Purpose: Addressing health inequities is an integral part of contemporary medical education (ME), yet traditional lecture-based formats often fail to develop students’ deeper understanding and engagement. This study examined how a project-based learning (PjBL) approach influenced students’ learning experiences related to health equity. Methods: This was a qualitative phenomenology study. We designed an elective course on health equity using the PjBL approach and active learning methods. All participating students were asked to complete a group project aimed at addressing a specific health inequity issue from the surrounding community. Data were collected through reflective writing at the end of the course and analyzed using deductive thematic analysis. Twenty-seven codings were identified from 259 meaningful quotes (interrater agreement 99.62%) and grouped into four categories: character, role, competence, and learning experience. Results: Three major themes emerged from data analysis: (1) key learning experiences during the ME course (active learning, role-modeling, collaborative learning, comprehensive learning, and affective learning); (2) topics that facilitated students’ understanding of health inequities and physicians’ roles, particularly in addressing health inequities in Indonesia; and (3) the influence of the ME course on students’ outlook and beliefs. Conclusion Although this study did not introduce a novel method of instruction, it underscores the value of PjBL in enhancing students’ capacity to understand and tackle health inequities.

Purpose: Addressing health inequities is an integral part of contemporary medical education (ME), yet traditional lecture-based formats often fail to develop students’ deeper understanding and engagement. This study examined how a project-based learning (PjBL) approach influenced students’ learning experiences related to health equity. Methods: This was a qualitative phenomenology study. We designed an elective course on health equity using the PjBL approach and active learning methods. All participating students were asked to complete a group project aimed at addressing a specific health inequity issue from the surrounding community. Data were collected through reflective writing at the end of the course and analyzed using deductive thematic analysis. Twenty-seven codings were identified from 259 meaningful quotes (interrater agreement 99.62%) and grouped into four categories: character, role, competence, and learning experience. Results: Three major themes emerged from data analysis: (1) key learning experiences during the ME course (active learning, role-modeling, collaborative learning, comprehensive learning, and affective learning); (2) topics that facilitated students’ understanding of health inequities and physicians’ roles, particularly in addressing health inequities in Indonesia; and (3) the influence of the ME course on students’ outlook and beliefs. Conclusion Although this study did not introduce a novel method of instruction, it underscores the value of PjBL in enhancing students’ capacity to understand and tackle health inequities.

Purpose: Addressing health inequities is an integral part of contemporary medical education (ME), yet traditional lecture-based formats often fail to develop students’ deeper understanding and engagement. This study examined how a project-based learning (PjBL) approach influenced students’ learning experiences related to health equity. Methods: This was a qualitative phenomenology study. We designed an elective course on health equity using the PjBL approach and active learning methods. All participating students were asked to complete a group project aimed at addressing a specific health inequity issue from the surrounding community. Data were collected through reflective writing at the end of the course and analyzed using deductive thematic analysis. Twenty-seven codings were identified from 259 meaningful quotes (interrater agreement 99.62%) and grouped into four categories: character, role, competence, and learning experience. Results: Three major themes emerged from data analysis: (1) key learning experiences during the ME course (active learning, role-modeling, collaborative learning, comprehensive learning, and affective learning); (2) topics that facilitated students’ understanding of health inequities and physicians’ roles, particularly in addressing health inequities in Indonesia; and (3) the influence of the ME course on students’ outlook and beliefs. Conclusion Although this study did not introduce a novel method of instruction, it underscores the value of PjBL in enhancing students’ capacity to understand and tackle health inequities.

Purpose: Addressing health inequities is an integral part of contemporary medical education (ME), yet traditional lecture-based formats often fail to develop students’ deeper understanding and engagement. This study examined how a project-based learning (PjBL) approach influenced students’ learning experiences related to health equity. Methods: This was a qualitative phenomenology study. We designed an elective course on health equity using the PjBL approach and active learning methods. All participating students were asked to complete a group project aimed at addressing a specific health inequity issue from the surrounding community. Data were collected through reflective writing at the end of the course and analyzed using deductive thematic analysis. Twenty-seven codings were identified from 259 meaningful quotes (interrater agreement 99.62%) and grouped into four categories: character, role, competence, and learning experience. Results: Three major themes emerged from data analysis: (1) key learning experiences during the ME course (active learning, role-modeling, collaborative learning, comprehensive learning, and affective learning); (2) topics that facilitated students’ understanding of health inequities and physicians’ roles, particularly in addressing health inequities in Indonesia; and (3) the influence of the ME course on students’ outlook and beliefs. Conclusion Although this study did not introduce a novel method of instruction, it underscores the value of PjBL in enhancing students’ capacity to understand and tackle health inequities.

