Myopia prevention and control holds significant importance for the cultivation of strategic talents at the national level. In recent years, myopia among Chinese students has shown a trend of increasing prevalence and earlier onset. Once myopia develops, it is difficult to reverse. Schools, as the primary setting for student learning and activities, play a crucial role in mitigating the high incidence of myopia among students. This article provides a review of the progress in school-based myopia prevention and control interventions both domestically and internationally, with a focus on visual tracking exercises, outdoor light exposure, and improvements to classroom lighting environments. The study finds that methods such as visual tracking exercises, outdoor light exposure, and classroom lighting improvement can effectively prevent students from developing myopia and control the progression of myopia. The findings may offer scientific evidence for further improving policy formulation in China.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a predictive model for the risk of bloodstream infection (BSI) caused by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP). METHODS: A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases from inception to July 2022 to identify studies reporting statistically significant risk factors for CRKP-BSI. Relative risks (RR) were extracted and pooled. Based on factor weights, a risk-scoring model was established. For external validation, hospitalized CRKP-infected patients from January 2016 to January 2022 at Shanghai First People's Hospital were included. Clinical data were used to calculate individual risk scores. The predictive accuracy was assessed using receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC curve). Patients were stratified into low-to-intermediate-risk and high-risk groups based on the optimal cut-off, and CRKP BSI incidence was compared between groups. RESULTS: The literatures related to the risk factors of CRKP-BSI published from database inception to July 2022 was retrieved and screened from PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase. Fourteen risk factors were included in the scoring model: cardiovascular disease, severe neutropenia or immunosuppression, intensive care unit (ICU) stay history, prior hospitalization, carbapenem exposure, aminoglycoside exposure, antifungal exposure, endotracheal intubation or tracheostomy, mechanical ventilation, hemodialysis, central venous catheter, indwelling urinary catheter, CRKP colonization, and Klebsiella pneumoniae positivity at non infection sites. The total score ranged from 0 to 173.5 points. In the validation cohort of 230 CRKP-infected patients, 41 developed CRKP BSI. The model yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.783 (95%CI was 0.689-0.876). The optimal cut off was 81.25 points, with sensitivity of 75.6% and specificity of 81.0%. Based on this cut off, 163 patients were categorized as low-to-intermediate risk and 67 patients as high risk. The incidence of CRKP BSI in the high-risk group was significantly higher than in the low-to-intermediate-risk group [64.2% (43/67) vs. 4.9% (8/163); RR = 13.175 (95%CI was 5.920-29.319), P < 0.001]. CONCLUSIONS The model, based on 14 routinely available clinical parameters, demonstrated good performance in predicting CRKP BSI risk and may assist clinicians in early identification of high risk patients.
Humans ; Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects* ; Klebsiella Infections/microbiology* ; Carbapenems/pharmacology* ; Risk Factors ; Bacteremia/microbiology* ; ROC Curve ; Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae

Objective To compare the safety and efficacy of vancomycin in obese patients guided by trough concentration and AUC24h/MIC,and to provide data for individualized administration of vancomycin in obese patients.Methods We retrospectively collected the data of obese adult patients(BMI 30 kg/m2)who had severe infection caused by gram-positive cocci and treated with vancomycin intravenously in two Grade A tertiary hospitals in Shanghai from 2012 to 2024.The patients were assigned to trough concentration monitoring group or AUC24h/MIC monitoring group according to the therapeutic drug monitoring(TDM)method at the time of admission.Nephrotoxicity and efficacy were compared between the two groups of patients.Results A total of 22 obese patients were included in this study,including 12 in the trough concentration monitoring group and 10 in the AUC24h/MIC monitoring group.No significant difference was found between the two groups in gender,age,BMI,creatinine