Artificial intelligence (AI) technology is a scientific and technological field that focuses on the research and development of systems that simulate, extend, and expand human intelligence activities. This field encompasses various applications such as image recognition, language processing, expert systems, and robotics. The advancement of AI has greatly improved the quality and efficiency of medical work, particularly in areas like medical imaging, clinical decision support, precision medicine, and healthcare management. These advancements have contributed to the establishment of more effective healthcare systems.Within the realm of AI in healthcare, the application of AI technology in oral and maxillofacial surgery continues to evolve, with scenarios such as assisting in the interpretation and analysis of dental medical images, predicting and diagnosing early oral and maxillofacial tumors, aiding in minimally invasive surgery, designing ideal and personalized surgical plans, and simplifying medical management tasks. Oral and maxillofacial surgeons, as well as radiologists, should embrace and utilize these emerging technologies, actively adapting to environmental changes and updates, and driving forward the development of the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery.In summary, the integration of AI into oral and maxillofacial surgery presents significant opportunities for advancing patient care, surgical efficiency, and medical research in this specialized area of medicine. This technological partnership has the potential to reshape the landscape of oral and maxillofacial healthcare, benefiting both practitioners and patients.

Objective:To evaluate the predictive efficacy of different comorbidity indices for hospitalization due to acute exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with comorbidities (CO-COPD).Methods:This retrospective cohort study included 259 stable COPD patients with comorbidities from Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, between October 2021 and September 2023, all with ≥1-year follow-up. Patients were categorized into hospitalized ( n=75) and non-hospitalized ( n=184) groups based on acute exacerbation events. Clinical characteristics, comorbidities, and comorbidity indices, including Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), COPD-specific Comorbidity Test (COTE), and comorbidities in chronic obstructive lung disease index (COMCOLD) were compared between two goups. Risk facors of hospitalization due to acute exacerbations were analyzed by Cox regression. Modified indices were developed by incorporating additional respiratory comorbidities (asthma, bronchiectasis, lung cancer) weighted by hazard ratios (HRs) from Cox reguression. The predictive performance of different comorbidity indices for hospitalization was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results:Hospitalized patients exhibited lower BMI, FEV 1% predicted, and FEV 1/FVC (all P<0.05), alongside higher modified British Medical Research Coucil (mMRC) scores and COPD assessment test (CAT) scores, eosinophil counts, and Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, (GOLD)severity ( t=3.73, Z=-3.43, Z=-2.43, Z=-11.10, Z=-11.32, Z=-1.80, χ2=17.62, all P<0.05); and also higher use rates of inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) and systemic oral corticosteroid (OCS) ( χ2=5.48, 7.15, all P<0.05). The comorbidities of asthma, bronchiectasis, lung cancer, hypertension, coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, anxiety and depression in hospitalized group were significantly higher ( χ2=22.49, 18.30, 15.63, 5.10, 4.68, 7.46, 5.16, all P<0.05), along with the increased CCI and COTE index ( P<0.05). Comorbid asthma, bronchiectasis, and lung cancer were independent risk factors for hospitalization ( HR=1.841, 2.924, and 2.076, respectively; all P<0.05). Original CCI and COTE showed moderate predictive value ( AUC=0.609 and 0.655), while modified CCI, COTE, and COMCOLD demonstrated improved performance ( AUC=0.730, 0.760, and 0.713, respectively). At optimal cutoffs (modified CCI>3.5, COTE>4.5, COMCOLD>6.5), sensitivities were 61.3%, 76.0%, and 58.7%, with specificities of 70.1%, 61.4%, and 72.3%. Age-stratified analysis revealed enhanced predictive utility of modified indices across age groups. Conclusions:CCI, COTE, and COMCOLD provide modest predictive value for hospitalization in CO-COPD. Modified indices incorporating respiratory comorbidities significantly improve risk stratification, offering clinical utility for identifying high-risk patients in primary care settings.

