Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic non-communicable disease epidemic which is highly heterogeneous and has reciprocal causation with metabolic disorders, which jointly promote the onset of end-stage of liver diseases, cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic diseases and malignant tumors; hence, it is also referred to as metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). The MAFLD characteristics and outcomes cannot be accurately predicted by the classification based on obesity and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Unfortunately, drug development that exclusively focuses on NASH has frequently resulted in failure. Currently, there is an urgent need to strengthen research on clinical classification and precise intervention for MAFLD based on disease outcomes. It is anticipated that the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular-kidney-liver-metabolic diseases will be addressed by emphasizing the diagnosis and intervention of metabolic dysfunction and progressive liver fibrosis, as well as treatment strategies targeting obesity/sarcopenic obesity, thereby alleviating the disease burden and improving patient prognosis.

Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has become one of the leading causes of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, identifying high-risk MAFLD patients accurately and providing monitoring and treatment is crucial.Invasive liver biopsy has inherent defects such as high costs, low patient acceptance, and significant inconsistencies in readings between individual pathologists. Non-invasive testing technologies have become a core measure in the management of MAFLD. This paper summarizes and discusses the latest application progress of non-invasive testing technologies in the field of MAFLD and explores the key aspects that urgently need improvement, with the aim of providing clinical doctors with references for effectively assessing the progression trends of MAFLD patients and implementing intervention treatments.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic non-communicable disease epidemic which is highly heterogeneous and has reciprocal causation with metabolic disorders, which jointly promote the onset of end-stage of liver diseases, cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic diseases and malignant tumors; hence, it is also referred to as metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). The MAFLD characteristics and outcomes cannot be accurately predicted by the classification based on obesity and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Unfortunately, drug development that exclusively focuses on NASH has frequently resulted in failure. Currently, there is an urgent need to strengthen research on clinical classification and precise intervention for MAFLD based on disease outcomes. It is anticipated that the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular-kidney-liver-metabolic diseases will be addressed by emphasizing the diagnosis and intervention of metabolic dysfunction and progressive liver fibrosis, as well as treatment strategies targeting obesity/sarcopenic obesity, thereby alleviating the disease burden and improving patient prognosis.

Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has become one of the leading causes of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, identifying high-risk MAFLD patients accurately and providing monitoring and treatment is crucial.Invasive liver biopsy has inherent defects such as high costs, low patient acceptance, and significant inconsistencies in readings between individual pathologists. Non-invasive testing technologies have become a core measure in the management of MAFLD. This paper summarizes and discusses the latest application progress of non-invasive testing technologies in the field of MAFLD and explores the key aspects that urgently need improvement, with the aim of providing clinical doctors with references for effectively assessing the progression trends of MAFLD patients and implementing intervention treatments.

Fatty liver is increasingly common in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) in China. The impact of hepatitis B virus infection on fatty liver and metabolism , in turns the impact of fatty liver and metabolic factors on the development and treatment of patients with CHB are of great concern .The causes of abnormal elevation of serum aminotransferases in patients with CHB and fatty liver should be carefully determined to make appropriate therapeutic choices in these conditions.In order to make personalized treatment and follow-up measures, the non-invasive diagnosis for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection requires further studies.

Chronic hepatitis B and fatty liver disease are two most common chronic liver diseases in China, and with the increasing prevalence of obesity, chronic hepatitis B complicated by fatty liver disease is more and more common in clinical practice. The influence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection on fatty liver disease and lipid metabolism has gradually become a hot topic in clinical research, as well as the influence of fatty liver disease and metabolic factors on the course and treatment of chronic hepatitis B.

Objective: To investigate the serum lipidomic profile in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and to analyze the lipid metabolism characteristics of NAFLD. Methods: The subjects were divided into control group (23 patients) and pathologically confirmed NAFLD group (42 patients), and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to measure serum lipidomic metabolites. The partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model was established to analyze the differences in lipid metabolism with reference to the univariate analysis. The t-test and Mann-Whitney U test were used for data analysis. Results: A total of 239 lipids were identified and qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed. The PLS-DA model (R2 = 0.753, Q2 = 0.456) and the univariate analysis showed that 77 lipids were metabolized differentially between the NAFLD group and the control group (VIP > 1, P < 0.05), including free fatty acid, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, lysophosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI), choline plasmalogen (PlsCho), ethanolamine plasmalogen (PlsEtn), ceramide (Cer), sphingomyelin, and triglyceride (TG). Compared with the control group, the NAFLD group had significant increases in monounsaturated fatty acids (increased by 39%, t = -3.954, P < 0.05) and TGs (increased by 36%, Z = -2.662, P < 0.05), mainly TGs with low numbers of carbon atoms and unsaturated bonds, while there were reductions in TGs with high numbers of carbon atoms and unsaturated bonds. In addition, compared with the control group, the NAFLD group had significant increases in the levels of LPI (increased by 223%, t = -3.858, P < 0.05) and Cer (increased by 21%, t = -2.481, P < 0.05) and significant reductions in PlsCho (reduced by 18%, t = 3.184, P < 0.05) and PlsEtn (reduced by 20%, t = 2.363, P < 0.05). Conclusion There is a significant difference in lipid metabolism profile between NAFLD patients and healthy people, and a serum lipidomic analysis of NAFLD helps to further clarify the characteristics of lipid metabolism in patients with NAFLD.

Chronic inflammation is proved to play an important role in promoting carcinogenesis.Many factors in inflammatory microenvironment,such as inflammatory immune cells,pro-inflammatory cytokines,inflammatory mediators,and aberrantly activated transcription factors of pro-inflammatory pathway (NF-κB,STAT3),have been found to provide a microenvironment for lung neoplastic processes,and promote the lung carcinogenesis.On the other hand,many anti-inflammatory agents have been shown having inhibitory effects on lung tumorigenicity.With further understanding of the molecular links between inflammation and lung tumorigenesis,anti-inflammation would provide alternative strategies for prevention and therapy of lung cancer.