clearance before treatment,underlying disease,site of infection,pathogen type,or concomitant medications.The proportion of ICU admission was higher in AUC24h/MIC monitoring group.The length of ICU stay,vancomycin treatment duration,bacterial clearance rate and comprehensive efficacy rate did not show significant difference between the two groups.The average daily dose of vancomycin in trough concentration monitoring group was significantly lower than that in A UC24h/MIC monitoring group[(1.63±0.59)g vs(2.29±0.72)g,P=0.026].The average treatment duration was not significantly different between the two groups[(15.33±10.28)d vs(14.90±6.92)d,P=0.911].Compared with the trough concentration monitoring group,the initial peak concentration[(30.99±16.22)mg/L vs(19.41±5.42)mg/L,P=0.025]and overall peak concentration[(33.67±16.53)mg/L vs(22.08±3.96)mg/L,P=0.045]of vancomycin were lower in theAUC24h/MIC monitoring group,but the initial trough concentration[(11.03±8.66)mg/L vs(6.33±4.45)mg/L,P=0.139]and overall trough concentration[(13.75±9.74)mg/L vs(9.74±4.24)mg/L,P=0.218]were similar in the two groups.Vancomycin-associated nephrotoxicity did not occur in any group,but 41.7％of the patients in the trough concentration monitoring group reached the threshold of renal toxicity,i.e.trough concentration ≥15 mg/L.Conclusions Vancomycin treatment with conventional dosing regimen still have good clinical efficacy in obese adult patients.Vancomycin therapy guided by A UC24h/MIC can achieve the target value at lower concentration or exposure,which is promising for reducing vancomycin-associated nephrotoxicity.

Purpose To explore the value of gray-scale ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound of carotid plaques combined with clinical factors in predicting the recurrence risk of ischemic stroke(IS)in patients with mild to moderate carotid stenosis.Materials and Methods A total of 101 patients with mild to moderate carotid artery stenosis who were initially diagnosed with IS in the First Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital were prospectively collected from May 2022 to August 2023.After one year of follow-up,patients were divided into recurrent group(n=33)and non-recurrent group(n=68)according to whether new IS occurred.The characteristics of plaque ultrasound and the clinical information of patients were compared between the two groups.A multivariate Logistic prediction model was established and its efficacy was evaluated.Results The results of multivariate analysis showed that low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(OR=2.116,P=0.046),C-reactive protein(OR=3.707,P=0.008),plaque internal echo(OR=7.410,P=0.029)and intraplaque neovascularization grading 3(OR=17.155,P=0.030)were independent risk factors for the recurrence of IS.The area under the curve of the model established using the above indicators was 0.825,the sensitivity and specificity were 87.50%and 65.15%,respectively.Conclusion The ultrasound features of carotid plaque are closely related to recurrent IS,which can provide an important basis for the clinical treatment of patients with mild-moderate carotid artery stenosis complicated with IS.

Objective To compare the safety and efficacy of vancomycin in obese patients guided by trough concentration and AUC24h/MIC,and to provide data for individualized administration of vancomycin in obese patients.Methods We retrospectively collected the data of obese adult patients(BMI 30 kg/m2)who had severe infection caused by gram-positive cocci and treated with vancomycin intravenously in two Grade A tertiary hospitals in Shanghai from 2012 to 2024.The patients were assigned to trough concentration monitoring group or AUC24h/MIC monitoring group according to the therapeutic drug monitoring(TDM)method at the time of admission.Nephrotoxicity and efficacy were compared between the two groups of patients.Results A total of 22 obese patients were included in this study,including 12 in the trough concentration monitoring group and 10 in the AUC24h/MIC monitoring group.No significant difference was found between the two groups in gender,age,BMI,creatinine clearance before treatment,underlying disease,site of infection,pathogen type,or concomitant medications.The proportion of ICU admission was higher in AUC24h/MIC monitoring group.The length of ICU stay,vancomycin treatment duration,bacterial clearance rate and comprehensive efficacy rate did not show significant difference between the two groups.The average daily dose of vancomycin in trough concentration monitoring group was significantly lower than that in A UC24h/MIC monitoring