Objective:To explore the radiological protection measures for yttrium-90 ( 90Y)-loaded resin microsphere therapy in clinical application. Methods:The surgical operation process for 90Y-loaded resin microsphere therapy was simulated, involving measurement of ambient dose equivalent rates at various stages: preoperative preparation (dominated by drug package), drug transfer, intraoperative procedures (drug operation and injection), and postoperative care and observation within the hospital. Based on the simulation, the protection measures in clinical application were analyzed. Results:The dose equivalent rate ranged from 0.12 to 0.42 μSv/h around the active chamber and from 1.04 to 3.32 μSv/h in the fume hood. Around the digital subtraction angiography (DSA) room, the maximum dose equivalent rate was 0.78 μSv/h when 90Y and DSA were applied simultaneously and 0.36 μSv/h when 99Tc m and DSA were applied. For the first operating position in the fluoroscopy protection area, the maximum dose equivalent rate was 13.19 μSv/h at 155 cm height when only 90Y was applied, and 315.01 μSv/h at 80 cm height when 90Y and DSA were applied. For the second operating position, the maximum dose equivalent rate was 6.28 μSv/h at 155 cm height when only 90Y was applied and 291.03 μSv/h at the same height when 90Y and DSA were applied. The dose-equivalent rates ranged from 0.11 to 0.58 μSv/h around the dedicated ward for postoperative patients. Conclusions:The existing shielding measures, such as those in the nuclear medicine department and interventional room, meet the radiation protection requirements for 90Y-loaded resin microsphere therapy. However, it is still necessary to conduct a scientific assessment based on the actual situation. Additionally, radiation protection measures and surface contamination treatment should be enhanced during drug operation.

Objective:To systematically evaluate the effect of overtime work on neck musculoskeletal disorders of occupational population in China.Methods:In August 2023, the literatures on the relationship between overtime work and neck musculoskeletal disorders were searched in China National Knowledge Infrasture (CNKI), WanFang Database, Chinese Science & Technology Journal Database (VIP), China Biomedical Literature Service System (SinoMed) and PubMed. The search scope was Chinese and English literatures published before June 30, 2023. The Quality of literature studies was evaluated using the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) cross-sectional study quality evaluation criteria. The Stata 15.0 software was used to calculate combined OR values, and subgroup analysis and meta regression were used to explore the sources of heterogeneity. Results:A total of 32 literatures were included, all of which were in Chinese, with a total sample size of 36003 people, and the literature quality scores were 5-7 points. Heterogeneity test showed that there was no heterogeneity between the literatures ( I2=20.3%, P=0.156), so fixed effect model was selected to calculate the combined OR value. The combined OR value of overtime work on neck musculoskeletal disorders was 1.51 (95% CI: 1.42-1.60, P<0.001). Subgroup analysis showed that the combined OR of occupational population <35 years old group was higher than that in the ≥35 years old group ( P<0.05). But there were no significant differences in the combined OR values in the subgroups classified by average years of service, male proportion, type of OR values, sample size and industry classification ( P>0.05) . Conclusion:Overtime work is a risk factor for neck musculoskeletal disorders in Chinese occupational population. Working hours should be rationally arranged to reduce the prevalence of neck musculoskeletal disorders.

Objective:To systematically evaluate the effect of overtime work on neck musculoskeletal disorders of occupational population in China.Methods:In August 2023, the literatures on the relationship between overtime work and neck musculoskeletal disorders were searched in China National Knowledge Infrasture (CNKI), WanFang Database, Chinese Science & Technology Journal Database (VIP), China Biomedical Literature Service System (SinoMed) and PubMed. The search scope was Chinese and English literatures published before June 30, 2023. The Quality of literature studies was evaluated using the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) cross-sectional study quality evaluation criteria. The Stata 15.0 software was used to calculate combined OR values, and subgroup analysis and meta regression were used to explore the sources of heterogeneity. Results:A total of 32 literatures were included, all of which were in Chinese, with a total sample size of 36003 people, and the literature quality scores were 5-7 points. Heterogeneity test showed that there was no heterogeneity between the literatures ( I2=20.3%, P=0.156), so fixed effect model was selected to calculate the combined OR value. The combined OR value of overtime work on neck musculoskeletal disorders was 1.51 (95% CI: 1.42-1.60, P<0.001). Subgroup analysis showed that the combined OR of occupational population <35 years old group was higher than that in the ≥35 years old group ( P<0.05). But there were no significant differences in the combined OR values in the subgroups classified by average years of service, male proportion, type of OR values, sample size and industry classification ( P>0.05) . Conclusion:Overtime work is a risk factor for neck musculoskeletal disorders in Chinese occupational population. Working hours should be rationally arranged to reduce the prevalence of neck musculoskeletal disorders.

