epsis is a systemic inflammatory response syndrome triggered by infection， and its high mortality rate is closely associated with immune imbalance， particularly the imbalance in the differentiation of helper T cell （Th） cell subsets [Th1， Th2， Th17， regulatory T cell （Treg） ] . In recent years， traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， with its characteristics of multi-component and multi-target actions， has demonstrated unique advantages in regulating Th cell differentiation and function， as well as correcting immune imbalances in sepsis， offering new perspectives for immunotherapy of sepsis. This review summarizes relevant studies on the regulation of Th cell differentiation for sepsis treatment by TCM monomers and active ingredients （such as Astragalus membranaceus ， Scutellaria baicalensis ， Coptis chinensis ， Rheum palmatum ， Ganoderma lucidum ， Ginkgo biloba ， and Cistanche deserticola ）， the alcohol extract of Dai Baijie， and TCM formulas and preparations categorized as blood-activating and stasis-removing， purgative and laxative， warming and tonifying yang， and tonifying qi and nourishing yin. The results indicate that these TCM monomers， active ingredients， extracts， formulas， and preparations can regulate the Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg balance， target the differentiation balance of Th cell subsets， alleviate inflammatory responses， or improve immune suppression， thereby exerting therapeutic effects on sepsis.

Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response syndrome triggered by infection. It progresses rapidly and tends to develop into multiple organ dysfunction. Tanshinone ⅡA， one of the core active ingredients of Salvia miltiorrhiza， exerts remarkable targeted protective effects against sepsis-induced multiple organ dysfunction. This paper reviews the mechanisms by which tanshinone ⅡA alleviates sepsis-induced multiple organ dysfunction. Tanshinone ⅡA can relieve sepsis-induced lung injury by inhibiting the activity of Toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88/nuclear factor- κB， phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathways and maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis. It ameliorates sepsis- induced myocardial injury via suppressing the activation of NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3/caspase-1 signaling pathway， downregulating the expression of inflammatory factors and regulating autophagy. It mitigates sepsis-induced renal injury by regulating oxidative stress imbalance and reducing the expression of apoptosis-related proteins. It alleviates sepsis-caused liver injury through inhibiting the release of inflammatory factors and hepatocyte apoptosis. It improves sepsis-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction by upregulating the expression of tight junction proteins and restraining inflammatory responses. Furthermore， it relieves sepsis-associated encephalopathy by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α/nuclear respiratory factor 1/mitochondrial transcription factor A signaling pathway. Tanshinone ⅡA is expected to be a vital candidate drug for comprehensive prevention and treatment of sepsis. However， interdisciplinary research is required to break through current bottlenecks and realize the transformation from basic experiments to clinical application.

Objective To investigate the mechanism by which Scutellaria barbata D.Don water extract(SBW)inhibits lung metastasis of breast cancer by regulating the immune microenvironment.Methods A mouse model of lung metastasis was established using 4T1 breast cancer cells.Mice were divided into a control group(n=6)and an SBW treatment group(n=6).The effect of SBW on tumor growth was assessed by measuring the volume of the primary tumor,and the inhibitory effect on lung metastasis was evaluated by observing the number and area of metastatic nodules in lung tissue using H&E staining.Flow cytometry was used to analyze changes in the composition of immune cells in the tumor,peripheral blood,and lung tissue.Results Compared with the control group,the SBW treatment group inhibited the growth of the primary tumor(P<0.01)and reduced the number and area of lung metastatic nodules(P<0.01).Flow cytometry analysis showed that after SBW treatment,the numbers of CD86+macrophages(P<0.001)and polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells(PMN-MDSCs)(P<0.05)in the tumor tissue were increased.In lung tissue,the numbers of CD86+macrophages,natural killer T(NKT)cells,natural killer(NK)cells,and PMN-MDSCs were also elevated(P<0.05).Meanwhile,the numbers of regulatory T cells(Tregs)(P<0.05),CD206+macrophages(P<0.01),and monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells(M-MDSCs)(P<0.05)in both tumor and lung tissues were decreased.Conclusion SBW inhibits the breast cancer growth and lung metastasis by regulating the recruitment and distribution of immune cells in the tumor,peripheral blood,and lung tissue,thereby enhancing anti-tumor immune responses and reducing immune suppression.