group[(1.63±0.59)g vs(2.29±0.72)g,P=0.026].The average treatment duration was not significantly different between the two groups[(15.33±10.28)d vs(14.90±6.92)d,P=0.911].Compared with the trough concentration monitoring group,the initial peak concentration[(30.99±16.22)mg/L vs(19.41±5.42)mg/L,P=0.025]and overall peak concentration[(33.67±16.53)mg/L vs(22.08±3.96)mg/L,P=0.045]of vancomycin were lower in theAUC24h/MIC monitoring group,but the initial trough concentration[(11.03±8.66)mg/L vs(6.33±4.45)mg/L,P=0.139]and overall trough concentration[(13.75±9.74)mg/L vs(9.74±4.24)mg/L,P=0.218]were similar in the two groups.Vancomycin-associated nephrotoxicity did not occur in any group,but 41.7％of the patients in the trough concentration monitoring group reached the threshold of renal toxicity,i.e.trough concentration ≥15 mg/L.Conclusions Vancomycin treatment with conventional dosing regimen still have good clinical efficacy in obese adult patients.Vancomycin therapy guided by A UC24h/MIC can achieve the target value at lower concentration or exposure,which is promising for reducing vancomycin-associated nephrotoxicity.

Objective·To explore the diagnostic,therapeutic,and prognostic value of metagenomics next-generation sequencing(mNGS)in patients with pneumonia-induced sepsis.Methods·This study consisted of a multicenter,prospective,non-randomized controlled trial and a diagnostic test.Patients with pneumonia-induced sepsis who were hospitalized in four hospitals across China were enrolled between March 2020 and October 2021.All patients met the Sepsis-3 criteria issued by the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine,as well as the clinical diagnostic standard of pneumonia.Enrolled patients were assigned based on their preference to either the conventional test-only group[receiving only conventional test(CMT)]or the combined mNGS test group(receiving CMT and mNGS concurrently).The primary outcome was the 7-day all-cause mortality rate,and secondary outcomes included the changes in SOFA and APACHE Ⅱ scores from baseline to day 7,28-day all-cause mortality rate,the composite endpoint of mechanical ventilation or death within 28 d,28 d ventilation-free days,28 d hospital-free days,and the average daily hospitalization cost.Propensity score matching was used to balance covariates between the two groups.Kaplan-Meier curves were plotted and Cox proportional hazards models were built to compare the risk of death between the two groups.Pathogen detection results from infection site samples in the combined mNGS test group were used for the diagnostic test.The clinically-adjudicated causative pathogens was used as the reference standard.The results of traditional pathogen detection and mNGS detection were compared respectively with the reference standard.The positive percent agreement,negative percent agreement,positive predictive value,and negative predictive value between the two methods and the reference standard were calculated.McNemar's χ2 test was used to evaluate the causative pathogen detection capabilities of the two methods.Results·A total of 533 patients were enrolled,of whom 311 opted for additional mNGS testing,while 222 received only conventional pathogenetic testing.In the non-randomized controlled trial,after propensity score matching to balance covariates,the 7-day all-cause mortality was lower in the combined mNGS test group compared to the conventional test-only group[4.8%vs 8.6%,HR 0.37(95%CI 0.15?0.91),P=0.031].Additionally,the 28-day ventilation-free days were increased in the combined mNGS test group(19.9 d vs 18.4 d,P=0.041).No significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of 28-day all-cause mortality or the average daily hospitalization costs.In the diagnostic test,compared to the reference standard,the positive percent agreement of mNGS with the clinical composite judgment for causative pathogens was higher than that of CMT[91.9%(95%CI 87.7%?95.0%)vs 56.1%(95%CI 49.7%?62.4%),P<0.001].Conversely,the negative percent agreement of mNGS was lower than that of CMT[29.2%(95%CI 18.6%?41.8%)vs 69.2%95%CI 56.6%?80.1%),P<0.001].The negative predictive value of nNGS was higher than that of CMT[48.7%(95%CI 32.4%?65.2%)vs 29.4%(95%CI 22.3%?37.3%),P=0.001].Conclusion·In patients with pneumonia-induced sepsis,mNGS of infection site samples demonstrated a higher detection rate of causative pathogen compared to CMT.Furthermore,the combination of mNGS with CMT may help reduce the 7-day all-cause mortality,suggesting that mNGS has clinical value and potential for application in the management of sepsis caused by pulmonary infections.