Background Prolonged awkward postures during occupational activities can lead to excessive musculoskeletal load on the wrist of workers and symptoms such as wrist pain or discomfort. Objective To survey the prevalence of wrist pain among workers in 10 key industries and analyze its correlation with wrist working postures. Methods By using stratified cluster sampling method, workers from 10 key industries, such as footwear manufacturing industry, shipbuilding manufacturing industry, and automobile manufacturing industry, were selected from seven regions in North China, East China, Central China, South China, Southwest China, Northwest China, and Northeast China. The demographic information, wrist working postures, pain in wrist of the workers were collected through a cross-sectional survey. Pearson χ² test was used to compare prevalence by selected factors, trend χ² test for between group comparison, and unconditional logistic regression models for the association of wrist working postures with wrist pain. Results There were 64052 workers enrolled in this survey, and 56286 provided valid questionnaires (the effective rate was 87.8%). According to the survey, the prevalence of wrist pain was 23.3% (13112/56286), and the industries with higher prevalences were footwear manufacturing (27.1%, 1927/7106), automobile manufacturing (24.9%, 5378/21560), and shipbuilding and related equipment manufacturing (24.4%, 850/3488) industries. Finger pinching (OR=2.09, 95%CI: 1.95-2.24), frequent wrist bending (OR=2.03, 95%CI: 1.92-2.15), fixed wrist bending (OR=1.77, 95%CI: 1.69-1.85), wrist on hard edge (OR=1.34, 95%CI: 1.28-1.40), and arms over shoulders (OR=1.11, 95%CI: 1.05-1.17) increased the risk of reporting wrist pain. Conclusion Awkward postures are related to wrist pain among workers in selected 10 key industries. The related factors are wrist on hard edge, frequent wrist bending, finger pinching, fixed wrist bending, and arms over shoulders.

Background As one of the common tools for job burnout assessment, Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS), its reliability and validity across different populations in China have not been examined yet. Objective To evaluate the reliability and validity of General Burnout Scale (GBS) by multiple occupational groups through the translation and preliminary test of MBI-GS. Methods Based on the Special Project of Occupational Hazards in Key Populations led by the Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, China CDC, key occupational groups in five typical industries were selected by multi-stage stratified cluster sampling, including teachers, firefighters, manufacturing workers, medical staff, and traffic police. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to evaluate the construct validity of GBS by single-factor, two-factor, and three-factor structure models. The model fitness was assessed by ratio of the chi-square statistic to the respective degrees of freedom (χ²/ν), root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), goodness-of-fit index (GFI), comparative fit index (CFI), and parsimony-adjusted non-normed fit index (PNFI). Spearman correlation analysis was used to calculate the criterion validity of GBS with occupational stress, depressive symptoms, and sleep disorders. Cronbach's α coefficient and composite reliability (CR) coefficient were used to evaluate the internal consistency reliability of GBS. Results A total of 3485 subjects were surveyed in this study, 3375 valid questionnaires were recovered with a valid response rate of 96.84%. The results of CFA showed that in the adjusted three-factor structure model of GBS (exhaustion, cynicism, and professional efficacy), the χ²/ν < 4, the RMSEA ranged from 0.032 to 0.069, the GFI > 0.90, the CFI > 0.90, and the PNFI > 0.70, which illustrated a good fitness than that of the single- or the two-factor structure models in different occupational groups. The Spearman correlation analysis results showed that occupational stress, depressive symptoms, and sleep disorders were positively correlated with exhaustion and cynicism dimensions, and negatively correlated with professional efficacy dimension of the GBS, with the \begin{document}$ \left| r \right| $\end{document} ranging from 0.139 to 0.662 (P<0.05) in overall subjects. For traffic police and firefighters, professional efficacy was not correlated with depressive symptoms or sleep disorders (P>0.05). The Cronbach's α coefficients ranged from 0.819 to 0.899, and the CR values ranged from 0.941 to 0.978 in different occupational groups. Conclusion The GBS shows high reliability and validity, as well as good application effects in different occupational groups.

