Primary graft dysfunction (PGD) is a severe early complication following heart transplantation, which directly affects the survival of the transplanted heart. At present, considerable challenges remain in the diagnosis, classification, and treatment of PGD after heart transplantation. This article summarizes and reviews the latest research advances in the diagnosis and management of PGD, aiming to provide scientific evidence for the clinical prevention and treatment of PGD following heart transplantation, thereby improving the quality of life of heart transplant recipients.

Primary graft dysfunction (PGD) is a severe early complication following heart transplantation, which directly affects the survival of the transplanted heart. At present, considerable challenges remain in the diagnosis, classification, and treatment of PGD after heart transplantation. This article summarizes and reviews the latest research advances in the diagnosis and management of PGD, aiming to provide scientific evidence for the clinical prevention and treatment of PGD following heart transplantation, thereby improving the quality of life of heart transplant recipients.

From the perspectives of the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of cardiac graft vasculopathy(CGV), this review summarized the current understanding and cognition of its pathology, monitoring, diagnosis and treatment to provide rationales for better survivals of CGV.

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is the most prevalent congenital heart disease, often accompanied by neurological symptoms as migraine, unexplained dizziness, and even anxiety and depression. Recent research findings indicate that the pathogenesis of neurological complications related to PFO involves abnormal embolism hypothesis, vasoactive substance hypothesis, impaired cerebral blood flow regulation and genetic inheritance. Treatments include primarily encompass pharmacological intervention and foramen ovale occlusion. This article summarizes the aforementioned research progress in order to provide clinical guidance for managing nervous system complications related to PFO.