In recent years, there has been a significant surge in the prevalence of myopia at younger ages in China. Numerous studies have investigated methods for preventing and controlling myopia, including orthokeratology, low-concentration atropine eye drops, light therapy, posterior scleral reinforcement, and traditional Chinese medicine. These approaches can modulate choroidal thickness, blood flow, and target various molecular mechanisms. Orthokeratology and low-concentration atropine demonstrate a thickening effect on the choroid and regulate choroidal blood flow; the use of multi-point defocus control lenses also shows promise in thickening the choroid; the influence of light and light feeding therapy on myopia prevention and control is also reflected in the choroidal thickness and blood flow; and the traditional Chinese medicine has shown good prospect in influencing the microstructure of the choroid for myopia prevention and control. However, the long-term effects of various prevention and control measures on the choroid still need to be explored with a large sample size. This article provides an overview of various methods used to regulate the choroid and prevent myopia. The mechanisms by which these interventions act on the choroid are described to provide new insights and identity novel clinical strategies for myopia management.

Objective:To explore the structural equation model to explore the levels of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) and various risk factors in the feet and ankle of China's occupational population, providing scientific basis for for preventing WMSDs in feet and ankles.Methods:Data of 73497 national occupational epidemiological cases were selected from June 2018 to December 2023 used the Chinese version of the Electronic Questionnaire on Musculoskeletal Disorders. The adverse ergonomic factors and their source classification standard and confirmatory factor analysis were used to investigate foot and ankle WMSDs and their related risk factors (including individual factors, work organization, work posture, work type, fatigue, etc.) in key occupational groups in China, and structural equation model hypothesis, fitting, verification, and path and intermediary effect analysis were carried out. The model fit evaluation indexes included Chi-square specific degrees of freedom ( χ2/ df), gauge fit index (NFI), Tucker Lewis index (TLI), goodness of Fit index (GFI), adjusted Goodness of Fit index (AGFI) and approximate root mean square error (RMSEA) . Results:A total of 73497 occupational workers were surveyed, with local muscle fatigue and WMSDs incidence rates in the feet and ankles being 17.17% and 12.06%, respectively. The fitting index of the adjusted structural equation model basically meets the standard (GFI=1, AGFI=1, RMESA=0.042, NFI=0.716, TLI=0.663). The top three factors affecting feet and ankle WMSDs are feet and ankle muscle fatigue, work type, and work organization, with standardized path coefficients of 0.221, 0.105, and 0.095, respectively. The top two factors affecting feet and ankle muscle fatigue are work organization and work type, with standardized path coefficients of 0.548 and 0.383, respectively. Feet and ankle muscle fatigue, work type, work organization, and work posture have a direct effect on feet and ankle WMSDs, with effect values of 0.221, 0.105, 0.095, and 0.077, respectively. The organization and type of work can also have indirect effects through feet and ankle muscle fatigue, with effect values of 0.121 and 0.084, respectively.Conclusion:Feet and ankle muscle fatigue has a direct impact on WMSDs, and plays a mediating role between ankle and ankle WMSDs caused by work organization and work type. Feet and ankle muscle fatigue is an important pathway leading to feet and ankle WMSDs. It is recommended that employers and managers detect job fatigue early and take corresponding prevention and intervention measures, which can play a key role in preventing feet and ankle WMSDs.

Objective:To explore the structural equation model to explore the levels of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) and various risk factors in the feet and ankle of China's occupational population, providing scientific basis for for preventing WMSDs in feet and ankles.Methods:Data of 73497 national occupational epidemiological cases were selected from June 2018 to December 2023 used the Chinese version of the Electronic Questionnaire on Musculoskeletal Disorders. The adverse ergonomic factors and their source classification standard and confirmatory factor analysis were used to investigate foot and ankle WMSDs and their related risk factors (including individual factors, work organization, work posture, work type, fatigue, etc.) in key occupational groups in China, and structural equation model hypothesis, fitting, verification, and path and intermediary effect analysis were carried out. The model fit evaluation indexes included Chi-square specific degrees of freedom ( χ2/ df), gauge fit index (NFI), Tucker Lewis index (TLI), goodness of Fit index (GFI), adjusted Goodness of Fit index (AGFI) and approximate root mean square error (RMSEA) . Results:A total of 73497 occupational workers were surveyed, with local muscle fatigue and WMSDs incidence rates in the feet and ankles being 17.17% and 12.06%, respectively. The fitting index of the adjusted structural equation model basically meets the standard (GFI=1, AGFI=1, RMESA=0.042, NFI=0.716, TLI=0.663). The top three factors affecting feet and ankle WMSDs are feet and ankle muscle fatigue, work type, and work organization, with standardized path coefficients of 0.221, 0.105, and 0.095, respectively. The top two factors affecting feet and ankle muscle fatigue are work organization and work type, with standardized path coefficients of 0.548 and 0.383, respectively. Feet and ankle muscle fatigue, work type, work organization, and work posture have a direct effect on feet and ankle WMSDs, with effect values of 0.221, 0.105, 0.095, and 0.077, respectively. The organization and type of work can also have indirect effects through feet and ankle muscle fatigue, with effect values of 0.121 and 0.084, respectively.Conclusion:Feet and ankle muscle fatigue has a direct impact on WMSDs, and plays a mediating role between ankle and ankle WMSDs caused by work organization and work type. Feet and ankle muscle fatigue is an important pathway leading to feet and ankle WMSDs. It is recommended that employers and managers detect job fatigue early and take corresponding prevention and intervention measures, which can play a key role in preventing feet and ankle WMSDs.