Objective::To evaluate the diagnostic efficacy and clinical application of the Obstetrical Chinese Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) Scoring System (OCDSS).Methods::This study is a retrospective study that collected 1063 cases from Wuhan Union Hospital, Yichang Central People’s Hospital, and the Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture between July 2017 and June 2024. These cases were divided into DIC and non-DIC groups based on score standard. Diagnosis of DIC, the rate of hysterectomy, neonatal mortality, and severe asphyxia are the main outcome measures. All the laboratory indicators are all determined by clinical laboratory department of the hospital. Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range) and frequencies. Independent sample t-test or non-parametric test were used to compare measurement data, while the chi-square test was used for count data. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under curve (AUC) were used to test the predictive accuracy. Using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis to study the high-risk factors. P < 0.050 indicates a statistical significance. Results::Of 1063 participants in this study, 29 participants (2.73%) were diagnosed with obstetrical DIC by OCDSS score standard, and all the participants were diagnosed as DIC with underlying disease. When the Takao, Clark, and Erez score standard is the "gold standard", the OCDSS score standard always shows good sensitivity and specificity, with all the AUC over 0.75. OCDSS score standard also has better predictive of hysterectomy (68.18%, 91.07%, 0.872), severe neonatal asphyxia and death (79.17%, 75.07%, 0.842) than the other three score standards. All the indicators included in the OCDSS score standard contributed to the DIC diagnosis (all the P < 0.001). The indicators in the DIC group were more abnormal than the non-DIC group (all the P < 0.001). Conclusion::OCDSS is a first score standard, especially for pregnancies, it considers the underlying disease, clinical symptoms, and laboratory results. This score system shared a good diagnosis performance for DIC in the Chinese population and may help clinicians make timely decisions.

Objective::To evaluate the diagnostic efficacy and clinical application of the Obstetrical Chinese Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) Scoring System (OCDSS).Methods::This study is a retrospective study that collected 1063 cases from Wuhan Union Hospital, Yichang Central People’s Hospital, and the Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture between July 2017 and June 2024. These cases were divided into DIC and non-DIC groups based on score standard. Diagnosis of DIC, the rate of hysterectomy, neonatal mortality, and severe asphyxia are the main outcome measures. All the laboratory indicators are all determined by clinical laboratory department of the hospital. Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range) and frequencies. Independent sample t-test or non-parametric test were used to compare measurement data, while the chi-square test was used for count data. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under curve (AUC) were used to test the predictive accuracy. Using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis to study the high-risk factors. P < 0.050 indicates a statistical significance. Results::Of 1063 participants in this study, 29 participants (2.73%) were diagnosed with obstetrical DIC by OCDSS score standard, and all the participants were diagnosed as DIC with underlying disease. When the Takao, Clark, and Erez score standard is the "gold standard", the OCDSS score standard always shows good sensitivity and specificity, with all the AUC over 0.75. OCDSS score standard also has better predictive of hysterectomy (68.18%, 91.07%, 0.872), severe neonatal asphyxia and death (79.17%, 75.07%, 0.842) than the other three score standards. All the indicators included in the OCDSS score standard contributed to the DIC diagnosis (all the P < 0.001). The indicators in the DIC group were more abnormal than the non-DIC group (all the P < 0.001). Conclusion::OCDSS is a first score standard, especially for pregnancies, it considers the underlying disease, clinical symptoms, and laboratory results. This score system shared a good diagnosis performance for DIC in the Chinese population and may help clinicians make timely decisions.

The intestinal flora and its metabolites are closely bound up with the metabolism and immune function of human body and at the meantime affect the metabolisms of nutrients and drugs,which play an important role in maintaining the physiological function.As the largest reservoir of microorganisms within the human body,the intestinal flora play a vital role in maintaining the health.Numerous studies have shown that the alteration of intestinal flora may not only affect the emergence of gastrointestinal diseases but also has impact on the common diseases of multiple systems,it may mediate the emergence and development of relevant diseases through gut-kid-ney axis,gut-liver axis,and gut-brain axis,and interact with the diseases.As a traditional Chinese medicine ex-ternal therapy,the traditional Chinese medicine enema therapy has remarkable advantages in treatment of various clinical diseases and shows significant effect on improvement of intestinal flora imbalance during the disease pro-gression.The effect of the traditional Chinese medicine enema therapy on improving the intestinal flora imbalance of the patients during the process of emergence and development of the common diseases is reviewed in the article.

The intestinal flora and its metabolites are closely bound up with the metabolism and immune function of human body and at the meantime affect the metabolisms of nutrients and drugs,which play an important role in maintaining the physiological function.As the largest reservoir of microorganisms within the human body,the intestinal flora play a vital role in maintaining the health.Numerous studies have shown that the alteration of intestinal flora may not only affect the emergence of gastrointestinal diseases but also has impact on the common diseases of multiple systems,it may mediate the emergence and development of relevant diseases through gut-kid-ney axis,gut-liver axis,and gut-brain axis,and interact with the diseases.As a traditional Chinese medicine ex-ternal therapy,the traditional Chinese medicine enema therapy has remarkable advantages in treatment of various clinical diseases and shows significant effect on improvement of intestinal flora imbalance during the disease pro-gression.The effect of the traditional Chinese medicine enema therapy on improving the intestinal flora imbalance of the patients during the process of emergence and development of the common diseases is reviewed in the article.

