Cardiac aging is a key factor in the onset and progression of cardiovascular diseases. Investigating the traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） pathogenesis and therapeutic principles of cardiac aging is of great importance for curbing the common phenomenon of the heart aging faster than the body and implementing the national strategy in response to population aging. Essence （Jing）， Qi， and spirit （Shen） are the origin， driving force， and manifestation of life， respectively. The Essence-Qi-spirit theory within the Qi-collateral doctrine delineates the core pathogenesis and therapeutic principles of aging. This framework identifies kidney essence deficiency as the fundamental cause of aging， with primordial Qi depletion as a key factor and the consumption of body and spirit as its manifestations. Corresponding treatment principles involve tonifying the kidney to replenish essence， warming and supporting primordial Qi， and nourishing the body and spirit. During the process of tonifying the kidney， regulating Yin and Yang remains essential. Relevant studies indicate that this theoretical system provides significant guidance for anti-aging research in TCM. Guided by the Essence-Qi-spirit theory within the Qi-collateral doctrine， this paper posits that kidney essence constitutes the material foundation for cardiac development， and primordial Qi acts as the fundamental driver of cardiac function. Physical form and spirit together provide the structural carrier and functional manifestation of the heart. We further propose the core pathogenesis and therapeutic principles for cardiac aging. The fundamental pathogenesis lies in the deficiency and decline of kidney essence， leading to malnourishment of the heart. The key pathogenesis is the deficiency of primordial Qi， resulting in obstruction of the heart collateral. The manifestation involves the accumulation in the collateral and the dysfunction of the heart spirit. The corresponding treatment principles are tonifying the kidney and replenishing essence to nourish the heart， warming and reinforcing primordial Qi to unblock the heart collateral， and fortifying the physical form to invigorate the spirit mechanism. Existing studies demonstrate that Bazi Bushen Capsules， with the effects of tonifying the kidney， replenishing essence， warming primordial Qi， and fortifying the physical form and spirit， can delay cardiac aging. Guided by the Essence-Qi-spirit theory within the Qi-collateral doctrine， these findings support the development of effective herbal formulas to intervene in cardiac aging.

Cardiac aging is a key factor in the onset and progression of cardiovascular diseases. Investigating the traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） pathogenesis and therapeutic principles of cardiac aging is of great importance for curbing the common phenomenon of the heart aging faster than the body and implementing the national strategy in response to population aging. Essence （Jing）， Qi， and spirit （Shen） are the origin， driving force， and manifestation of life， respectively. The Essence-Qi-spirit theory within the Qi-collateral doctrine delineates the core pathogenesis and therapeutic principles of aging. This framework identifies kidney essence deficiency as the fundamental cause of aging， with primordial Qi depletion as a key factor and the consumption of body and spirit as its manifestations. Corresponding treatment principles involve tonifying the kidney to replenish essence， warming and supporting primordial Qi， and nourishing the body and spirit. During the process of tonifying the kidney， regulating Yin and Yang remains essential. Relevant studies indicate that this theoretical system provides significant guidance for anti-aging research in TCM. Guided by the Essence-Qi-spirit theory within the Qi-collateral doctrine， this paper posits that kidney essence constitutes the material foundation for cardiac development， and primordial Qi acts as the fundamental driver of cardiac function. Physical form and spirit together provide the structural carrier and functional manifestation of the heart. We further propose the core pathogenesis and therapeutic principles for cardiac aging. The fundamental pathogenesis lies in the deficiency and decline of kidney essence， leading to malnourishment of the heart. The key pathogenesis is the deficiency of primordial Qi， resulting in obstruction of the heart collateral. The manifestation involves the accumulation in the collateral and the dysfunction of the heart spirit. The corresponding treatment principles are tonifying the kidney and replenishing essence to nourish the heart， warming and reinforcing primordial Qi to unblock the heart collateral， and fortifying the physical form to invigorate the spirit mechanism. Existing studies demonstrate that Bazi Bushen Capsules， with the effects of tonifying the kidney， replenishing essence， warming primordial Qi， and fortifying the physical form and spirit， can delay cardiac aging. Guided by the Essence-Qi-spirit theory within the Qi-collateral doctrine， these findings support the development of effective herbal formulas to intervene in cardiac aging.

