The bacterial ADP-ribosylating exotoxins are produced by bacteria and infect different human body tissues.Herein,we investigated the molecular evolution of AB5-type bacterial toxins expressed by Vibrio cholerae and other bacteria with similar invasion mechanisms to interpret the co-evolutionary history of V.cholerae cholera toxin(CT)and their hosts,aiming to reveal the causes of its transdermal immuno-genicity.We elaborated on the intracellular toxicity mechanisms of CT,including ganglioside receptor-mediated endocytosis and hyperactivation of the cAMP pathway,as well as the behavioral traces of related bacteriophages within the genomes of these bacteria.Models such as the relatively decoupled evolution of A and B subunits of CT and the evolutionary coupling of transdermal and mucosal immunity were summa-rized.Furthermore,we described mechanisms including phage-mediated horizontal gene transfer(exem-plified by Vibrio phage CTXΦ),toxin targeting variation,expansion of molecular recognition domains,and functional adaptive evolution of the toxins.In this research,we employed bioinformatic tools to con-struct phylogenetic trees and analyze genetic variations in the amino acid sequences of toxin A/B subunits and proteins of secretion systems.Tajima's test was utilized to quantify genetic distance,diversity,and neutral selection pressure.Key findings include:(1)a"decoupled evolution"mode for the A and B subunits of CT,with the B subunit under stronger negative selection;(2)horizontal gene transfer media-ted by CTXΦ and other phages drives the cross-species spread of toxin genes;(3)the interaction be-tween the toxin co-regulated pilus(TCP)and the TLR-5(Toll-like receptor 5)promotes the transdermal immunogenicity of the CT B subunit.These findings suggest the role of"toxin-host arm race"co-evolu-tion,and are consistent with the hypothesis of intergenerational transmission of immune memory in CT e-volution,thereby providing theoretical support for further research into the biological mechanisms and co-evolutionary history of AB5-type bacterial toxins.

The bacterial ADP-ribosylating exotoxins are produced by bacteria and infect different human body tissues.Herein,we investigated the molecular evolution of AB5-type bacterial toxins expressed by Vibrio cholerae and other bacteria with similar invasion mechanisms to interpret the co-evolutionary history of V.cholerae cholera toxin(CT)and their hosts,aiming to reveal the causes of its transdermal immuno-genicity.We elaborated on the intracellular toxicity mechanisms of CT,including ganglioside receptor-mediated endocytosis and hyperactivation of the cAMP pathway,as well as the behavioral traces of related bacteriophages within the genomes of these bacteria.Models such as the relatively decoupled evolution of A and B subunits of CT and the evolutionary coupling of transdermal and mucosal immunity were summa-rized.Furthermore,we described mechanisms including phage-mediated horizontal gene transfer(exem-plified by Vibrio phage CTXΦ),toxin targeting variation,expansion of molecular recognition domains,and functional adaptive evolution of the toxins.In this research,we employed bioinformatic tools to con-struct phylogenetic trees and analyze genetic variations in the amino acid sequences of toxin A/B subunits and proteins of secretion systems.Tajima's test was utilized to quantify genetic distance,diversity,and neutral selection pressure.Key findings include:(1)a"decoupled evolution"mode for the A and B subunits of CT,with the B subunit under stronger negative selection;(2)horizontal gene transfer media-ted by CTXΦ and other phages drives the cross-species spread of toxin genes;(3)the interaction be-tween the toxin co-regulated pilus(TCP)and the TLR-5(Toll-like receptor 5)promotes the transdermal immunogenicity of the CT B subunit.These findings suggest the role of"toxin-host arm race"co-evolu-tion,and are consistent with the hypothesis of intergenerational transmission of immune memory in CT e-volution,thereby providing theoretical support for further research into the biological mechanisms and co-evolutionary history of AB5-type bacterial toxins.

Animals ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy* ; Fibrosis/prevention & control* ; Hyperglycemia/prevention & control* ; Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology* ; Inflammation/prevention & control* ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Stilbenes/pharmacology*

The ancient discussion and modern clinical application regarding Yingxiang (LI 20) and Neiyingxiang (EX-HN 9) in acupuncture verses are explored. Acupuncture verses are the summary of clinical experiences of acupuncture scholars in the past dynasties, of which the records on application of Yingxiang (LI 20) and Neiyingxiang (EX-HN 9) mainly focused on nasal, facial and head-eye diseases, which is characterized with overall summarization, brilliant exposition, simple language, and distinctive characteristics. Nowadays, based on the ancient usage, the clinical application about these two acupoints is continuously developing. If the ancient acupuncture verses could be understood thoroughly, the clinical practice could be better guided and its effects could be improved.
Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; history ; China ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Medicine in Literature ; Rhinitis, Allergic ; therapy

Based on the deletion information of high virulent PRRSV genome, 3 oligonucleotide primer were designed and synthesized. Specific and sensitive reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assays were de-veloped for the detection of high virulent PRRSV. The sensitivity and specificity of RT-PCR assays were evaluated, the results showing that the detection limit of the assay was found to be 0.265 pg of tissue total RNA, and the protocol have no cross-reaction with classical swine fever virus, porcine circovirus type 2,pseudorabies virus, streptococcus, haemophilus parasuis and Escherichia coli. Then 36 cell cultures, two PRRSV live vaccine strains and 184 clinical specimens from 52 farms were tested. Five PRRSV field iso-lates were the high virulent PRRSV; two PRRSV live vaccine strains from normal PRRSV, and 123 speci-mens from 42 farmer were positive (only 1 specimen was normal PRRSV). This RT-PCR method proved to be accurate differential diagnosis of the high virulent PRRSV and normal PRRSV with the characteristics of rapidity, sensitivity and specificity, and has a strong clinical relevance.