To study the effects of different drying methods on the quality of male flowers of Eucommia ulmoides(MFOEU), we treated fresh MFOEU samples with drying in the shade(DS), vacuum freeze drying(VFD), high-or low-temperature hot air drying(HTHAD, LTHAD), microwave drying(MD), and vacuum drying(VD), respectively. The color, total flavonoid content, total polysaccharide content, and main active components such as geniposide, geniposidic acid, rutin, chlorogenic acid, galuteolin, pinoresinol diglucoside, and aucubin in MFOEU were taken as the evaluation indicators. The quality of MFOEU was comprehensively evaluated by entropy weight method combined with color index method, partial least squares discriminant analysis and content clustering heat map. The experimental results showed that VFD and DS basically kept the original color of MFOEU. The MFOEU treated with MD had higher content of total polysaccharides, phenylpropanoids, lignans, and iridoids. The MFOEU treated with LTHAD had higher content of total flavonoids and that treated with VD had lower content of active components. According to the results of comprehensive evaluation, the quality of MFOEU dried with different methods followed the order of MD>HTHAD>VFD>LTHAD>DS>VD. Considering the color of MFOEU, the suitable drying methods were DS and VFD. Considering the color, active components, and economic benefits of MFOEU, MD was the suitable drying method. The results of this study are of a reference value for the determination of suitable methods for MFOEU processing in the producing areas.
Eucommiaceae/chemistry* ; Flowers/chemistry* ; Flavonoids/analysis* ; Rutin/analysis* ; Chlorogenic Acid/analysis*

Male infertility has become a problem worldwide, and recent research has emphasized the development of more effective therapy options. Among natural compounds, rutin has been widely studied for its potential to treat dysfunction related to male infertility, including a reduction in sperm quality, spermatogenesis disruption and structural disruption in the testis. A thorough review of scientific literature published in several databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus, was used to synthesize the present state of research on the role of rutin in male reproductive health. Rutin has been shown to possess antiapoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, among others, which are crucial in the management of male infertility. Numerous investigations have shown that rutin protects against male infertility and have explored the underlying mechanisms involved. The present review, therefore, assesses the therapeutic mechanisms involved in male infertility treatment using rutin. Rutin was able to mitigate the induced oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, and related physiological processes that can cause testicular dysfunction. Please cite this article as: Rotimi DE, Elebiyo TC, Ojo OA. Therapeutic potential of rutin in male infertility: A mini review. J Integr Med. 2023; 21(2): 130-135.
Male ; Humans ; Rutin/analysis* ; Semen ; Testis ; Spermatozoa ; Oxidative Stress ; Infertility, Male/drug therapy*