ObjectiveChinese patent medicines for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are diverse and complex in their efficacy. The traditional classification method based on efficacy categories has certain limitations and cannot meet the clinical needs for individualized drug selection and variety comparison. This article， based on the formulation compatibility analysis technology of "Tangye Jingfa Tu"， clarifies the composition and efficacy characteristics of common Chinese patent medicines used for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases， providing support for the precise selection of these medicines. MethodsFifty-six representative Chinese patent medicines， covering all the efficacy subcategories of "stasis-resolving agents" in the National Basic Medical Insurance， Work Injury Insurance， and Maternity Insurance Drug Catalogue （2023） （more than 50% of the total）， were selected for the study. Within the knowledge system of "Tangye Jingfa Tu"， the compatibility structure of herbal flavors and the proportion structure of herbal quantities for each Chinese patent medicine were determined. The correlation between these structures and the efficacy categories was analyzed to identify the similarities and differences among the selected Chinese patent medicines. Additionally， the efficacy was reclassified and compared according to the theoretical framework of tonifying and purging methods of five Zang organs in the "Tangye Jingfa Tu". ResultsThe representative Chinese patent medicines included in the analysis were Shexiang Baoxin pills， Danshen tablets， Qili Qiangxin capsules， Breviscapine tablets， etc.， covering all the efficacy subcategories of "stasis-resolving agents". Among the 56 representative Chinese patent medicines， salty flavor was the most common （48）， followed by pungent （33）， and sweet （26）. According to the dominant herbal flavor， salty flavor was the most common （37）， followed by pungent （9）， and sour （5）. According to the dominant herbal quantity， salty flavor was the most common （27）， followed by sour （7）， and pungent （5）. Furthermore， Chinese patent medicines with different efficacy subtypes showed different flavor characteristics. For example， most Qi-invigorating and blood-activating agents contained sweet drugs for tonifying the spleen （9/10）， most Qi-moving and blood-activating agents contained pungent drugs for tonifying the liver （7/8）， and all kidney-invigorating and blood-activating agents contained bitter drugs for tonifying the kidneys （6/6）. However， the efficacy classification of individual medicines did not always align with the compatibility characteristics of their formulas， as seen with Dengyin Naotong capsules. ConclusionThe formulations of Chinese patent medicines for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases predominantly feature salty， sour， and pungent flavors， which largely conform to the therapeutic principles of "nourishing the heart with salt and soothing the heart with sour" and the liver-heart， heart-spleen mother-child treatment relationship shown in the "Tangye Jingfa Tu". Using the "Tangye Jingfa Tu" framework to conduct research on the structure and efficacy characteristics of Chinese patent medicines is objective and effective.

ObjectiveChinese patent medicines for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are diverse and complex in their efficacy. The traditional classification method based on efficacy categories has certain limitations and cannot meet the clinical needs for individualized drug selection and variety comparison. This article， based on the formulation compatibility analysis technology of "Tangye Jingfa Tu"， clarifies the composition and efficacy characteristics of common Chinese patent medicines used for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases， providing support for the precise selection of these medicines. MethodsFifty-six representative Chinese patent medicines， covering all the efficacy subcategories of "stasis-resolving agents" in the National Basic Medical Insurance， Work Injury Insurance， and Maternity Insurance Drug Catalogue （2023） （more than 50% of the total）， were selected for the study. Within the knowledge system of "Tangye Jingfa Tu"， the compatibility structure of herbal flavors and the proportion structure of herbal quantities for each Chinese patent medicine were determined. The correlation between these structures and the efficacy categories was analyzed to identify the similarities and differences among the selected Chinese patent medicines. Additionally， the efficacy was reclassified and compared according to the theoretical framework of tonifying and purging methods of five Zang organs in the "Tangye Jingfa Tu". ResultsThe representative Chinese patent medicines included in the analysis were Shexiang Baoxin pills， Danshen tablets， Qili Qiangxin capsules， Breviscapine tablets， etc.， covering all the efficacy subcategories of "stasis-resolving agents". Among the 56 representative Chinese patent medicines， salty flavor was the most common （48）， followed by pungent （33）， and sweet （26）. According to the dominant herbal flavor， salty flavor was the most common （37）， followed by pungent （9）， and sour （5）. According to the dominant herbal quantity， salty flavor was the most common （27）， followed by sour （7）， and pungent （5）. Furthermore， Chinese patent medicines with different efficacy subtypes showed different flavor characteristics. For example， most Qi-invigorating and blood-activating agents contained sweet drugs for tonifying the spleen （9/10）， most Qi-moving and blood-activating agents contained pungent drugs for tonifying the liver （7/8）， and all kidney-invigorating and blood-activating agents contained bitter drugs for tonifying the kidneys （6/6）. However， the efficacy classification of individual medicines did not always align with the compatibility characteristics of their formulas， as seen with Dengyin Naotong capsules. ConclusionThe formulations of Chinese patent medicines for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases predominantly feature salty， sour， and pungent flavors， which largely conform to the therapeutic principles of "nourishing the heart with salt and soothing the heart with sour" and the liver-heart， heart-spleen mother-child treatment relationship shown in the "Tangye Jingfa Tu". Using the "Tangye Jingfa Tu" framework to conduct research on the structure and efficacy characteristics of Chinese patent medicines is objective and effective.