Background Healthcare workers suffer from great internal and external pressure and are prone to burnout. Existing studies have shown that depressive symptoms are important influencing factors of burnout, both of which are closely related to job stress. Objective To analyze overall prevalence of burnout among healthcare workers using a new survey tool developed by our team, and to reveal potential influencing factors related to burnout. Methods A cross-sectional multi-center study was conducted in August–October 2019 and June–September 2020, using multi-stage stratified cluster sampling. A total of 8738 healthcare workers from 22 hospitals in 5 provinces (Shandong, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, and Chongqing) of China were selected in this study. A set of survey questionnaires, including the general information questionnaire and the Chinese versions of General Burnout Scale, Core Occupational Stress Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and Self-administered Sleep Questionnaire were distributed. Independent samples t-test or one-way ANOVA were employed for inter-group comparison of burnout. Spearman correlation was used to evaluate correlations among burnout, depressive symptoms, and occupational stress. Stepwise linear regression was conducted to identify factors independently associated with burnout. Process plug-in was used to test potential mediating effect of depressive symptoms on occupational stress and burnout. Results Of the 8738 questionnaires distributed, 8456 valid questionnaires were collected, and the recovery rate was 96.77%. Among the 8456 healthcare workers, the prevalence of burnout was 58.0%, that of occupational stress was 31.8%, and that of depressive symptoms was 31.0%. Among those with depressive symptoms and occupational stress, the proportions of burnout were 86.7% and 83.7%, respectively. According to the stepwise linear regression analysis, depressive symptoms, occupational stress, work experience, drinking, and marital status were all independent influencing factors of burnout. Especially, depressive symptoms, social support, and organization and reward had significant influences on burnout (b'=0.455, −0.183, 0.220, P<0.001). Depressive symptoms showed mediating effects on occupational stress (and its subscales) and burnout, and the contribution rates of the mediating effects were 41.00%, 47.02%, 43.44%, 56.62%, and 59.45%, respectively. Conclusion Burnout is a prominent problem among healthcare workers in the 5 provinces, with the prevalence of 58.0%. And nearly 1/3 suffering from depressive symptoms and occupational stress, which has a great impact on burnout.

Objective: To investigate the influencing factors and population attributable risk percent (PAR%) of low back pain in automobile assemblers. Methods: A total of 634 assemblers from 11 automobile manufacturers in Shiyan City, Hubei Province were chosen as research subjects using judgment sampling method. The prevalence of low back pain in the past one year was investigated using Musculoskeletal Disorders Questionnaire. PAR% was used to analyze the contribution of influencing factors to low back pain. Results: The annual prevalence of low back pain was 68.8%. The results of multivariate logistics regression showed that length of service>15 years, high school or secondary college education or above, standing most of the time, sitting most of the time, the proportion of cumulative time of poor posture in work shift time ≥1/8, and bending for insufficient height of working space were the risk factors for low back pain (all P<0.05). The PAR% of the proportion of cumulative time of poor posture in work shift time ≥1/8 was 43.0%, 37.8% for standing most of the time, and 12.8% for bending for insufficient height of working space. Conclusion: The annual prevalence of low back pain was higher in automobile assemblers. The influencing factors included individual factors and occupational factors. The proportion of cumulative time of poor posture in work shift time ≥1/8, standing most of the time and bending for insufficient height of working space should be taken as the priority intervention factors to reduce the prevalence of low back pain among assemblers in this enterprise.

The biofilms formed by pathogenic microorganisms seriously threaten human health and significantly enhance drug resistance, which urgently call for developing drugs specifically targeting on biofilms. Chitooligosaccharides extracted from shrimp and crab shells are natural alkaline oligosaccharides with excellent antibacterial effects. Nevertheless, their inhibition efficacy on biofilms still needs to be improved. Spirulina (SP) is a microalga with negatively charged surface, and its spiral structure facilitates colonization in the depth of the biofilm. Therefore, the complex of Spirulina and chitooligosaccharides may play a synergistic role in killing pathogens in the depth of biofilm. This research first screened chitooligosaccharides with significant bactericidal effects. Subsequently, Spirulina@Chitooligosaccharides (SP@COS complex was prepared by combining chitooligosaccharides with Spirulina through electrostatic adsorption. The binding of the complex was characterized by zeta potential, z-average size, and fluorescence labeling. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) showed the encapsulation efficiency and the drug loading efficiency reached up to 90% and 16%, respectively. The prepared SP@COS2 exhibited a profound synergistic inhibition effect on bacterial and fungal biofilms, which was mainly achieved by destroying the cell structure of the biofilm. These results demonstrate the potential of Spirulina-chitooligosaccharides complex as a biofilm inhibitor and provide a new idea for addressing the harm of pathogenic microorganisms.
Humans ; Spirulina ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry* ; Chitosan/pharmacology* ; Biofilms ; Chitin/pharmacology*

Antipyretic-analgesics are currently one of the most prescribed drugs in children.The clinical application of antipyretic-analgesics for children in our country still have irrational phenomenon, which affects the therapeutic effect and even poses hidden dangers to the safety of children.In this paper, suggestions were put forward from the indications, dosage form/route, dosage suitability, pathophysiological characteristics of children with individual differences and drug interactions in the symptomatic treatment of febrile children, so as to provide reference for the general pharmacists when conducting prescription review.

The new immune and targeted therapy medicines of multiple myeloma and recurrence of refractory multiple myeloma mainly include immunomodulatory drugs, proteasome inhibitors, monoclonal antibody, immune monitoring point inhibitors, histone deacetylase and chimeric antigen receptor. Although the emergence of new drugs and the application of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation have significantly improved the prognosis of patients, more effective treatment methods and treatment strategies are still required to deal with the adverse reactions and the condition of recurrence during treatment.