Objectives: Malaria remains a serious public health challenge in tropical and subtropical regions, including Indonesia. Children under 5 years old face particular risk of contracting malaria due to low immunity. We examined potential factors associated with malaria infection among under-5 children in Papua Province, Indonesia. Methods: The study utilized secondary data from Indonesia Basic Health Research 2018.Multistage random sampling was employed, from the province level to census blocks (CBs).In Papua Province, interviews were conducted in 928 CBs. All 2,745 under-5 children wereselected. The dependent variable was laboratory-confirmed malaria positivity; independentfactors included residential area, socioeconomic characteristics, and behaviors such as sleepingunder an insecticide net impregnated ≤3 years ago and the use of ventilation barriers. We alsoexamined the conditions of the bedroom, kitchen, and living room according to the frequency ofwindow-opening, proportion of ventilation area to the floor, and radiance. Results: Not sleeping under an insecticide net impregnated within the last 3 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.518; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.391–0.685; p < 0.001); having a kitchen without windows (aOR, 0.491; 95% CI, 0.285–0.844; p = 0.01); rarely opening the living room window (aOR, 2.804; 95% CI, 1.232–6.383; p = 0.01), and having a windowless living room (aOR, 3.027; 95% CI, 1.369–6.696; p = 0.01) displayed significant relationships with malaria infection among under-5children. Conclusion Not using an insecticide-treated net impregnated ≤3 years ago, along with openingthe living room window daily and having a kitchen without windows, appear preventive of malaria infection among under-5 children.

Objectives: Malaria remains a serious public health challenge in tropical and subtropical regions, including Indonesia. Children under 5 years old face particular risk of contracting malaria due to low immunity. We examined potential factors associated with malaria infection among under-5 children in Papua Province, Indonesia. Methods: The study utilized secondary data from Indonesia Basic Health Research 2018.Multistage random sampling was employed, from the province level to census blocks (CBs).In Papua Province, interviews were conducted in 928 CBs. All 2,745 under-5 children wereselected. The dependent variable was laboratory-confirmed malaria positivity; independentfactors included residential area, socioeconomic characteristics, and behaviors such as sleepingunder an insecticide net impregnated ≤3 years ago and the use of ventilation barriers. We alsoexamined the conditions of the bedroom, kitchen, and living room according to the frequency ofwindow-opening, proportion of ventilation area to the floor, and radiance. Results: Not sleeping under an insecticide net impregnated within the last 3 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.518; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.391–0.685; p < 0.001); having a kitchen without windows (aOR, 0.491; 95% CI, 0.285–0.844; p = 0.01); rarely opening the living room window (aOR, 2.804; 95% CI, 1.232–6.383; p = 0.01), and having a windowless living room (aOR, 3.027; 95% CI, 1.369–6.696; p = 0.01) displayed significant relationships with malaria infection among under-5children. Conclusion Not using an insecticide-treated net impregnated ≤3 years ago, along with openingthe living room window daily and having a kitchen without windows, appear preventive of malaria infection among under-5 children.

Objectives: Malaria remains a serious public health challenge in tropical and subtropical regions, including Indonesia. Children under 5 years old face particular risk of contracting malaria due to low immunity. We examined potential factors associated with malaria infection among under-5 children in Papua Province, Indonesia. Methods: The study utilized secondary data from Indonesia Basic Health Research 2018.Multistage random sampling was employed, from the province level to census blocks (CBs).In Papua Province, interviews were conducted in 928 CBs. All 2,745 under-5 children wereselected. The dependent variable was laboratory-confirmed malaria positivity; independentfactors included residential area, socioeconomic characteristics, and behaviors such as sleepingunder an insecticide net impregnated ≤3 years ago and the use of ventilation barriers. We alsoexamined the conditions of the bedroom, kitchen, and living room according to the frequency ofwindow-opening, proportion of ventilation area to the floor, and radiance. Results: Not sleeping under an insecticide net impregnated within the last 3 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.518; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.391–0.685; p < 0.001); having a kitchen without windows (aOR, 0.491; 95% CI, 0.285–0.844; p = 0.01); rarely opening the living room window (aOR, 2.804; 95% CI, 1.232–6.383; p = 0.01), and having a windowless living room (aOR, 3.027; 95% CI, 1.369–6.696; p = 0.01) displayed significant relationships with malaria infection among under-5children. Conclusion Not using an insecticide-treated net impregnated ≤3 years ago, along with openingthe living room window daily and having a kitchen without windows, appear preventive of malaria infection among under-5 children.