Objective·To explore the diagnostic,therapeutic,and prognostic value of metagenomics next-generation sequencing(mNGS)in patients with pneumonia-induced sepsis.Methods·This study consisted of a multicenter,prospective,non-randomized controlled trial and a diagnostic test.Patients with pneumonia-induced sepsis who were hospitalized in four hospitals across China were enrolled between March 2020 and October 2021.All patients met the Sepsis-3 criteria issued by the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine,as well as the clinical diagnostic standard of pneumonia.Enrolled patients were assigned based on their preference to either the conventional test-only group[receiving only conventional test(CMT)]or the combined mNGS test group(receiving CMT and mNGS concurrently).The primary outcome was the 7-day all-cause mortality rate,and secondary outcomes included the changes in SOFA and APACHE Ⅱ scores from baseline to day 7,28-day all-cause mortality rate,the composite endpoint of mechanical ventilation or death within 28 d,28 d ventilation-free days,28 d hospital-free days,and the average daily hospitalization cost.Propensity score matching was used to balance covariates between the two groups.Kaplan-Meier curves were plotted and Cox proportional hazards models were built to compare the risk of death between the two groups.Pathogen detection results from infection site samples in the combined mNGS test group were used for the diagnostic test.The clinically-adjudicated causative pathogens was used as the reference standard.The results of traditional pathogen detection and mNGS detection were compared respectively with the reference standard.The positive percent agreement,negative percent agreement,positive predictive value,and negative predictive value between the two methods and the reference standard were calculated.McNemar's χ2 test was used to evaluate the causative pathogen detection capabilities of the two methods.Results·A total of 533 patients were enrolled,of whom 311 opted for additional mNGS testing,while 222 received only conventional pathogenetic testing.In the non-randomized controlled trial,after propensity score matching to balance covariates,the 7-day all-cause mortality was lower in the combined mNGS test group compared to the conventional test-only group[4.8%vs 8.6%,HR 0.37(95%CI 0.15?0.91),P=0.031].Additionally,the 28-day ventilation-free days were increased in the combined mNGS test group(19.9 d vs 18.4 d,P=0.041).No significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of 28-day all-cause mortality or the average daily hospitalization costs.In the diagnostic test,compared to the reference standard,the positive percent agreement of mNGS with the clinical composite judgment for causative pathogens was higher than that of CMT[91.9%(95%CI 87.7%?95.0%)vs 56.1%(95%CI 49.7%?62.4%),P<0.001].Conversely,the negative percent agreement of mNGS was lower than that of CMT[29.2%(95%CI 18.6%?41.8%)vs 69.2%95%CI 56.6%?80.1%),P<0.001].The negative predictive value of nNGS was higher than that of CMT[48.7%(95%CI 32.4%?65.2%)vs 29.4%(95%CI 22.3%?37.3%),P=0.001].Conclusion·In patients with pneumonia-induced sepsis,mNGS of infection site samples demonstrated a higher detection rate of causative pathogen compared to CMT.Furthermore,the combination of mNGS with CMT may help reduce the 7-day all-cause mortality,suggesting that mNGS has clinical value and potential for application in the management of sepsis caused by pulmonary infections.

