Normal heart function depends on complex regulation by the brain, and abnormalities in the brain‒heart axis affect various diseases, such as myocardial infarction and anxiety disorders. However, systematic tracking of the brain regions associated with the input and output of the heart is lacking. In this study, we injected retrograde transsynaptic pseudorabies virus (PRV) and anterograde transsynaptic herpes simplex virus (HSV) into the left ventricular wall of mice to identify the whole-brain regions associated with the input to and output from the heart. We successfully detected PRV and HSV expression in at least 170 brain subregions in both male and female mice. Sex differences were discovered mainly in the hypothalamus and medulla, with male mice exhibiting greater correlation and hierarchical clustering than female mice, indicating reduced similarity and increased modularity of virus expression patterns in male mice. Further graph theory and multiple linear regression analysis of different injection timelines revealed that hub regions of PRV had highly similar clusters, with different brain levels, suggesting a top-down, hierarchically transmitted neural control pattern of the heart. Hub regions of HSV had scattered clusters, with brain regions gathered in the cortex and brainstem, suggesting a bottom-up, leapfrog, multipoint neural sensing pattern of the heart. Both patterns contain many hub brain regions that have been previously overlooked in brain‒heart axis studies. These results provide brain targets for future research and will lead to deeper insight into the brain mechanisms involved in specific heart conditions.
Animals ; Male ; Female ; Heart/physiology* ; Mice ; Herpesvirus 1, Suid ; Brain/physiology* ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Brain Mapping ; Efferent Pathways/physiology* ; Afferent Pathways/physiology* ; Simplexvirus ; Sex Characteristics

Objective To address the bottlenecks in the application of wastewater biological treatment technology under space conditions,an experimental system for the biological treatment of space wastewater was constructed and its biochemical performance examined.The findings of this study will provide technical support for the biological treatment of space wastewater.Methods Based on the Membrane Aerated Biofilm Reactor(MABR)process,a biological treatment experimental system for space wastewater was constructed and conducted the continuous flow test for 77 days to investigate the performance of PVDF and PP membrane modules in the treatment of simulated air condensate.Results The results demonstrated that both membrane modules exhibited an average TOC removal rate of 90%,indicative of their effective organic matter removal capacity.In the air supply mode,the ammonia oxidation capacity was observed to be comparatively lower,whereas in the oxygen source without bubbling mode,the nitrogen oxidation rate and total nitrogen removal rate could be attained above 90%,indicating a notable degree of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification.The results demonstrated that the mode of gas supply had a significant impact on the nitrogen conversion performance.The abundance of nitrogen-converting bacteria in PP membrane module is higher than that in PVDF membrane module,indicating a better nitrogen-converting performance in PP membrane module.Conclusion The constructed wastewater biological treatment system is optimally suited for the treatment of air condensate,thereby offering a novel technical approach for space wastewater treatment.

Objective In this study,the gas exchange performance and impact patterns of microalgae culture based on hollow fiber membrane technology were investigated for the culture of space microalgae.Methods The effects of parameters and conditions such as gas flow rate,membrane area and liquid flow rate on the CO2 fixation efficiency and fixation rate of hollow fiber membrane modules were studied,and the gas exchange performance of different parameters were compared by fitting formula.Results The gas flow rate and membrane area have a significant effect on the gas exchange performance of the module.With the increase of gas flow rate,the fixation rate of CO2 increases at first and then stabilizes,and the fixation efficiency of CO2 shows a continuous downward trend;with the increase of membrane area,the fixation rate and fixation efficiency of CO2 increase significantly,while the liquid flow rate has no significant effect on the gas exchange performance of the module.The highest CO2 fixation rate was 168.24 mg/(L·h)when the membrane area was 0.3m2 and the gas flow rate was 2.0 L/min.Conclusion The use of hollow fiber membrane technology can solve the problem of two-phase flow management in the gas exchange between algae culture and atmosphere,which has a better effect on gas exchange,and can provide reference for the design of gas exchange module of space microalgae photobioreactor.

