The primary clinical manifestation of osteoarthritis (OA) is pain, yet considerable variability exists in the pain experience among OA patients. This narrative review aims to explore the mechanisms driving OA pain heterogeneity to inform the development of targeted interventions that improve treatment efficacy and patient outcomes. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar) for papers published between January 1, 2020, and December 31, 2024. Inclusion criteria focused on studies addressing pain mechanisms and therapeutic interventions in OA. This review identifies key mechanisms of OA pain, including joint alterations, angiogenesis, nervous system involvement, peripheral and central sensitization, and psychosocial factors. It highlights the underlying distinct mechanisms in OA pain, which contribute to the variability in individuals' responses to treatment. It was suggested that interactions between neuroimmune and neurovascular systems are key contributors to chronic pain in OA. This narrative review emphasizes the complexity of OA pain, highlighting the importance of thoroughly understanding the underlying mechanisms for developing personalized and effective pain management strategies. Additional research is required to refine treatment approaches and explore long-term effects.
Humans ; Osteoarthritis/complications* ; Pain Management/methods* ; Chronic Pain/etiology*

Objective: This study aimed to determine the predictive performance of non-contrast CT (NCCT) signs for hemorrhagic growth after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) when stratified by onset-to-imaging time (OIT). Materials and Methods: 1488 supratentorial ICH within 6 h of onset were consecutively recruited from six centers between January 2018 and August 2022. NCCT signs were classified according to density (hypodensities, swirl sign, black hole sign, blend sign, fluid level, and heterogeneous density) and shape (island sign, satellite sign, and irregular shape) features. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between NCCT signs and three types of hemorrhagic growth: hematoma expansion (HE), intraventricular hemorrhage growth (IVHG), and revised HE (RHE). The performance of the NCCT signs was evaluated using the positive predictive value (PPV) stratified by OIT. Results: Multivariable analysis showed that hypodensities were an independent predictor of HE (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval] of 7.99 [4.87–13.40]), IVHG (3.64 [2.15–6.24]), and RHE (7.90 [4.93–12.90]). Similarly, OIT (for a 1-h increase) was an independent inverse predictor of HE (0.59 [0.52–0.66]), IVHG (0.72 [0.64–0.81]), and RHE (0.61 [0.54– 0.67]). Blend and island signs were independently associated with HE and RHE (10.60 [7.36–15.30] and 10.10 [7.10–14.60], respectively, for the blend sign and 2.75 [1.64–4.67] and 2.62 [1.60–4.30], respectively, for the island sign). Hypodensities demonstrated low PPVs of 0.41 (110/269) or lower for IVHG when stratified by OIT. When OIT was ≤ 2 h, the PPVs of hypodensities, blend sign, and island sign for RHE were 0.80 (215/269), 0.90 (142/157), and 0.83 (103/124), respectively. Conclusion Hypodensities, blend sign, and island sign were the best NCCT predictors of RHE when OIT was ≤ 2 h. NCCT signs may assist in earlier recognition of the risk of hemorrhagic growth and guide early intervention to prevent neurological deterioration resulting from hemorrhagic growth.

Objective To observe the efficacy and safety of vildagliptin combined with acarbose in treating type 2 diabetes. Methods 78 patients with type 2 diabetes were divided into two groups to have additional vildagliptin combined with acarbose or acarbose combined with placebo. The clinical efficacy and adverse reactions after 12 weeks were investigated. Results In the treatment group, FBG, 2 h PG and HbA1C declined after treatment (P < 0.05) and FCP, 2 h CP, FINS and 2 h INS increased (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, FBG and HbA1c in the treatment group were reduced and owever, FCP, 2 h CP, FINS and 2 h INS were increased more significantly (P < 0.05). There was no difference in the incidence of overall BMI between the two groups (P > 0.05). There were either liver and kidney damage (P > 0.05), nor hypoglycemia. Conclusion Vildagliptin combined with acarbose is superior to Acarbose combined with placebo , and it produced no more untoward effect.

Objective] To study Professor Wang Xinghua's experience in the treatment of cough. [Methods] Typical cases of cough treated by Wang Xinghua are selected for the analysis of causes, pathogenesis, treatment methods and detailed prescription. [Results] Six exogenous climatic evils, internal injury caused by excess of seven emotions, improper diet and overwork all can damage lung Qi, inducing cough. Delayed or improper treatment can lead to sub-acute types of cough, while weak constitution and deficiency of vital Qi consumed by prolonged diseases result in chronic cough. External induced acute cough mainly is excess type, while internal damage induced chronic cough is more prone to have deficient type. Syndrome differentiation based on external and internal factors, cold and heat, deficiency and excess is recommended for the treatment of cough. Those frequently used methods include dissipating wind-cold, expelling wind-heat, clearing away phlegm-heat, reinforcing earth to generate metal, removing dampness to reduce phlegm, warming Yang for resolving fluid retention, nourishing Yin to moisten dryness. Exogenic cough should be treated with expelling pathogens, assisted with tonifying vital Qi. Chronic cough resulting from disordered visceral function should be treated with tonification and conditioning, combined with expelling pathogen. [Conclusion] Professor Wang Xinghua's experience for treating cough is worth spreading for the comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease, accurate syndrome differentiation, unique medicine application and significant treating effect.