INTRODUCTION: In the early phase of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, children with COVID-19 in Singapore required hospital isolation. We aimed to explore the psychological experiences of children and their caregivers isolated in a tertiary university hospital due to COVID-19. METHODS: A prospective mixed-methods design was used to evaluate the psychological status of hospitalised family units with one or more children aged <18 years who had severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Patient medical records were reviewed for demographic and clinical information. Parents and children ≥7 years of age underwent a psychologist-administered telephone-based interview. Self-reported, age-appropriate instruments, Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire, and Screen for Adult/Child Anxiety-Related Disorders, were used to assess anxiety and depression, respectively. Participants were also interviewed qualitatively. RESULTS: Fifteen family units were hospitalised between March 2020 and May 2020. Of these, 13 (73%) family units were recruited. The median age of the children and median hospitalisation duration were 57 months and 21 days, respectively. Median number of COVID-19 polymerase chain reaction swabs performed for each child was eight. All children had asymptomatic to mild SARS-CoV-2 disease. The criteria indicative of anxiety disorder were met by 40% of adults and 80% of children, while the criteria indicative of separation anxiety were met by 60% of parents and 100% of children. One child met the criteria indicative of depression. Uncertainty, separation, prolonged hospitalisation and frequent swabs caused significant reported anxiety. CONCLUSIONS Families, especially children, had heightened anxiety while in hospital isolation. Therefore, home-based recovery from COVID-19 and psychological support for children and their families, with focus on early recognition of anxiety disorders, are recommended. We support review of paediatric isolation policy as the pandemic evolves.
Humans ; COVID-19/epidemiology* ; Male ; Child ; Female ; Singapore/epidemiology* ; Anxiety/etiology* ; Prospective Studies ; Adolescent ; Hospitalization ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Adult ; Child, Preschool ; Pandemics ; Parents/psychology* ; Caregivers/psychology* ; Family/psychology* ; Depression ; Patient Isolation/psychology* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Objective The study aims to investigate the immunological functions of the nucleocapsid (N) protein of the novel coronavirus Omicron (BA.1, BA.2) and evaluate the differences among different N proteins of mutant strains in immunogenicity. Methods By aligning sequences, the mutation sites of the Omicron (BA.1, BA.2) N protein relative to prototype strain of the novel coronavirus (Wuhan-Hu-1) were determined. The pET-28a-N-Wuhan-Hu-1 plasmid was used as template to construct pET-28a-BA.1/BA.2-N through single point mutation or homologous recombination. The three kinds of N protein were expressed in prokaryotic system, purified through Ni-NTA affinity chromatography, and then immunized into mice. The titer and reactivity of the polyclonal antibody, as well as the expression level of IL-1β and IFN-γ in mouse spleen cells, were detected using indirect ELISA and Western blot assay. Results The constructed prokaryotic expression plasmids were successfully used to express the Wuhan-Hu-1 N, BA.1 N, and BA.2 N proteins in E.coli BL21(DE3) at 37 DegreesCelsius for 4 hours. The indirect ELISA test showed that the titers of polyclonal antibody prepared by three N proteins were all 1:51 200. All three N proteins can increase the expression of IFN-γ and IL-1β cytokines, but the effect of Omicron N protein in activing two cytokines was more obvious than that of Wuhan-Hu-1 N protein. Conclusion The study obtained three new coronavirus N proteins and polyclonal antibodies, and confirmed that mutations in the amino acid sites of the N protein can affect its immunogenicity. This provides a basis for developing rapid diagnostic methods targeting N protein of different novel coronavirus variants.
Animals ; Mice ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics* ; Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins/immunology* ; Nucleocapsid Proteins/isolation & purification* ; COVID-19/immunology* ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology* ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Interferon-gamma/metabolism* ; Interleukin-1beta/metabolism* ; Female ; Escherichia coli/metabolism* ; Mutation ; Humans

Viral infections are one of the main causes of deaths and economic losses around the globe, and effective virus detection methods are essential for epidemic prevention and control. Most existing detection methods have problems such as high false negative/positive rates, slow responses, high costs, and dependence on professional equipment and personnel, which are not conducive to the rapid and accurate detection of viruses. Field effect transistor (FET) biosensors have attracted widespread attention due to their advantages of label-free detection, high sensitivity, fast responses, real-time measurement, low power consumption, and small sizes for portability. This article first briefly describes the basic situation of viruses and the structure and detection principle of FET biosensors. Subsequently, it delves into the research achievements in the application of FET biosensors in the detection of influenza viruses, hepatitis viruses, human immunodeficiency virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Finally, we make a comprehensive summary and reasonable outlook on the role played by FET biosensors in biomedicine.
Biosensing Techniques/instrumentation* ; Transistors, Electronic ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification* ; Viruses/isolation & purification* ; Orthomyxoviridae/isolation & purification* ; Hepatitis Viruses/isolation & purification* ; Virus Diseases/virology* ; HIV/isolation & purification* ; COVID-19/diagnosis*

Adult ; Asymptomatic Diseases ; COVID-19/virology* ; COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing ; Disease Progression ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; RNA, Viral/isolation & purification* ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification* ; Time Factors

COVID-19/virology* ; China/epidemiology* ; Disease Outbreaks ; Genetic Linkage ; Humans ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification*

Adult ; Antibodies, Viral/isolation & purification* ; COVID-19/virology* ; Feces/chemistry* ; Female ; Humans ; Intestines/virology* ; Male ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics* ; RNA, Viral/isolation & purification* ; SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity*

Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Antibodies, Viral/isolation & purification* ; B-Lymphocytes/virology* ; COVID-19/virology* ; Humans ; Immunity/genetics* ; RNA, Viral/immunology* ; SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity* ; Single-Cell Analysis

A new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has been identified as the etiologic agent for the COVID-19 outbreak. Currently, effective treatment options remain very limited for this disease; therefore, there is an urgent need to identify new anti-COVID-19 agents. In this study, we screened over 6,000 compounds that included approved drugs, drug candidates in clinical trials, and pharmacologically active compounds to identify leads that target the SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease (PLpro). Together with main protease (M
Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use* ; Binding Sites ; COVID-19/virology* ; Coronavirus Papain-Like Proteases/metabolism* ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Drug Repositioning ; High-Throughput Screening Assays/methods* ; Humans ; Imidazoles/therapeutic use* ; Inhibitory Concentration 50 ; Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Naphthoquinones/therapeutic use* ; Protease Inhibitors/therapeutic use* ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Recombinant Proteins/isolation & purification* ; SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification*

Academic Medical Centers ; COVID-19/prevention & control* ; Cross Infection/prevention & control* ; Disinfection ; Hospitals, Isolation ; Humans ; Infection Control/methods* ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional/prevention & control* ; Radiology ; Radiology Department, Hospital/organization & administration* ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Singapore

COVID-19/therapy* ; COVID-19 Testing ; Communicable Disease Control ; Early Diagnosis ; Housing ; Humans ; Infection Control/organization & administration* ; Patient Isolation ; Primary Health Care/organization & administration* ; Residence Characteristics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Singapore ; Transients and Migrants