.Pascual-leone Alvaro from Harvard Medical School has the most research achievements,and HUANG YZ from Chang Gung University has the most citations.NEURON is the most influential core journal.(3)Analyses of high-frequency keywords,highly cited references and clustering topics showed that the research hotspots of TBS in the past 20 years mainly focus on the mechanism of TBS on synaptic plasticity and neurophysiological activity,the effect of TBS on stimulating targets in different brain regions(including the motor cortex,dorsolateral prefrontal cortex,anterior cingulate cortex and cerebellum,etc.),and the therapeutic effect of TBS on neurological and psychiatric diseases(including depression,Parkinson's disease movement disorder,post-stroke movement disorder and cognitive impairment,and Alzheimer's disease memory disorders).(4)Keyword burst,literature emergence and keyword temporal evolution analyses showed that"major depression,application guidelines,rating scale,efficacy,disorder,refractory depression,meta-analysis,etc."are not only current research hotspots,but also future research trends.(5)In the future,TBS research should strengthen the regional cooperation of core authors and institutions,explore the clinical application in the treatment of refractory diseases,and realize the precision,personalization and optimization of TBS application by combining cutting-edge technologies and optimizing stimulus parameters,so as to solve more clinical problems.

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of abdominal acupuncture combined with Dachaihu decoction in the treatment of gastrointestinal dysfunction in sepsis.Methods A prospective randomized controlled study was conducted.A total of 90 patients with sepsis and gastrointestinal dysfunction admitted to Shenzhen Hospital(Longgang),Beijing University of Chinese Medicine from December 2020 to May 2023 were selected as the research subjects.Patients were divided into a control group,a traditional Chinese medicine treatment group,and a comprehensive treatment group using a random number table method,with 30 cases in each group.After admission,all three groups received routine western medicine treatment,while the control group received a triple active capsule of mosapride citrate and bifidobacteria in addition to routine treatment;The traditional Chinese medicine treatment group was treated with Dachaihu decoction(consisting of Radix bupleuri 40 g,Scutellaria baicalensis 15 g,Pinellia ternata 15 g,Paeonia lactiflora 15 g,Fructus Aurantii 20 g,Jujube 15 g,Rhubarb 10 g,and Ginger 25 g)in addition to conventional treatment.This regimen involved one daily dose divided into 3 administrations.The comprehensive treatment group was treated with abdominal acupuncture in addition to the traditional Chinese medicine treatment group.Abdominal acupuncture adopts the Bo's abdominal acupuncture therapy,with a plan to select acupoints in Zhongwan,Xiawan,Qihai,Guanyuan,Daheng,Guanmen,Tianshu,and Taiyi.Acupuncture is administered once a day for 20 minutes each time.All 3 treatment groups have a duration of 8 days.Observe three groups of acute physiology and chronic health evaluationⅡ(APACHEⅡ),traditional Chinese medicine syndrome score,gastrointestinal dysfunction score,serum intestinal fatty acid binding protein(I-FABP),Occludin,zonula occludens-1(ZO-1),lipopolysaccharide(LPS),Toll like receptor 4(TLR4),interleukin-6(IL-6),procalcitonin(PCT),and nuclear factors-κB(NF-κB)before and after treatment changes in level.Record 3 groups of 28-day mortality,mechanical ventilation time,intensive care unit(ICU)hospitalization time,and total hospitalization time.Results On the 4th and 8th day of treatment,the APACHEⅡscore,gastrointestinal dysfunction score,traditional Chinese medicine syndrome score,and serum I-FABP,Occludin,ZO-1,LPS,TLR4,IL-6,PCT,NF-κB of three groups showed a significant downward trend,reaching a trough after 8 days of treatment,and the reduction in the comprehensive treatment group and the traditional Chinese medicine treatment group was more significant than that in the control group.The reduction in the comprehensive treatment group was more significant than those in the traditional Chinese medicine treatment group[APACHEⅡscore:13.37±4.54 vs.16.28±5.36,traditional Chinese medicine syndrome score:15.37±5.69 vs.18.72±6.34,gastrointestinal dysfunction score:6.22±1.56 vs.7.17±1.93,I-FABP(ng/L):8.38±2.69 vs.10.62±3.24,Occludin(ng/L):64.72±9.58 vs.75.66±11.45,ZO-1(ng/L):26.38±4.39 vs.30.26±5.77,LPS(EU/L):26.23±5.17 vs.34.52±7.41,TLR4(μg/L):7.47±2.63 vs.10.37±4.45,IL-6(ng/L):36.37±11.34 vs.43.69±12.56,PCT(μg/L):3.16±1.83 vs.6.38±3.25,NF-κB(μg/L):6.84±3.46 vs.10.43±5.65,all P<0.05].The mechanical ventilation time,ICU hospitalization time,and total hospitalization time of the comprehensive treatment group were all shorter than those of traditional Chinese medicine group and the control group[mechanical ventilation time(days):7.12±1.97 vs.8.29±2.23,9.68±2.87,ICU hospitalization time(days):9.27±3.22 vs.11.42±3.78,13.65±4.27,total hospitalization time(days):14.31±3.97 vs.16.65±4.74,19.54±5.33,all P<0.05].There was no statistically significant difference in the 28 day mortality among the comprehensive treatment group,traditional Chinese medicine treatment group,and control group[23.33%(7/30),33.33%(10/30)vs.46.67%(14/30),both P>0.05].Conclusion Dachaihu decoction can improve gastrointestinal function and clinical symptoms in patients with sepsis,the combination of Dachaihu decoction and abdominal acupuncture can more effectively promote gastrointestinal function recovery,reduce gastrointestinal mucosal damage,inhibit inflammatory reactions,shorten hospitalization time,and alleviate the condition.