Purpose To explore the value of gray-scale ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound of carotid plaques combined with clinical factors in predicting the recurrence risk of ischemic stroke(IS)in patients with mild to moderate carotid stenosis.Materials and Methods A total of 101 patients with mild to moderate carotid artery stenosis who were initially diagnosed with IS in the First Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital were prospectively collected from May 2022 to August 2023.After one year of follow-up,patients were divided into recurrent group(n=33)and non-recurrent group(n=68)according to whether new IS occurred.The characteristics of plaque ultrasound and the clinical information of patients were compared between the two groups.A multivariate Logistic prediction model was established and its efficacy was evaluated.Results The results of multivariate analysis showed that low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(OR=2.116,P=0.046),C-reactive protein(OR=3.707,P=0.008),plaque internal echo(OR=7.410,P=0.029)and intraplaque neovascularization grading 3(OR=17.155,P=0.030)were independent risk factors for the recurrence of IS.The area under the curve of the model established using the above indicators was 0.825,the sensitivity and specificity were 87.50%and 65.15%,respectively.Conclusion The ultrasound features of carotid plaque are closely related to recurrent IS,which can provide an important basis for the clinical treatment of patients with mild-moderate carotid artery stenosis complicated with IS.

Purpose To explore the diagnostic efficiency of ultrasound(US)combined with contrast-enhanced ultrasound(CEUS)in breast lesions and to analyze the related factors affecting the diagnostic accuracy.Materials and Methods From January 2022 to February 2023,the clinical data and ultrasound images of 784 patients who underwent breast US and CEUS examination with definite pathological results were retrospectively collected in the First Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital.The diagnostic efficacy of US combined with CEUS in benign and malignant breast lesions was analyzed,respectively.The independent risk factors for diagnostic errors were analyzed via Logistic regression.Results The sensitivity,specificity and accuracy of US combined with CEUS in the diagnosis of benign and malignant breast lesions were 89.2%,84.4%and 88.7%,respectively.The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.932.The results of multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the diagnosis error rate increased when the lesions were non-mass type(odds ratio,OR=1.927,P=0.047),complex cystic and solid(OR=3.729,P=0.000),and high-enhanced CEUS(OR=1.937,P=0.023),while the diagnosis error rate decreased when the lesions were large(OR=0.688,P=0.004)and with US-detect suspicious lymph node(OR=0.143,P=0.011).Conclusion When the breast lesions are non-mass type,complex cystic and solid lesions and hyper-enhancement,the diagnosis error rate of US combined with CEUS increased.It is necessary to further explore the enhancement patterns of different lesions.

Purpose To explore the correlation between phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/serine-threonine kinase(PI3K/AKT)signaling pathway and elastic characteristics of breast lesions.Materials and Methods A total of 115 breast lesions were prospectively analyzed in 114 patients who underwent surgery from May 2021 to May 2022 at Chinese PLA General Hospital.Ultrasound and shear wave elastography were performed preoperatively.Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of PI3K/AKT protein levels in the tissue specimens,and the correlation between the staining results and the elastic parameters of shear wave elastography was analyzed.Results Surgical pathology revealed benign breast lesions in 50 cases and malignant lesions in 65 cases(25 cases with axillary lymph node metastasis).The maximum modulus of elasticity(F=40.47),the average modulus of elasticity(F=45.11),the ratio of elasticity of the lesion to that of the surrounding tissue(F=48.98),the detection rate of"hard ring sign"(χ2=62.25),the expression level of PI3K/p-PI3K(F=15.19,58.95)and AKT/p-AKT(F=46.94,74.21)were found in benign and malignant lesions without axillary lymph node metastasis,malignant lesions with axillary lymph node metastasis(all P<0.05).The expression levels of PI3K/p-PI3K and AKT/p-AKT were positively correlated with the maximum elastic modulus value,the mean elastic modulus value,and the ratio of elasticity of the lesion to the surrounding tissues(r=0.475,0.475,0.451;r=0.533,0.540,0.542;r=0.371,0.402,0.445;r=0.482,0.455,0.545,all P<0.05).Conclusion The expression level of PI3K/AKT in breast lesions is correlated with elastic characteristics,suggesting that it plays an important role in the regulation of elastic characteristics of breast lesions.