Objective:To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics and prognostic factors of biliary neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs).Methods:The retrospective cohort study was conducted. The clinicopathological data of 36 patients who underwent surgical treatment for biliary NENs at The First Hospital of Jilin University from January 2013 to December 2023 were collected. There were 22 males and 14 females, aged (59±9)years. Observation indicators: (1) clinicopatholo-gical characteristics of patients; (2) follow-up; (3) prognostic factors analysis of patients. Compari-son of measurement data with normal distribution among multiple groups was conducted using the ANOVA. Comparison of measurement data with skewed distribution among multiple groups was conducted using the Kruskal-Wallis H test. Comparison of count data between groups was conducted using the chi-square test or Fisher exact probability. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate survival rate and plot survival curve, and Log-rank test was used for survival analysis. The Cox risk regression model was used for univariate and multivariate analyses. Results:(1) Clinicopatholo-gical characteristics of patients. None of the 36 patients with biliary NENs had carcinoid syndrome. There were 11 cases with tumor located at gallbladder, 14 cases with tumor located at bile duct, and 11 cases with tumor located at ampulla of Vater. There were significant differences in weight loss and TNM stage among biliary NENs patients with different tumor location ( χ2=9.14, 6.54, P<0.05). Of the 36 patients, there were 12 cases with neuroendocrine tumors, 16 cases with neuroendocrine carcinomas, and 8 cases with mixed neuroendocrine-non-neuroendocrine neoplasms. (2) Follow-up. All 36 patients were followed up for 39(range, 10-93)months. Of the 36 patients, 19 patients experienced tumor recurrence and 16 patients experienced tumor metastasis. There were 18 patients died. The median overall survival time of 36 patients was 30 months, with the 1-, 2-, 3-year overall survival rates of 63.9%, 51.0%, and 35.7%, respectively. The 1-, 2-, 3-year recurrence-free survival rates were 47.5%, 34.1% and 21.3%, respectively. The 1-, 2-, 3-year overall survival rates of 19 patients with tumor recurrence were 55.6%, 55.6% and 27.8%, respectively. The 1-, 2-, 3-year overall survival rates of 17 patients without tumor recurrence were 71.3%, 50.4% and 42.0%, respectively. There was no significant difference in overall survival between patients with and without tumor recurrence ( χ2=0.24, P>0.05). (3) Prognostic factors analysis of patients. Results of multivariate analysis showed that pathological type as neuroendocrine carcinomas and mixed neuroendocrine-non-neuroendocrine neoplasms, non-R 0 margin were independent risk factors influencing overall survival time of patients ( hazard ratio=5.50, 5.33, 14.04, 95% confidence interval as 1.32-23.01, 1.17-24.35, 2.67-73.79, P<0.05). Conclusions:Biliary NENs lack specific clinical manifestations. Poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas are the most common pathological type. Pathological type as neuroendocrine carcinomas and mixed neuroendocrine-non-neuroendocrine neoplasms, non-R 0 margin are independent risk factors influencing prognosis of patients.

Artificial intelligence (AI) technology is a scientific and technological field that focuses on the research and development of systems that simulate, extend, and expand human intelligence activities. This field encompasses various applications such as image recognition, language processing, expert systems, and robotics. The advancement of AI has greatly improved the quality and efficiency of medical work, particularly in areas like medical imaging, clinical decision support, precision medicine, and healthcare management. These advancements have contributed to the establishment of more effective healthcare systems.Within the realm of AI in healthcare, the application of AI technology in oral and maxillofacial surgery continues to evolve, with scenarios such as assisting in the interpretation and analysis of dental medical images, predicting and diagnosing early oral and maxillofacial tumors, aiding in minimally invasive surgery, designing ideal and personalized surgical plans, and simplifying medical management tasks. Oral and maxillofacial surgeons, as well as radiologists, should embrace and utilize these emerging technologies, actively adapting to environmental changes and updates, and driving forward the development of the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery.In summary, the integration of AI into oral and maxillofacial surgery presents significant opportunities for advancing patient care, surgical efficiency, and medical research in this specialized area of medicine. This technological partnership has the potential to reshape the landscape of oral and maxillofacial healthcare, benefiting both practitioners and patients.

Objective:To study whether the bone age of the left and right limbs in children was consistent when the ossification ratio was measured by ultrasound,and to compare this consistency between ultrasound bone age of left and right limbs,and the bone age that was determined by X-ray. Method:A total of 526 children aged 3 to 18 years,who were treated at the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University from October 2022 to November 2023,were retrospectively included. The ossification ratios of the left and right ulna,radius,and femur of these children were measured by using ultrasound to calculate the bone age of ultrasound. Simultaneously,all children underwent X-ray examination on left-hand for bone age within two weeks before and after the ultrasonic examination for bone age. The differences in ossification ratios of the ulna,radius and femur of dual sides in assessing bone age by using ultrasound were compared,and the differences of assessing bone age among left ultrasound,right ultrasound and X-ray were further compared. Results:In the ultrasound test,Ossification rate of the left ulna was 48.0％,Less than 49.5％ on the right side,The difference was statistically significant (W=25425.5,P<0.001),the left femoral ossification rate was 77.0％,Higher than 76.0％ on the right side,The difference was statistically significant (W=57829,P=0.041). The overall ossification rate of the left ulna,radius,and femur was 184.0％,Below 185.0％ on the right side,The difference was statistically significant (W=46314.5,P<0.001). The ultrasound bone age of the left limb was 10.1 years,Below 10.3 years on the right,The difference was statistically significant (W=67958.5,P<0.001). The median X-ray bone age of the included children was 10.2 years between ultrasound bone age and X-ray bone age (P>0.05). Conclusion:There is difference in the bone age between left and right side of limbs in assessing bone age by using ultrasound to detect ossification ratio. Therefore,the left and right sides should be assessed by using ultrasound to assess bone age.

