Nuanjian Jian(Decoction for Warming Liver Meridian),originating from Jing Yue Quan Shu(Jingyue's Complete Works)written by Zhang Jingyue,is composed of Angelicae Sinensis Radix(Danggui),Lycii Fructus(Gouqizi),Poria(Fuling),Fructus Foeniculi(Xiaohuixiang),Cinnamomi Cortex(Rougui),Linderae Radix(Wuyao),and Aquilariae Lignum Resinatumd(Chenxiang)or Aucklandiae Radix(Muxiang).Nuanjian Jian is a widely-used classical formula for warming the liver and kidneys,promoting qi circulation and alleviating pain.It was included in the Ancient Classical Formulas Catalog(First Batch)published by the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine in 2018,and was primarily used to treat lower abdominal pain,hernia,and other disorders differentiated as the syndrome of cold stagnation in the liver and kidneys.Based on the principles of key information verification for classical formulas,this article systematically reviewed the ancient and modern literature on Nuangan Jian,and conducted a comprehensive textual research and analysis of its origin,composition,dosage,method of making a decoction and taking medicines,processing,modifications,historical and modern applications,and experimental studies.The study concluded that the composition and dosage of this formula are relatively clear.The contemporary single-dose equivalents are calculated as Danggui 9.33 g,Gouqizi 11.19 g,Fuling 7.46 g,Xiaohuixiang 7.46 g,Rougui 5.60 g,Wuyao 7.46 g,and Chenxiang 3.73 g.The decoction is prepared by adding 300 mL of water and 4 g of ginger,boiling until reduced to 140 mL,and taken 2-3 times daily,2 hours after meals.Modern practitioners have expanded the indications of this formula,extending its use from hernia and lower abdominal pain to various disorders in andrology,gynecology,and gastroenterology.The indications have the core pathogenesis of cold stagnation in the liver meridian,and usually affect the liver while also involve the spleen,kidneys,and lower energizer.Diseases of the lower abdomen,genitals,and breasts belonging to the region of the liver-meridian route,are also commonly treated with Nuangan Jian.The findings of this study provide a reference for the further development of this classical formula.

[Objective]To summarize SUN Simiao's clinical experience in treating vomiting and explore the modern application of SUN's method for treating vomiting,taking diabetic gastroparesis vomiting(DGPV)as an example.[Methods]By excavating and organizing the special chapters or paragraphs related to vomiting in SUN Simiao's works Emergency Thousand Gold Prescriptions and Thousand Gold Wing Prescriptions,it comprehensively analyzes SUN's understanding of the causes and treatment of vomiting,and applies it to clinical practice based on the pathogenesis of DGPV.[Results]Vomiting is a common clinical symptom of digestive tract abnormalities.Although conventional western medicine treatment can temporarily alleviate vomiting,it is prone to recurrence.SUN Simiao had profound insights in the diagnosis and treatment of vomiting,believing that"abnormal lifting and descending of the middle-Jiao,upward invasion of stomach Qi""cold,heat,phlegm,water,food and various evils invading the middle-Jiao"and"long-term illness injuring the five Zang organs and insufficient Qi and blood"were the core pathogenesis of vomiting.Through inductive analysis of his works,six methods and corresponding prescriptions can be extracted:harmonizing the stomach and descending Qi to stop vomiting,warming Yang and dispelling cold to stop vomiting,resolving phlegm and promoting diuresis to stop vomiting,digesting food and resolving stagnation to stop vomiting,clearing heat and nourishing fluids to stop vomiting,and regulating organs and tonifying deficiency to stop vomiting.In the clinical treatment of DGPV,small prescriptions and corner herbs for treating vomiting should be used in a targeted manner based on the core pathogenesis of different stages.[Conclusion]SUN Simiao's thoughts on treating vomiting still have certain application value in modern medicine and provide guidance for clinical treatment of vomiting such as DGPV.

[Objective]To summarize SUN Simiao's clinical experience in treating vomiting and explore the modern application of SUN's method for treating vomiting,taking diabetic gastroparesis vomiting(DGPV)as an example.[Methods]By excavating and organizing the special chapters or paragraphs related to vomiting in SUN Simiao's works Emergency Thousand Gold Prescriptions and Thousand Gold Wing Prescriptions,it comprehensively analyzes SUN's understanding of the causes and treatment of vomiting,and applies it to clinical practice based on the pathogenesis of DGPV.[Results]Vomiting is a common clinical symptom of digestive tract abnormalities.Although conventional western medicine treatment can temporarily alleviate vomiting,it is prone to recurrence.SUN Simiao had profound insights in the diagnosis and treatment of vomiting,believing that"abnormal lifting and descending of the middle-Jiao,upward invasion of stomach Qi""cold,heat,phlegm,water,food and various evils invading the middle-Jiao"and"long-term illness injuring the five Zang organs and insufficient Qi and blood"were the core pathogenesis of vomiting.Through inductive analysis of his works,six methods and corresponding prescriptions can be extracted:harmonizing the stomach and descending Qi to stop vomiting,warming Yang and dispelling cold to stop vomiting,resolving phlegm and promoting diuresis to stop vomiting,digesting food and resolving stagnation to stop vomiting,clearing heat and nourishing fluids to stop vomiting,and regulating organs and tonifying deficiency to stop vomiting.In the clinical treatment of DGPV,small prescriptions and corner herbs for treating vomiting should be used in a targeted manner based on the core pathogenesis of different stages.[Conclusion]SUN Simiao's thoughts on treating vomiting still have certain application value in modern medicine and provide guidance for clinical treatment of vomiting such as DGPV.

Due to the difference between the system of weights and measures， and the dosage of clinical prescriptions of traditional Chinese medicine in various historical periods， the dosage and conversion standard of prescriptions in past dynasties are different. Therefore， when discounting the dosage of famous classical formulas， the principles of inheriting the essence， making the past serve the present， linking the past and the present， and forming a consensus should be followed， firstly， the dosage of the prescription was converted according to the weights and measures system of the past dynasties. If the converted dosage significantly exceeds the provisions of the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia， then on the premise of ensuring that the proportion of the original prescription drug dosage remains unchanged， the conversion shall be based on expert consensus and drug safety evaluation. For drugs measured in non-standard units， a conversion range is provided based on comprehensive literature analysis and physical measurements. For the conversion of service volume， the original text was used as the basis for the conversion with reference to the measurement standards of different eras. If the original dosage is not clear， the converted dosage will be determined based on the historical evolution of the formula， referring to relevant ancient books， and combining modern applications. Eventually， the converting standard for famous classical formulas was determined as follows：during the Han and Tang dynasties， one Liang（两） was equivalent to 13.8 g and one Sheng（升） was equivalent to 200 mL， in the Tang dynasty， one Fen（分） was equivalent to 3.45 g， during the Song， Jin and Yuan dynasties， one Qian（钱） was equivalent to 4.13 g and one Zhan（盏） was equivalent to 300 mL， during the Ming and Qing dynasties， one Qian（钱） was equivalent to 3.73 g， and one Bei（杯） and one Zhong（盅） were equivalent to 200 mL. For drugs recorded in non-standard units of measurement， it is necessary to conduct actual measurements to determine their conversion standards based on comprehensive analysis to determine their origin. If necessary， different records of the dosage of drugs with the same or similar efficacy and indications in medical books of similar ages can be used to assist in determining the conversion standards. The analysis of the principle of dosage conversion for Chinese medicine is helpful for the clinical application and development of famous classical formulas.

The dosage， dose and administration method of decoctions are important factors affecting the efficacy of prescriptions. By analyzing 35 decoction formulas from the Ming and Qing dynasties within the Catalogue of Ancient Classic Famous Formulas （First Batch）， it was found that the average dosage was equivalent to about 65 g， of which 71.4% （25/35） of the prescriptions had a dosage ≤60 g. And among them， the dosage of decoctions in the Ming dynasty was significantly smaller than that in the Qing dynasty. Considering the characteristics of formulas in Song dynasty， it is believed that decoctions in Ming and Qing dynasties were influenced by the popular use of decoctions during the Song， Jin， and Yuan dynasties. Some decoctions recorded a dosage of one dose instead of one day， which was more evident in the Ming dynasty. However， by the Qing dynasty， the usage of prescriptions with a dosage of one day gradually became more common. Therefore， in the practical research and application of classic famous formulas from the Ming and Qing dynasties， it is advised to pay attention to the difference between the dosage， one dose and the daily dosage. It is necessary to determine whether to double the dosage of the original formula based on the actual use， in order to ensure the clinical efficacy.