This study aimed to explore the correlation of the content of 15 non-crocin components of Gardeniae Fructus with its external properties(shape and color). The fruit shape was quantified according to the length/diameter measured by ruler and vernier calliper and the chromaticity values L~*, a~*, b~*, and ΔE~* of all samples were determined by chroma meter. Chromatographic separation was conducted on a Welch Ultimate XB C_(18) column(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm) under gradient elution with acetonitrile solution(A) and 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution(B) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL·min~(-1). The column temperature was 30 ℃ and the detection wavelength was 238 nm. The high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) method was established for simultaneous determination of the content of eight iridoid glycosides, six phenolic acids, and one flavonoid in 21 batches of Gardeniae Fructus samples. The correlation of the content of the 15 components with shapes and chromaticity values in each sample was analyzed by multivariate statistical analysis. According to the circulation situation and traditional experience, 21 batches of Gardeniae Fructus samples were divided into three categories, namely 14 batches of Jiangxi products(small and round, red and yellow), 4 batches of Fujian products(oval, red) and 3 batches of Shuizhizi(Gardenia jasminoides, longest, reddest). The Gardeniae Fructus samples were sequenced as Jiangxi products(1.71) < Fujian products(1.99) < Shuizhizi(2.55) in terms of the length/diameter average, Jiangxi products(17.7) < Fujian products(19.7) ≈ Shuizhizi(19.6) in terms of average value of a~*(red and green), Jiangxi products(24.4) > Fujian products(19.2) ≈ Shuizhizi(19.3) in terms of b~*(yellow and blue), and Jiangxi products(49.8) > Fujian products(48.0) ≈ Shuizhizi(47.8) in terms of L~*(brightness). The total content of the 15 components, 8 iridoid glycosides, 6 phenolic acids, and rutin in Jiangxi products was in the ranges of 65.53-99.64, 52.15-89.16, 6.10-11.83, and 0.145-1.81 mg·g~(-1), respectively. The total amount of the 15 components, 8 iridoid glycosides, 6 phenolic acids, and rutin in Fujian products was in the ranges of 69.33-94.35, 63.52-85.19, 5.39-8.41, and 0.333-0.757 mg·g~(-1), respectively. In Shuizhizi, the total content of the 15 components, 8 iridoid glycosides, 6 phenolic acids, and rutin was in the ranges of 77.35-85.98, 68.69-76.56, 7.30-9.05, and 0.368-0.697 mg·g~(-1), respectively. Pearson correlation analysis revealed that Gardeniae Fructus with leaner and longer fruit shape possessed lower content of total phenolic acids(the sum of the six phenolic acids) and rutin, but the correlation with iridoid glycosides was not high. Additionally, the higher content of total phenolic acids and rutin denoted the yellow coloration of Gardeniae Fructus, and the higher content of cryptochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, and rutin meant the brighter color of Gardeniae Fructus. However, the higher content of geniposide and neochlorogenic acid and the lower content of deacetyl asperulosidic acid methyl ester led to the red coloration of Gardeniae Fructus. The results indicated that the morphological characters of Gardeniae Fructus were closely related to its chemical components. The more round shape and the yellower color reflected the higher content of phenolic acids and flavonoid, and Gardeniae Fructus with redder color had higher content of geniposide. OPLA-DA showed that the length/diameter and the content of six iridoid glycosides(gardoside, shanzhiside, gardenoside, genipin 1-gentiobioside, 6β-hydroxy geniposide, and deacetyl asperulosidic acid methyl ester), two phenolic acids(neochlorogenic acid and cryptochlorogenic acid) and rutin could be used as markers to distinguish three types of samples. This study provided experimental data for the scientific connotation of "quality evaluation through morphological identification" of Gardeniae Fructus.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/analysis* ; Esters/analysis* ; Flavonoids/analysis* ; Fruit/chemistry* ; Gardenia/chemistry* ; Iridoids/analysis* ; Rutin/analysis*

To investigate the effects of six common drying methods on the quality of different specifications of Sophorae Flos, in order to select their suitable drying methods. According to appearance and morphology, Sophorae Flos was divided into the following three specifications: flower bud type(HL), half-open type(BK) and blooming type(SK). All specifications of samples were treated with shade-drying method(25 ℃, natural temperature), sun-drying method, hot-air-drying method(60, 105 ℃), and drying method(60 ℃) after steaming. The contents of total flavonoids, rutin, narcissus, quercetin, isorhamnetin, and Fe~(3+) reducing ability, DPPH free radical scavenging ability, ABTS free radical scavenging ability and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching(FRAP) were detected by UV, HPLC and colorimetry, respectively. Principal component analysis(PCA), cluster analysis(CA) and correlation analysis were used to comprehensively evaluate the quality of samples. According to the results, there were significant differences in the effect of drying methods on different specifications of samples. The drying method(60 ℃) after steaming was suitable for HL and BK, while the hot-air-drying method(60 ℃) was suitable for SK. When the fresh medicinal materials could not be treated in time, they should be spread out in a cool and ventilated place. Under high and low temperature conditions, the quality of three specifications of Sophorae Flos would be reduced. The hot-air-drying method(105 ℃) and shade-drying method(25 ℃) were not suitable for the treatment of fresh flowers and flower buds of Sophora japonicus. There were obviously differences of chemical compositions and antioxidant activities among the three specifications of samples. Therefore, the specifications of medicinal materials should be controlled to ensure the uniform quality. The study provided the abundant data reference for the selection of appropriate drying methods for the three specifications of Sophorae Flos, and useful exploration for the classification and processing of medicinal materials of flowers.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Flavonoids/analysis* ; Flowers/chemistry* ; Rutin ; Sophora