Objectives: Malaria remains a serious public health challenge in tropical and subtropical regions, including Indonesia. Children under 5 years old face particular risk of contracting malaria due to low immunity. We examined potential factors associated with malaria infection among under-5 children in Papua Province, Indonesia. Methods: The study utilized secondary data from Indonesia Basic Health Research 2018.Multistage random sampling was employed, from the province level to census blocks (CBs).In Papua Province, interviews were conducted in 928 CBs. All 2,745 under-5 children wereselected. The dependent variable was laboratory-confirmed malaria positivity; independentfactors included residential area, socioeconomic characteristics, and behaviors such as sleepingunder an insecticide net impregnated ≤3 years ago and the use of ventilation barriers. We alsoexamined the conditions of the bedroom, kitchen, and living room according to the frequency ofwindow-opening, proportion of ventilation area to the floor, and radiance. Results: Not sleeping under an insecticide net impregnated within the last 3 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.518; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.391–0.685; p < 0.001); having a kitchen without windows (aOR, 0.491; 95% CI, 0.285–0.844; p = 0.01); rarely opening the living room window (aOR, 2.804; 95% CI, 1.232–6.383; p = 0.01), and having a windowless living room (aOR, 3.027; 95% CI, 1.369–6.696; p = 0.01) displayed significant relationships with malaria infection among under-5children. Conclusion Not using an insecticide-treated net impregnated ≤3 years ago, along with openingthe living room window daily and having a kitchen without windows, appear preventive of malaria infection among under-5 children.

Objectives: Malaria remains a serious public health challenge in tropical and subtropical regions, including Indonesia. Children under 5 years old face particular risk of contracting malaria due to low immunity. We examined potential factors associated with malaria infection among under-5 children in Papua Province, Indonesia. Methods: The study utilized secondary data from Indonesia Basic Health Research 2018.Multistage random sampling was employed, from the province level to census blocks (CBs).In Papua Province, interviews were conducted in 928 CBs. All 2,745 under-5 children wereselected. The dependent variable was laboratory-confirmed malaria positivity; independentfactors included residential area, socioeconomic characteristics, and behaviors such as sleepingunder an insecticide net impregnated ≤3 years ago and the use of ventilation barriers. We alsoexamined the conditions of the bedroom, kitchen, and living room according to the frequency ofwindow-opening, proportion of ventilation area to the floor, and radiance. Results: Not sleeping under an insecticide net impregnated within the last 3 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.518; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.391–0.685; p < 0.001); having a kitchen without windows (aOR, 0.491; 95% CI, 0.285–0.844; p = 0.01); rarely opening the living room window (aOR, 2.804; 95% CI, 1.232–6.383; p = 0.01), and having a windowless living room (aOR, 3.027; 95% CI, 1.369–6.696; p = 0.01) displayed significant relationships with malaria infection among under-5children. Conclusion Not using an insecticide-treated net impregnated ≤3 years ago, along with openingthe living room window daily and having a kitchen without windows, appear preventive of malaria infection among under-5 children.

This study described the clinical and paraclinical features of south Indian patients with longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) and contrasted the findings betweenaquaporin-4 positive versus negative patients. The subjects were recruited between2010 and 2013.The distinctive features among71 LETM patients were compared and it was observed that 56% of the total subjects were found to be AQP4-Ab positive. The ratio of female tomale was found to be higher in the AQP4-Ab positive group. Magnetic resonance imaging showed holocord involvement more commonly in AQP4-Abnegative than positive group. The presence of hypointense lesions did not correlate with severity. The main distinctive features between AQP4-Abpositive and negative cases include older onset age, higher proportion of female, low frequency of conus involvement and higher prevalence of coexisting autoimmune disorders in AQP4-Ab positive cases. Therewas no difference in attack severity, onset of optic neuritis, and spasms between the two groups. Our results suggest that the clinical and spinal cord neuro-imaging information can aid in distinguishing between the positive and negative group of patients with LETM. The early detection of AQP4-Ab positive status predicts the recurrence of LETM or occurrence of optic neuritis duringthe study period.