Objective To develop the volume adjustable vegetable facilities and meet the demands of research on the growing technique of vegetables.Methods Three series of adjustable volume vegetable facilities were developed with light and ventilation module,growth module,cultivation tray module and measurement module.Telescopic structure was adopted in the facilities and the performance testing and characteristics analyses were carried out.Results The facilities could be adjusted at the height range of 250-700 mm.Three kinds of LED lights and replaceable cultivation tray and matrix were installed in the facilities.The parameters including water content,electric conductivity and temperature in the matrix,CO2 concentration in the atmosphere of facilities were monitored.The test results showed that the performances and the indexes of facilities met the subsequent experimental demands.Conclusion Light weight,small volume,and adjustable volume vegetable facilities were developed.The production efficiency of lettuce(12 plants/0.12 m2)grown in the facilities was 49.7 g(FW)plant-1.The development of facilities laid the foundation of construction of on-orbit vegetable facility.

Objective In order to use plants to absorb high concentration carbon dioxide in closed space,the gas exchange capacity and regulation measures of six horticultural plants were explored.Methods The gas exchange characteristics of Bamboo Palm,Chrysanthemum,Peace Lily,Anthurium,Aloe vera,and Nephrolepis exaltata were studied under three light gradients[170 μmol/(m2·s),270 μmol/(m2·s),370 μmol/(m2·s)]and four carbon dioxide concentration gradients(500 ppm,1 000 ppm,1 500 ppm,2 000 ppm)using a closed low-pressure device.Results The results indicate significant differences in the average photosynthetic rates among the six plants,with the ranking order as Chrysanthemum>Peace Lily>Bamboo Palm>Aloe vera>Anthurium>Nephrolepis exaltata.In contrast,the transpiration rate and respiration rate of Chrysanthemum,Peace Lily and Bamoo Palm were higher,aloe vera absorbed carbon dioxide under dark conditions.Under a light intensity of 370 μmol/(m2·s),the photosynthetic rate of Bamboo Palm was most enhanced,2.57 times that under the condition of 170 μmol/(m2·s),whereas high light intensity suppressed the photosynthetic rate of Nephrolepis exaltata,which was about 3%lower than that under low light intensity.Under a carbon dioxide concentration of 2 000 ppm,the photosynthetic rates of Chrysanthemum,Peace Lily,and Bamboo Palm was more than 9.13 μmol CO2/(m2·s),approximately three times the average rate under low carbon dioxide concentration.Conclusion Among the six horticultural plants,Chrysanthemum,Bamboo Palm,and Peace Lily exhibit superior gas exchange capabilities,and increasing the light intensity and carbon dioxide concentration in the cultivation environment significantly enhances the photosynthetic rate of these three plants.

Objective To evaluate the alterations of thromboxane (TXB_2)、 prostacyclin (PGI_2)in murine acute pancreatitis (AP) and the therapeutic effect of calcium channel bocker-verapamil. MethodsA rat AP model was established to observe the alterations of plasma levels of TXB_2, 6-keto-PGF_ 1? and TXB_2/6-keto-PGF_ 1? ratio and the effect of verapamil. Pancreatic histology was examined by light and electron microscopy. ResultsAt 16 and 24 hours after induction of AP, the plasma levels of TXB_2[(1112?235)pg/ml、(1265?162)pg/ml] and TXB_2/6-keto-PGF_ 1? ratio(9.9?0.9,10.2?1.3)increased significantly. With varapamil therapy, the plasma levels of TXB_2[(671?102)pg/ml、(697?93)pg/ml] and TXB_2/6-keto-PGF_ 1? ratio (6.9?2.2)、(6.4?0.7) were dramatically lower than those in control group (P

Objective To investigate the effect of lymphatic flow impedement on intestinal bacterial translocation in rats with obstructive jaundice. Methods Murine obstructive jaundice model was established by ligating lower choledochus. Sixty rats were divided into three groups: sham-operative group (group A), obstructive jaundice group (group B), and obstructive jaundice with thoracic duct ligation group (group C). At post-op day 15 vena cava inferior blood? portal vein blood were drawn, and endotoxin, TNF-?, IL-6 were determined. Baterial culture of mesenteric lymph nodes and lung were measured with aseptic manipulation. The extreme intestinal lumen mucosa and lung were studied pathologically. Results Blood concentration of endotoxin increased in group B and C ( P