Objective:To study whether the bone age of the left and right limbs in children was consistent when the ossification ratio was measured by ultrasound,and to compare this consistency between ultrasound bone age of left and right limbs,and the bone age that was determined by X-ray. Method:A total of 526 children aged 3 to 18 years,who were treated at the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University from October 2022 to November 2023,were retrospectively included. The ossification ratios of the left and right ulna,radius,and femur of these children were measured by using ultrasound to calculate the bone age of ultrasound. Simultaneously,all children underwent X-ray examination on left-hand for bone age within two weeks before and after the ultrasonic examination for bone age. The differences in ossification ratios of the ulna,radius and femur of dual sides in assessing bone age by using ultrasound were compared,and the differences of assessing bone age among left ultrasound,right ultrasound and X-ray were further compared. Results:In the ultrasound test,Ossification rate of the left ulna was 48.0％,Less than 49.5％ on the right side,The difference was statistically significant (W=25425.5,P<0.001),the left femoral ossification rate was 77.0％,Higher than 76.0％ on the right side,The difference was statistically significant (W=57829,P=0.041). The overall ossification rate of the left ulna,radius,and femur was 184.0％,Below 185.0％ on the right side,The difference was statistically significant (W=46314.5,P<0.001). The ultrasound bone age of the left limb was 10.1 years,Below 10.3 years on the right,The difference was statistically significant (W=67958.5,P<0.001). The median X-ray bone age of the included children was 10.2 years between ultrasound bone age and X-ray bone age (P>0.05). Conclusion:There is difference in the bone age between left and right side of limbs in assessing bone age by using ultrasound to detect ossification ratio. Therefore,the left and right sides should be assessed by using ultrasound to assess bone age.

Objective:To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics and prognostic factors of biliary neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs).Methods:The retrospective cohort study was conducted. The clinicopathological data of 36 patients who underwent surgical treatment for biliary NENs at The First Hospital of Jilin University from January 2013 to December 2023 were collected. There were 22 males and 14 females, aged (59±9)years. Observation indicators: (1) clinicopatholo-gical characteristics of patients; (2) follow-up; (3) prognostic factors analysis of patients. Compari-son of measurement data with normal distribution among multiple groups was conducted using the ANOVA. Comparison of measurement data with skewed distribution among multiple groups was conducted using the Kruskal-Wallis H test. Comparison of count data between groups was conducted using the chi-square test or Fisher exact probability. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate survival rate and plot survival curve, and Log-rank test was used for survival analysis. The Cox risk regression model was used for univariate and multivariate analyses. Results:(1) Clinicopatholo-gical characteristics of patients. None of the 36 patients with biliary NENs had carcinoid syndrome. There were 11 cases with tumor located at gallbladder, 14 cases with tumor located at bile duct, and 11 cases with tumor located at ampulla of Vater. There were significant differences in weight loss and TNM stage among biliary NENs patients with different tumor location ( χ2=9.14, 6.54, P<0.05). Of the 36 patients, there were 12 cases with neuroendocrine tumors, 16 cases with neuroendocrine carcinomas, and 8 cases with mixed neuroendocrine-non-neuroendocrine neoplasms. (2) Follow-up. All 36 patients were followed up for 39(range, 10-93)months. Of the 36 patients, 19 patients experienced tumor recurrence and 16 patients experienced tumor metastasis. There were 18 patients died. The median overall survival time of 36 patients was 30 months, with the 1-, 2-, 3-year overall survival rates of 63.9%, 51.0%, and 35.7%, respectively. The 1-, 2-, 3-year recurrence-free survival rates were 47.5%, 34.1% and 21.3%, respectively. The 1-, 2-, 3-year overall survival rates of 19 patients with tumor recurrence were 55.6%, 55.6% and 27.8%, respectively. The 1-, 2-, 3-year overall survival rates of 17 patients without tumor recurrence were 71.3%, 50.4% and 42.0%, respectively. There was no significant difference in overall survival between patients with and without tumor recurrence ( χ2=0.24, P>0.05). (3) Prognostic factors analysis of patients. Results of multivariate analysis showed that pathological type as neuroendocrine carcinomas and mixed neuroendocrine-non-neuroendocrine neoplasms, non-R 0 margin were independent risk factors influencing overall survival time of patients ( hazard ratio=5.50, 5.33, 14.04, 95% confidence interval as 1.32-23.01, 1.17-24.35, 2.67-73.79, P<0.05). Conclusions:Biliary NENs lack specific clinical manifestations. Poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas are the most common pathological type. Pathological type as neuroendocrine carcinomas and mixed neuroendocrine-non-neuroendocrine neoplasms, non-R 0 margin are independent risk factors influencing prognosis of patients.