Background Giant idiopathic macular hole (IMH) severely affects visual acuity and increases operative difficulty during the surgery,so modifying or optimizing the operation method is helpful for improving the prognosis.Objective This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safty of vitrectomy combined with free internal limiting membrane transplantation for large IMH.Methods A prospective serial cases-observational study was carried out under the informed consent of each patient.Forty-two eyes of consecutive 42 patients with IMH of mean diameter (814.31±112.95)μm were included in the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University from January 2013 to November 2015.All the eyes received vitrectomy combined with free internal limiting membrane transplantation and 12％ C3F8 filling.The best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) (LogMAR),inner segment/outer segment (IS/OS) defect range,external limiting membrane defect range,retinal thickness at macular fovea were measured with slit lamp microscope,indirect ophthalmoscope and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) before surgery and 1,3,6 and 12 months after surgery.Results IMH complete closure in 97.6％ eyes (41/44) at 12 months after surgery.BCVA was improved after operation and showed a significant difference among various time points (F =28.032,P＜0.001).The IS/OS defect range was (1 112.00±45.44),(859.00±84.55),(649.00±52.47),(486.00±46.88) and (320.00±45.13) μm before surgery and 1,3,6 and 12 months after surgery,showing a significant difference among different time points (F=38.761,P＜0.001),and the IS/OS defect range was gradually shrinked after operation compared with that before operation (all at P＜0.05).The mean defect range of external limiting membrane was (1 038.00 ±39.63),(748.00±64.12),(585.00±48.88),(438.00±42.84) and (265.00±28.97)μm before surgery and 1,3,6 and 12 months after surgery,with a significant difference among various time points (F=36.459,P＜0.001),and the mean defect range of external limiting membrane was evidently reduced (all at P＜0.05).The foveal retinal thickness value was increased at 3,6 and 12 months after surgery,which was significantly higher than that 1 month after surgery (all at P＜0.05).The high reflect signal was faded away at 3 months after operation,indicating that implanted internal limiting membrane was decomposed and metabolized.Conclusions Vitrectomy combined with autologous internal limiting membrane transplantation seems to be safe and effective for large IMH.

Objective To observe the different changes of macular microstructure in patients with large idiopathic macular hole (IMH) treated with vitrectomy combined with internal limiting membrane (ILM) transplantation or not.Methods Forty eyes in 40 consecutive patients with giant IMH (≥500 μm) were included in the study.Twenty eyes received vitrectomy with ILM transplantation (ILM transplantation group) and others with ILM peel off (ILM removal group).During the operation,a proper size of the ILM was removed and filled in the bottom of the macular hole.The age,duration of disease and the ocular laterality of the two groups of patients were not statistically significant (P＞0.05).Minimum resolution angle in logarithmic (logMAR) best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and frequency domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) scan were examined.There was no statistically significant difference in logMAR BCVA,average defect diameter of photoreceptor ellipsoid (IS/OS) and average defect diameter of external limiting membrane (ELM) between two groups (t=0.128,1.452,1.321;P＞0.05).The logMAR BCVA and SD-OCT were examined on 1,3,6,12 months postoperatively.Results On 1 month after the surgery,there was no statistically significant difference in logMAR BCVA,average defect diameter of IS/OS and average defect diameter of ELM between two groups (t=1.226,1.435,1.018;P＞0.05).On 3,6,12 months after the surgery,compared with ILM removal group,the logMAR BCVA (t=2.059,2.871,2.415) increased and the average defect diameter of IS/OS (t =2.070,2.110,2.121) and ELM (t =2.034,3.647,3.556) significantly reduced in ILM transplantation group (P＜0.05).On 1 month after the surgery,there was statistically significant difference in CRT between two groups (t=2.113,P＜0.05).On 3,6,12 months after the surgery,there was no statistically significant difference in CRT between two groups (t=0.428,0.847,0.849;P＞0.05).Conclusion Compared with vitrectomy combined with ILM peeling surgery,the diameter of IS/OS and ELM defect were significantly decreased after vitrectomy combined with ILM transplantation in the patients with large IMH.