Cognitive dysfunction is the main manifestation of aging,which has become a hot topic of global concern as aging inten-sifies.This article proposes that essence is the origin of life,qi is the driving force of life,and spirit is the embodiment of life.Guided by the qiluo theory of essence,qi,and spirit,the key pathogenesis and corresponding treatment methods of cognitive impairment caused by aging are proposed:kidney essence deficiency and brain marrow insufficiency are the fundamental,primordial qi deficiency and brain meridian obstruction are the key,brain spirit dystrophy and spirit activity dysfunction are the manifestations;the treatment is to tonify the kidney and essence to fill brain marrow,warm and nourish primordial qi to unblock brain meridians,enhance brain sprit to improve spirit activity,expecting to be beneficial for delaying and preventing aging-caused cognitive impairment.

Objective:To compare the efficacy of single kidney transplantation (KT) from pediatric donors between donors aged <2 and 2- 18 years.Methods:Between August 2016 and May 2023, 127 single pediatric kidney transplantations involving pediatric donors were conducted. They were assigned into two subgroups based upon age of small pediatric donors (n=22, SPD, donors aged <2 years) and normal pediatric donors (n=105, NPD, donors aged 2-18 years). A retrospective analysis was performed to compare recipient/donor baseline characteristics, postoperative complications and recipient/graft survival rates between two groups.Results:Significant inter-group differences existed in donor age[11.0 (10.0, 15.0) vs 121.0 (74.0, 166.0) month], donor weight[8.3 (8.0, 9.4) vs 30.0 (20.0, 50.0) kg]and graft-to-recipient weight ratio[0.3 (0.2, 0.5) vs 1.0 (0.6, 1.5) ] ( P<0.001). Conversely, no significant inter-group differences existed in donor gender/type, warm/cold ischemic time, human leukocyte antigen mismatch number, estimated glomerular filtration rate, recipient gender/age/weight, number of transplants, preoperative dialysis, preoperative induction therapy, panel-reactive antibody or primary disease ( P>0.05). The incidence of vascular thrombosis was 9.1% (2/22) and 0 in SPD and NPD groups with statistically significant differences ( P=0.029) ; the incidence of post-transplant hemorrhage was 13.6% (3/22) and 1.9% (2/105) with statistically significant difference ( P=0.036). However, no statistically significant inter-group differences existed in recurrent renopathy, delayed graft function or 1-year cumulative incidence of acute rejection ( P>0.05). Six recipients (27.3%) in SPD group lost allografts due to recurrent or primary nonfunction (n=1), vascular thrombosis (n=2), post-transplant hemorrhage (n=2) and thrombotic microangiopathy (n=1). In comparison, three recipients (2.9%) in NPD group lost allografts due to rejection (n=2) and infectious rupture of transplanted renal artery (n=1). Three-year recipient survival rates were 100% and 99.0% in SPD and NPD groups with no statistically significant differences ( P=0.600). And 3-year death-censored graft survival was significantly lower in SPD group than that in NPD groups (77.3% vs 91.5%) ( P<0.001, HR=8.3, 95% CI: 2.0-34.2) . Conclusions:Early postoperative vascular complications after single pediatric KT from pediatric donors aged under 2 years are frequent and predispose to graft loss.

Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma（GRR） has the function of replenishing vital energy and can lighten the body and prolong the life when taken for a long time， which is suitable for the development of anti-aging products， so this paper intends to sort out the progress of anti-aging research on GRR. After combing， the results of modern studies have shown that a variety of components in GRR have anti-aging effect， which can prolong the lifespan of aging animal models， as well as delay the aging of various systems. The anti-aging mechanisms mainly include anti-cellular senescence， anti-oxidative stress， inhibiting telomere shortening， maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and so on. The anti-aging ingredients of GRR involved in the researches mainly include ginsenoside Rg₁ and ginsenoside Rb₁， in addition， ginsenoside Rg₃， ginsenoside Rd， ginsenoside Rg₂， ginsenoside Re， ginsenoside Rb₂， oligosaccharides of GRR， polysaccharides of GRR， water extract of GRR， total saponins of Panax ginseng stems and leaves are also included. Therefore， under current background of population aging， the in-depth development of GRR and its transformation into anti-aging products are of great significance for delaying senility and improving the health conditions of aging population.