Objective:To evaluate the predictive efficacy of different comorbidity indices for hospitalization due to acute exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with comorbidities (CO-COPD).Methods:This retrospective cohort study included 259 stable COPD patients with comorbidities from Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, between October 2021 and September 2023, all with ≥1-year follow-up. Patients were categorized into hospitalized ( n=75) and non-hospitalized ( n=184) groups based on acute exacerbation events. Clinical characteristics, comorbidities, and comorbidity indices, including Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), COPD-specific Comorbidity Test (COTE), and comorbidities in chronic obstructive lung disease index (COMCOLD) were compared between two goups. Risk facors of hospitalization due to acute exacerbations were analyzed by Cox regression. Modified indices were developed by incorporating additional respiratory comorbidities (asthma, bronchiectasis, lung cancer) weighted by hazard ratios (HRs) from Cox reguression. The predictive performance of different comorbidity indices for hospitalization was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results:Hospitalized patients exhibited lower BMI, FEV 1% predicted, and FEV 1/FVC (all P<0.05), alongside higher modified British Medical Research Coucil (mMRC) scores and COPD assessment test (CAT) scores, eosinophil counts, and Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, (GOLD)severity ( t=3.73, Z=-3.43, Z=-2.43, Z=-11.10, Z=-11.32, Z=-1.80, χ2=17.62, all P<0.05); and also higher use rates of inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) and systemic oral corticosteroid (OCS) ( χ2=5.48, 7.15, all P<0.05). The comorbidities of asthma, bronchiectasis, lung cancer, hypertension, coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, anxiety and depression in hospitalized group were significantly higher ( χ2=22.49, 18.30, 15.63, 5.10, 4.68, 7.46, 5.16, all P<0.05), along with the increased CCI and COTE index ( P<0.05). Comorbid asthma, bronchiectasis, and lung cancer were independent risk factors for hospitalization ( HR=1.841, 2.924, and 2.076, respectively; all P<0.05). Original CCI and COTE showed moderate predictive value ( AUC=0.609 and 0.655), while modified CCI, COTE, and COMCOLD demonstrated improved performance ( AUC=0.730, 0.760, and 0.713, respectively). At optimal cutoffs (modified CCI>3.5, COTE>4.5, COMCOLD>6.5), sensitivities were 61.3%, 76.0%, and 58.7%, with specificities of 70.1%, 61.4%, and 72.3%. Age-stratified analysis revealed enhanced predictive utility of modified indices across age groups. Conclusions:CCI, COTE, and COMCOLD provide modest predictive value for hospitalization in CO-COPD. Modified indices incorporating respiratory comorbidities significantly improve risk stratification, offering clinical utility for identifying high-risk patients in primary care settings.

Oral leukoplakia(OLK)is defined as the white lesions that occur on the oral mucosa which cannot be erased and cannot be clinically or pathologically diagnosed as any other definable diseases.It is a precancerous lesion of the oral muco-sa.Existing treatments for OLK include non-surgical treatments and surgical treatments.However,promising evidence regard-ing the prevention of malignant transformation and recurrence of OLK by non-surgical treatments(such as pharmacotherapy)is needed.Meanwhile,surgical treatments have limited indications and postoperative oral morphology and function impair-ment.Photodynamic therapy(PDT)is a modern non-invasive therapy,which can be used to treat tumors and non-tumor lesions including oral leukoplakia,and has become a new and promising option for the treatment of oral leukoplakia due to its potential of preserving tissue morphology and function.In this paper,photosensitizers and lights of PDT and adjuvant treatment methods for PDT in the treatment of oral leukoplakia were reviewed.

Chronic temporomandibular joint disorders(TMD)patients usually suffer from persistent pain and physical, behavioral, psychological, and social symptoms. Effective control and treatment method are needed to restore their jaw function and manage pain. With the concept of biosupplementation proposed, plasma matrix products have gradually become popular in articular disease treatment and have become one of the core method of regenerative therapy. This paper mainly introduces the application characteristics and action mechanism of injectable platelet-rich plasma fibrin. It analyzes several research reports on the effect of injectable platelet-rich fibrin on pain control, mouth opening improvement and joint morphology restoration in TMD patients. It proposes that differences exist in current clinical trials such as different centrifugation schemes for plasma matrix products, injection times, and disease classification selection, providing a reference for the research and application of injectable platelet-rich fibrin in the treatment of TMD.