Sugar-poison caused blood-heat is the pathological basis of many complications of diabetes. Advanced glycation end products( AGEs) are considered as the potential glycotoxic factor that can cause blood-heat. Sophorae Flos hold the effect of removing pathogenic heat from blood. In this study,chromatographic non-enzymatic glycation reaction system of bovine serum albumin( BSA)/methylglyoxal( MGO) and Sophorae Flos was established to identify active components in Sophorae Flos inhibiting AGEs formation. The HPLC was used to analyze chromatograms before and after the incubation of Sophorae Flos and methylglyoxal. Changes of chromatographic peaks of eight compounds was found. It is speculated that this change may be due to new substance produced by the reaction of active components in Sophorae Flos and methylglyoxal,and these active components may be flavonoid component rutin. Further investigation for the effects of rutin and MGO reaction( 1 ∶ 1,1 ∶ 3,3 ∶ 1) for 6 days on the formation of AGEs was performed. The results showed that the inhibition activity of rutin on AGEs production was most obvious when the reaction ratio was 1 ∶3,and the most inhibition was in 24 h and stabilized after 3 d. The product of the reaction of rutin with MGO was identified by LC-ESI-MS/MS,which indicated that the newly formed seven substances were the mono-and di-MGO adducts of rutin. This study showed that rutin is the active component on Sophorae Flos for removing pathogenic heat from blood by forming new compounds to inhibit the formation of sugar poison products,which provides reference for rational application of Sophorae Flos.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Flowers ; chemistry ; Glycation End Products, Advanced ; antagonists & inhibitors ; Pyruvaldehyde ; Rutin ; chemistry ; Sophora ; chemistry ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

The present study is to determine the flavonoid glycosides, terpene lactones, biflavones, gingko acid and procyanidins of ginkgo pollen. UPLC-TQ-MS technology was used for the determination of 24 kinds of resource chemical composition in ginkgo pollen qualitatively and quantitatively. The results shows that the contents of rutin, quercetion 3-O-[4-O-(α-L-rhamnosyl )-β-D-glucoside] and kaempferolis were 120.9, 114.0, 222.1 μg x g(-1). In this paper, the contents of 24 kinds of chemical components of ginkgo pollen were determinated by UPLC-TQ-MS for the first time. This method is simple and quick, which will be benefit for recycling utilization of ginkgo pollen.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Flavonoids ; analysis ; Ginkgo biloba ; chemistry ; Mass Spectrometry ; Pollen ; chemistry ; Proanthocyanidins ; analysis ; Rutin ; analysis ; Terpenes ; analysis

Most known osteoporosis medicines are effective for bone resorption, and so there is an increasing demand for medicines that stimulate bone formation. Watercress (N. officinale R. Br.) is widely used as a salad green and herbal remedy. This study analyzed a watercress extract using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, and identified a rutin as one of its major constituents. Osteogenic-related assays were used to compare the effects of watercress containing rutin (WCR) and rutin alone on the proliferation and differentiation of human osteoblast-like MG-63 cells. The reported data are expressed as percentages relative to the control value (medium alone; assigned as 100%). WCR increased cell proliferation to 125.0+/-4.0% (mean+/-SD), as assessed using a cell viability assay, and increased the activity of alkaline phosphatase, an early differentiation marker, to 222.3+/-33.8%. In addition, WCR increased the expression of collagen type I, another early differentiation marker, to 149.2+/-2.8%, and increased the degree of mineralization, a marker of the late process of differentiation, to 122.9+/-3.9%. Rutin alone also increased the activity of ALP (to 154.4+/-12.2%), the expression of collagen type I (to 126.6+/-6.2%), and the degree of mineralization (to 112.3+/-5.0%). Daidzein, which is reported to stimulate bone formation, was used as a positive control; the effects of WCR on proliferation and differentiation were significantly greater than those of daidzein. These results indicate that WCR and rutin can both induce bone formation via the differentiation of MG-63 cells. This is the first study demonstrating the effectiveness of either WCR or rutin as an osteoblast stimulant.
Alkaline Phosphatase ; Bone Resorption ; Cell Proliferation ; Cell Survival ; Collagen Type I ; Humans ; Osteoblasts ; Osteogenesis ; Osteoporosis ; Rutin* ; Spectrum Analysis

The quality and grade of traditional Chinese medicinal herbs were assessed by their characteristics traditionally. According to traditional experience, the quality of the purple Flos Farfarae is better than that of yellow buds. NMR-based metabolomic approach combined with significant analysis of microarray (SAM) and Spearman rank correlation analysis were used to investigate the different metabolites of the Flos Farfarae with different color feature. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed clear distinction between the purple and yellow flower buds of Tussilago farfara. The S-plot of orthogonal PLS-DA (OPLS-DA) and t test revealed that the levels of threonine, proline, phosphatidylcholine, creatinine, 4, 5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, rutin, caffeic acid, kaempferol analogues, and tussilagone were higher in the purple flower buds than that in the yellow buds, in agreement with the results of SAM and Spearman rank correlation analysis. The results confirmed the traditional medication experience that "purple flower bud is better than the yellow ones", and provide a scientific basis for assessing the quality of Flos Farfarae by the color features.
Caffeic Acids ; analysis ; Color ; Creatinine ; analysis ; Flowers ; chemistry ; Kaempferols ; analysis ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Metabolomics ; Phosphatidylcholines ; analysis ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Principal Component Analysis ; Proline ; analysis ; Quinic Acid ; analogs & derivatives ; analysis ; Rutin ; analysis ; Sesquiterpenes ; analysis ; Threonine ; analysis ; Tussilago ; chemistry

OBJECTIVEFlavonoids are present in foods such as fruits and vegetables. Several studies have demonstrated a relationship between the consumption of flavonoid-rich foods and prevention of human disease, including neurodegenerative disorders. We assessed the effect of rutin (quercetin-3-O-rutinoside) on oxidative stress in kainic acid (KA)-induced seizure.

METHODSThirty-six BALB/c mice were randomly divided into three groups. In the control group, saline (intra-peritoneal, i.p.) was administered for 7 d, and on the last day, KA (10 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected 30 min after administration of saline. In rutin groups, mice were pretreated with rutin (100 and 200 mg/kg, i.p.) for 7 d, and on the last day, KA (10 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected 30 min after administration of rutin. Subsequently, behavioural changes were observed in mice. Lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress were measured respectively in the early and late phases after KA-induced seizures.

RESULTSSeizure scores in the rutin groups were significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.01). Furthermore, rutin dose-dependently inhibited the number of wet-dog shakes (WDS) (P < 0.05). Malondialdehyde level in the hippocampus of the rutin groups was significantly lower than that in the hippocampus of the control group on days 1 and 21 after KA administration. In the rutin groups, the thiol levels observed on day 1 after KA administration were higher than that in the control group (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONThese results indicate that rutin has potential anticonvulsant and antioxidative activities against oxidative stress in KA-induced seizure in mice.

Animals ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Kainic Acid ; toxicity ; Lipid Peroxidation ; drug effects ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Oxidative Stress ; drug effects ; Rutin ; pharmacology ; Seizures ; chemically induced ; metabolism ; Sulfhydryl Compounds ; analysis

A new eremophilane derivative, 4,5,11-trimethyl-9( 10), 7 ( 11) -eremophiladien-8-keto-12-carboxylic acid-beta-D-glucopyranoside( which named dianthuside A) 1 and four known compounds, 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-flavonone-3-0-beta-D-glucoside (2), quercetin-3-0-beta-D-glucoside(3) ,hyperin(4) and rutin(5) have been isolated from the aerial part of Senecio dianthus. Their structures were elucidated by physicochemical properties and spectroscopic data analysis. Compounds 2, 4 and 5 were isolated from this plant for the first time.
Dianthus ; chemistry ; Glucosides ; analysis ; chemistry ; Rutin ; analysis ; chemistry ; Senecio ; chemistry