Objective:To compare the efficacy of single kidney transplantation (KT) from pediatric donors between donors aged <2 and 2- 18 years.Methods:Between August 2016 and May 2023, 127 single pediatric kidney transplantations involving pediatric donors were conducted. They were assigned into two subgroups based upon age of small pediatric donors (n=22, SPD, donors aged <2 years) and normal pediatric donors (n=105, NPD, donors aged 2-18 years). A retrospective analysis was performed to compare recipient/donor baseline characteristics, postoperative complications and recipient/graft survival rates between two groups.Results:Significant inter-group differences existed in donor age[11.0 (10.0, 15.0) vs 121.0 (74.0, 166.0) month], donor weight[8.3 (8.0, 9.4) vs 30.0 (20.0, 50.0) kg]and graft-to-recipient weight ratio[0.3 (0.2, 0.5) vs 1.0 (0.6, 1.5) ] ( P<0.001). Conversely, no significant inter-group differences existed in donor gender/type, warm/cold ischemic time, human leukocyte antigen mismatch number, estimated glomerular filtration rate, recipient gender/age/weight, number of transplants, preoperative dialysis, preoperative induction therapy, panel-reactive antibody or primary disease ( P>0.05). The incidence of vascular thrombosis was 9.1% (2/22) and 0 in SPD and NPD groups with statistically significant differences ( P=0.029) ; the incidence of post-transplant hemorrhage was 13.6% (3/22) and 1.9% (2/105) with statistically significant difference ( P=0.036). However, no statistically significant inter-group differences existed in recurrent renopathy, delayed graft function or 1-year cumulative incidence of acute rejection ( P>0.05). Six recipients (27.3%) in SPD group lost allografts due to recurrent or primary nonfunction (n=1), vascular thrombosis (n=2), post-transplant hemorrhage (n=2) and thrombotic microangiopathy (n=1). In comparison, three recipients (2.9%) in NPD group lost allografts due to rejection (n=2) and infectious rupture of transplanted renal artery (n=1). Three-year recipient survival rates were 100% and 99.0% in SPD and NPD groups with no statistically significant differences ( P=0.600). And 3-year death-censored graft survival was significantly lower in SPD group than that in NPD groups (77.3% vs 91.5%) ( P<0.001, HR=8.3, 95% CI: 2.0-34.2) . Conclusions:Early postoperative vascular complications after single pediatric KT from pediatric donors aged under 2 years are frequent and predispose to graft loss.

Urea transporters (UT) play a vital role in the mechanism of urine concentration and are recognized as novel targets for the development of salt-sparing diuretics. Thus, UT inhibitors are promising for development as novel diuretics. In the present study, a novel UT inhibitor with a diarylamide scaffold was discovered by high-throughput screening. Optimization of the inhibitor led to the identification of a promising preclinical candidate,

Objective To evaluate the risk-benefit of aspirin discontinuation during the perioperative period in elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery.Methods Eighty-eight patients of both sexes,aged ≥65 yr,of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅱ or Ⅲ,scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy,taking aspirin to prevent cardiovascular diseases,were divided into 2 groups (n =44 each) using a random number table method:non-discontinuation group (N group) and discontinuation group (D group).No aspirin was discontinued during the perioperative period in group N.Aspirin was discontinued at 7 days before surgery and resumed at 3 days after surgery.Venous blood samples were collected at 24 h before surgery (To) and 30 min and 24 h after surgery (T1.2) for measurement of blood coagulation by thromboelastography,and clot reaction time,coagulation time,angle oα,maximal amplitude,and coagulation index were recorded.The occurrence of TEG parameters below/above normal values of clinical significance was recorded.The intraoperative blood loss,postoperative drainage,reoperation due to hemorrhage within 48 h,perioperative blood transfusion and fluid infused,and adverse cardiovascular events (myocardial ischemia,venous thrombosis of lower extremity,pulmonary embolism,etc.)within 30 days after surgery were also recorded.Results Compared with group N,no significant change was found in the intraoperative blood loss,intraoperative fluid infused,postoperative drainage rate and drainage volume,reoperation due to hemorrhage within 48 h,or length of hospitalization (P＞0.05),angle α,maximal amplitude and coagulation index were increased,clot reaction time was shortened,the incidence of clot reaction time below normal values of clinical significance was increased in group D (P＜0.05).There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse cardiovascular events between group D (7％) and group N (0) (P＞0.05).Conclusion Perioperative discontinuation of aspirin does not reduce the perioperative blood loss with no clinical benefit,induces blood hypercoagulation and increases the risk of adverse cardiovascular events,and thus it is recommended not to discontinue aspirin in the perioperative period in elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery.