Objective:The study aims to explore the abnormal characteristics in cerebral cortex among children with different subtypes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Methods:Four hundred and twelve samples were obtained from the Healthy Brain Network project of American Child Mind Institute. There were 288 children with ADHD (all subjects: age,M=10.03,SD=3.11; 151 of ADHD-C, 20 of ADHD-H, and 117 of ADHD-I) and 124 healthy controls (age,M=9.98,SD=2.98). Using FreeSurfer software, we processed the brain structure images and obtained the cortical volume, cortical thickness and surface area for each subject. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and post hoc comparison analyses were conducted.Results:ANOVA analysis showed significant differences of the cortical volume located in the left superior parietal gyrus ( Z=5.94) and superior temporal gyrus ( Z=5.49) among the 3 subtypes of ADHD children and the healthy controls (Monte Carlo, P<0.05). Compared with the healthy controls, ADHD-H group exhibited an increased cortical volume in the left superior parietal gyrus ( Z=6.79), while the ADHD-I group had a decreased volume in the left superior temporal gyrus ( Z=-5.12) and lateral occipital cortex ( Z=-6.40). ADHD-C group also had a decreased volume in the left lateral occipital cortex ( Z=-3.37). Among 3 subtypes of ADHD patients, both ADHD-I and ADHD-C groups had a smaller volume in the left superior parietal gyrus than that of the ADHD-H group (ADHD-I: Z=-7.33,MNI coordinate:x=-26.8,y=-60.6,z=45.4; ADHD-C: Z=-7.14,MNI coordinate:x=-26.6,y=-60.2,z=45.4). Additionally, there was no statistical difference in cortical volume between the ADHD-I and ADHD-C group (Monte Carlo, P>0.05). Subsequent supplementary analyses showed that the sample size and age had no significant effect on the above results. Moreover, analysis of cortical thickness and the surface area showed that the abnormality of the cortical volume in different ADHD subtypes was mainly determined by the surface area of the cerebral cortex. Conclusion:Cortical measures in the superior parietal gyrus might be the crucial features that distinguishes the different subtypes of ADHD. These results enable us to further explore the neurodevelopmental mechanism of ADHD and guide the precise and specific clinical treatment.

Objective:The study aims to explore the abnormal characteristics in cerebral cortex among children with different subtypes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Methods:Four hundred and twelve samples were obtained from the Healthy Brain Network project of American Child Mind Institute. There were 288 children with ADHD (all subjects: age,M=10.03,SD=3.11; 151 of ADHD-C, 20 of ADHD-H, and 117 of ADHD-I) and 124 healthy controls (age,M=9.98,SD=2.98). Using FreeSurfer software, we processed the brain structure images and obtained the cortical volume, cortical thickness and surface area for each subject. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and post hoc comparison analyses were conducted.Results:ANOVA analysis showed significant differences of the cortical volume located in the left superior parietal gyrus ( Z=5.94) and superior temporal gyrus ( Z=5.49) among the 3 subtypes of ADHD children and the healthy controls (Monte Carlo, P<0.05). Compared with the healthy controls, ADHD-H group exhibited an increased cortical volume in the left superior parietal gyrus ( Z=6.79), while the ADHD-I group had a decreased volume in the left superior temporal gyrus ( Z=-5.12) and lateral occipital cortex ( Z=-6.40). ADHD-C group also had a decreased volume in the left lateral occipital cortex ( Z=-3.37). Among 3 subtypes of ADHD patients, both ADHD-I and ADHD-C groups had a smaller volume in the left superior parietal gyrus than that of the ADHD-H group (ADHD-I: Z=-7.33,MNI coordinate:x=-26.8,y=-60.6,z=45.4; ADHD-C: Z=-7.14,MNI coordinate:x=-26.6,y=-60.2,z=45.4). Additionally, there was no statistical difference in cortical volume between the ADHD-I and ADHD-C group (Monte Carlo, P>0.05). Subsequent supplementary analyses showed that the sample size and age had no significant effect on the above results. Moreover, analysis of cortical thickness and the surface area showed that the abnormality of the cortical volume in different ADHD subtypes was mainly determined by the surface area of the cerebral cortex. Conclusion:Cortical measures in the superior parietal gyrus might be the crucial features that distinguishes the different subtypes of ADHD. These results enable us to further explore the neurodevelopmental mechanism of ADHD and guide the precise and specific clinical treatment.

Respirasome, as a vital part of the oxidative phosphorylation system, undertakes the task of transferring electrons from the electron donors to oxygen and produces a proton concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane through the coupled translocation of protons. Copious research has been carried out on this lynchpin of respiration. From the discovery of individual respiratory complexes to the report of the high-resolution structure of mammalian respiratory supercomplex IIIIIV, scientists have gradually uncovered the mysterious veil of the electron transport chain (ETC). With the discovery of the mammalian respiratory mega complex IIIIIV, a new perspective emerges in the research field of the ETC. Behind these advances glitters the light of the revolution in both theory and technology. Here, we give a short review about how scientists 'see' the structure and the mechanism of respirasome from the macroscopic scale to the atomic scale during the past decades.

Animals ; Cell Respiration ; Electron Transport Complex III ; metabolism ; Humans ; Iron-Sulfur Proteins ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Mitochondria ; metabolism ; Peptide Fragments ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Protein Multimerization ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Subunits ; chemistry

Respirasome, a huge molecular machine that carries out cellular respiration, has gained growing attention since its discovery, because respiration is the most indispensable biological process in almost all living creatures. The concept of respirasome has renewed our understanding of the respiratory chain organization, and most recently, the structure of respirasome solved by Yang's group from Tsinghua University (Gu et al. Nature 237(7622):639-643, 2016) firstly presented the detailed interactions within this huge molecular machine, and provided important information for drug design and screening. However, the study of cellular respiration went through a long history. Here, we briefly showed the detoured history of respiratory chain investigation, and then described the amazing structure of respirasome.
Animals ; Electron Transport ; physiology ; Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins ; chemistry ; history ; metabolism ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Structure-Activity Relationship