Objective To investigate the clinical effects of sinus elevation surgery and implant restorationdue to in-sufficient bone massafter tooth extraction in patients with odontogenic maxillary sinusitis(OMS)and to provide a refer-ence for use in clinical practice.Methods This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee,and in-formed consent was obtained from the patients.Forty-five teeth were extracted from patients with OMS in the maxillary posterior area(the study group).Sinus elevation and implantation were performed due to insufficient bone height in the implant area 6-8 months after tooth extraction in the study group.Forty-eight teeth were extracted from patients without"OMS"in the maxillary posterior area(the control group),and sinus elevation and implantation were performed due to insufficient bone height in the implant area 6-8 months after tooth extraction inthe control group.In the study group,13 cases of discontinuous maxillary sinus floor bone and residual alveolar bone height of the maxillary sinus floor less than 4 mm were addressed with lateral wall sinus elevation,and the other 32 cases were addressed with crest-approach sinus elevation.In the control group,8 cases of residual alveolar bone height less than 4 mm in the maxillary sinus floor were addressed with lateral wall sinus,and the other 40 cases were addressed with crest approach sinus elevation.Restora-tions were placed 6 to 8 months after surgery.The patients were followed up 21 days,3 months,and 8 months after im-plantation and every 6 months after the placement of the restorations.The sinus bone gain(SBG),apical bone height(ABL)and marginal bone loss(MBL)were statistically analyzed 24 months after the restoration.Results The average preoperative mucosal thickness in the 45 patients in the study group was(1.556±0.693)mm,which was significantly larger than that in the control group(1.229±0.425)mm(P＜0.001).There were no perforations in either group.Twenty-four months after restoration,there was no significant difference in the SBG,ABH or MBL between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion After the extraction of teeth from patients with OMS,the inflammation of the maxillary sinus de-creased,and the bone height and density in the edentulous area were restored to a certain degree.The effects of sinus floor lifting surgery and implant restoration do not differ between patients with and without OMS.

Objective To investigate the clinical effects of sinus elevation surgery and implant restorationdue to in-sufficient bone massafter tooth extraction in patients with odontogenic maxillary sinusitis(OMS)and to provide a refer-ence for use in clinical practice.Methods This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee,and in-formed consent was obtained from the patients.Forty-five teeth were extracted from patients with OMS in the maxillary posterior area(the study group).Sinus elevation and implantation were performed due to insufficient bone height in the implant area 6-8 months after tooth extraction in the study group.Forty-eight teeth were extracted from patients without"OMS"in the maxillary posterior area(the control group),and sinus elevation and implantation were performed due to insufficient bone height in the implant area 6-8 months after tooth extraction inthe control group.In the study group,13 cases of discontinuous maxillary sinus floor bone and residual alveolar bone height of the maxillary sinus floor less than 4 mm were addressed with lateral wall sinus elevation,and the other 32 cases were addressed with crest-approach sinus elevation.In the control group,8 cases of residual alveolar bone height less than 4 mm in the maxillary sinus floor were addressed with lateral wall sinus,and the other 40 cases were addressed with crest approach sinus elevation.Restora-tions were placed 6 to 8 months after surgery.The patients were followed up 21 days,3 months,and 8 months after im-plantation and every 6 months after the placement of the restorations.The sinus bone gain(SBG),apical bone height(ABL)and marginal bone loss(MBL)were statistically analyzed 24 months after the restoration.Results The average preoperative mucosal thickness in the 45 patients in the study group was(1.556±0.693)mm,which was significantly larger than that in the control group(1.229±0.425)mm(P＜0.001).There were no perforations in either group.Twenty-four months after restoration,there was no significant difference in the SBG,ABH or MBL between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion After the extraction of teeth from patients with OMS,the inflammation of the maxillary sinus de-creased,and the bone height and density in the edentulous area were restored to a certain degree.The effects of sinus floor lifting surgery and implant restoration do not differ between patients with and without OMS.

Objective To investigate the clinical effects of sinus elevation surgery and implant restorationdue to in-sufficient bone massafter tooth extraction in patients with odontogenic maxillary sinusitis(OMS)and to provide a refer-ence for use in clinical practice.Methods This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee,and in-formed consent was obtained from the patients.Forty-five teeth were extracted from patients with OMS in the maxillary posterior area(the study group).Sinus elevation and implantation were performed due to insufficient bone height in the implant area 6-8 months after tooth extraction in the study group.Forty-eight teeth were extracted from patients without"OMS"in the maxillary posterior area(the control group),and sinus elevation and implantation were performed due to insufficient bone height in the implant area 6-8 months after tooth extraction inthe control group.In the study group,13 cases of discontinuous maxillary sinus floor bone and residual alveolar bone height of the maxillary sinus floor less than 4 mm were addressed with lateral wall sinus elevation,and the other 32 cases were addressed with crest-approach sinus elevation.In the control group,8 cases of residual alveolar bone height less than 4 mm in the maxillary sinus floor were addressed with lateral wall sinus,and the other 40 cases were addressed with crest approach sinus elevation.Restora-tions were placed 6 to 8 months after surgery.The patients were followed up 21 days,3 months,and 8 months after im-plantation and every 6 months after the placement of the restorations.The sinus bone gain(SBG),apical bone height(ABL)and marginal bone loss(MBL)were statistically analyzed 24 months after the restoration.Results The average preoperative mucosal thickness in the 45 patients in the study group was(1.556±0.693)mm,which was significantly larger than that in the control group(1.229±0.425)mm(P＜0.001).There were no perforations in either group.Twenty-four months after restoration,there was no significant difference in the SBG,ABH or MBL between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion After the extraction of teeth from patients with OMS,the inflammation of the maxillary sinus de-creased,and the bone height and density in the edentulous area were restored to a certain degree.The effects of sinus floor lifting surgery and implant restoration do not differ between patients with and without OMS.

Objective To investigate the clinical effects of sinus elevation surgery and implant restorationdue to in-sufficient bone massafter tooth extraction in patients with odontogenic maxillary sinusitis(OMS)and to provide a refer-ence for use in clinical practice.Methods This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee,and in-formed consent was obtained from the patients.Forty-five teeth were extracted from patients with OMS in the maxillary posterior area(the study group).Sinus elevation and implantation were performed due to insufficient bone height in the implant area 6-8 months after tooth extraction in the study group.Forty-eight teeth were extracted from patients without"OMS"in the maxillary posterior area(the control group),and sinus elevation and implantation were performed due to insufficient bone height in the implant area 6-8 months after tooth extraction inthe control group.In the study group,13 cases of discontinuous maxillary sinus floor bone and residual alveolar bone height of the maxillary sinus floor less than 4 mm were addressed with lateral wall sinus elevation,and the other 32 cases were addressed with crest-approach sinus elevation.In the control group,8 cases of residual alveolar bone height less than 4 mm in the maxillary sinus floor were addressed with lateral wall sinus,and the other 40 cases were addressed with crest approach sinus elevation.Restora-tions were placed 6 to 8 months after surgery.The patients were followed up 21 days,3 months,and 8 months after im-plantation and every 6 months after the placement of the restorations.The sinus bone gain(SBG),apical bone height(ABL)and marginal bone loss(MBL)were statistically analyzed 24 months after the restoration.Results The average preoperative mucosal thickness in the 45 patients in the study group was(1.556±0.693)mm,which was significantly larger than that in the control group(1.229±0.425)mm(P＜0.001).There were no perforations in either group.Twenty-four months after restoration,there was no significant difference in the SBG,ABH or MBL between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion After the extraction of teeth from patients with OMS,the inflammation of the maxillary sinus de-creased,and the bone height and density in the edentulous area were restored to a certain degree.The effects of sinus floor lifting surgery and implant restoration do not differ between patients with and without OMS.

Objective To investigate the clinical effects of sinus elevation surgery and implant restorationdue to in-sufficient bone massafter tooth extraction in patients with odontogenic maxillary sinusitis(OMS)and to provide a refer-ence for use in clinical practice.Methods This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee,and in-formed consent was obtained from the patients.Forty-five teeth were extracted from patients with OMS in the maxillary posterior area(the study group).Sinus elevation and implantation were performed due to insufficient bone height in the implant area 6-8 months after tooth extraction in the study group.Forty-eight teeth were extracted from patients without"OMS"in the maxillary posterior area(the control group),and sinus elevation and implantation were performed due to insufficient bone height in the implant area 6-8 months after tooth extraction inthe control group.In the study group,13 cases of discontinuous maxillary sinus floor bone and residual alveolar bone height of the maxillary sinus floor less than 4 mm were addressed with lateral wall sinus elevation,and the other 32 cases were addressed with crest-approach sinus elevation.In the control group,8 cases of residual alveolar bone height less than 4 mm in the maxillary sinus floor were addressed with lateral wall sinus,and the other 40 cases were addressed with crest approach sinus elevation.Restora-tions were placed 6 to 8 months after surgery.The patients were followed up 21 days,3 months,and 8 months after im-plantation and every 6 months after the placement of the restorations.The sinus bone gain(SBG),apical bone height(ABL)and marginal bone loss(MBL)were statistically analyzed 24 months after the restoration.Results The average preoperative mucosal thickness in the 45 patients in the study group was(1.556±0.693)mm,which was significantly larger than that in the control group(1.229±0.425)mm(P＜0.001).There were no perforations in either group.Twenty-four months after restoration,there was no significant difference in the SBG,ABH or MBL between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion After the extraction of teeth from patients with OMS,the inflammation of the maxillary sinus de-creased,and the bone height and density in the edentulous area were restored to a certain degree.The effects of sinus floor lifting surgery and implant restoration do not differ between patients with and without OMS.

Objective: To investigate the clinical effects of sinus elevation surgery and implant restorationdue to insufficient bone massafter tooth extraction in patients with odontogenic maxillary sinusitis (OMS) and to provide a reference for use in clinical practice. Methods: This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee, and informed consent was obtained from the patients. Forty-five teeth were extracted from patients with OMS in the maxillary posterior area (the study group). Sinus elevation and implantation were performed due to insufficient bone height in the implant area 6-8 months after tooth extraction in the study group. Forty-eight teeth were extracted from patients without "OMS" in the maxillary posterior area (the control group), and sinus elevation and implantation were performed due to insufficient bone height in the implant area 6-8 months after tooth extraction inthe control group. In the study group, 13 cases of discontinuous maxillary sinus floor bone and residual alveolar bone height of the maxillary sinus floor less than 4 mm were addressed with lateral wall sinus elevation, and the other 32 cases were addressed with crest-approach sinus elevation. In the control group, 8 cases of residual alveolar bone height less than 4 mm in the maxillary sinus floor were addressed with lateral wall sinus,and the other 40 cases were addressed with crest approach sinus elevation. Restorations were placed 6 to 8 months after surgery. The patients were followed up 21 days, 3 months, and 8 months after implantation and every 6 months after the placement of the restorations. The sinus bone gain (SBG), apical bone height (ABL) and marginal bone loss (MBL) were statistically analyzed 24 months after the restoration. Results: The average preoperative mucosal thickness in the 45 patients in the study group was (1.556 ± 0.693) mm, which was significantly larger than that in the control group (1.229 ± 0.425) mm (P<0.001). There were no perforations in either group. Twenty-four months after restoration, there was no significant difference in the SBG, ABH or MBL between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion After the extraction of teeth from patients with OMS, the inflammation of the maxillary sinus decreased, and the bone height and density in the edentulous area were restored to a certain degree. The effects of sinus floor lifting surgery and implant restoration do not differ between patients with and without OMS.