Objective:To evaluate the diagnostic efficacy and practicality of the Jaundice color card (JCard) as a screening tool for neonatal jaundice.Methods:Following the standards for reporting of diagnostic accuracy studies (STARD) statement, a multicenter prospective study was conducted in 9 hospitals in China from October 2019 to September 2021. A total of 845 newborns who were admitted to the hospital or outpatient department for liver function testing due to their own diseases. The inclusion criteria were a gestational age of ≥35 weeks, a birth weight of ≥2 000 g, and an age of ≤28 days. The neonate′s parents used the JCard to measure jaundice at the neonate′s cheek. Within 2 hours of the JCard measurement, transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) was measured with a JH20-1B device and total serum bilirubin (TSB) was detected. The Pearson′s correlation analysis, Bland-Altman plots and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were used for statistic analysis.Results:Out of the 854 newborns, 445 were male and 409 were female; 46 were born at 35-36 weeks of gestational age and 808 were born at ≥37 weeks of gestational age. Additionally, 432 cases were aged 0-3 days, 236 cases were aged 4-7 days, and 186 cases were aged 8-28 days. The TSB level was (227.4±89.6) μmol/L, with a range of 23.7-717.0 μmol/L. The JCard level was (221.4±77.0) μmol/L and the TcB level was (252.5±76.0) μmol/L. Both the JCard and TcB values showed good correlation ( r=0.77 and 0.80, respectively) and agreements (96.0% (820/854) and 95.2% (813/854) of samples fell within the 95% limits of agreement, respectively) with TSB. The JCard value of 12 had a sensitivity of 0.93 and specificity of 0.75 for identifying a TSB ≥205.2?μmol/L, and a sensitivity of 1.00 and specificity of 0.35 for identifying a TSB ≥342.0?μmol/L. The TcB value of 205.2?μmol/L had a sensitivity of 0.97 and specificity of 0.60 for identifying TSB levels of 205.2 μmol/L, and a sensitivity of 1.00 and specificity of 0.26 for identifying TSB levels of 342.0 μmol/L. The areas under the ROC curve (AUC) of JCard for identifying TSB levels of 153.9, 205.2, 256.5, and 342.0 μmol/L were 0.96, 0.92, 0.83, and 0.83, respectively. The AUC of TcB were 0.94, 0.91, 0.86, and 0.87, respectively. There were both no significant differences between the AUC of JCard and TcB in identifying TSB levels of 153.9 and 205.2 μmol/L (both P>0.05). However, the AUC of JCard were both lower than those of TcB in identifying TSB levels of 256.5 and 342.0 μmol/L (both P<0.05). Conclusions:JCard can be used to classify different levels of bilirubin, but its diagnostic efficacy decreases with increasing bilirubin levels. When TSB level are ≤205.2 μmol/L, its diagnostic efficacy is equivalent to that of the JH20-1B. To prevent the misdiagnosis of severe jaundice, it is recommended that parents use a low JCard score, such as 12, to identify severe hyperbilirubinemia (TSB ≥342.0 μmol/L).

Objective:To investigate the association between metabolic syndrome and the risk of early renal function injury in chronic kidney disease(CKD) in the elderly.Methods:A retrospective cohort was established based on health check-up data of 4 495 elderly residents in Mengzi City, Yunnan Province from January 2016 to December 2018. The medial history, living habits, and related physical examination information were collected. Cox hazard regression model was used to explore the association between metabolic syndrome, along with its components, and the early renal function injury in CKD. Results:The median age of the elderly was 71.00(67.00, 75.00) years, with metabolic syndrome detection rate of 21.98%. Early renal function injury of CKD developed in 1 300(28.92%) subjects during the follow-up. Univariate Cox regression showed that the number of metabolic syndrome components was associated with the risk of early kidney development in CKD. The HRs were 1.23 (95% CI 1.03-1.47, P=0.022) with 1 component, 1.54 (95% CI 1.28-1.84, P<0.001) with 2, and 1.38 (95% CI 1.14-1.67, P<0.001) with 3 or more. Multivariate Cox regression showed that elevated fasting triglycerides( HR=1.20, 95% CI 1.07-1.36, P=0.003) and lower high density lipoprotein-cholesterol(HDL-C; HR=1.25, 95% CI 1.09-1.43, P=0.002) were risk factors for early kidney injury in CKD, while doing some physical activity( HR=0.57, 95% CI 0.33-0.98, P=0.042), or on daily basis( HR=0.57, 95% CI 0.49-0.66, P<0.001) was a protective factor for early kidney injury in CKD. Conclusion:The abnormality of one or more metabolic components can significantly increase the risk of early kidney injury in the elderly with CKD. Elevated triglyceride and decreased HDL-C may be the risk factors.

Objective:To evaluate the reliability and validity of Chinese version of Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ) scale among patients with chronic Keshan disease.Methods:The patients with chronic Keshan disease diagnosed in Keshan disease area of Gansu Province from August 2018 to April 2020 were selected as the survey subjects to analyze the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of MLHFQ scale in evaluating the quality of life of patients with chronic Keshan disease. To evaluate the reliability of MLHFQ scale, the Cronbach's α coefficient was used, and when the Cronbach's α coefficient > 0.8 indicated that the consistency reliability of the scale was good. Kaider-Meyer-Olkin(KMO) statistic and Barlett's sphericity test were used to evaluate whether the scale was suitable for factor analysis (applicable when KMO > 0.6 and Barlett's sphericity test P < 0.05). The principal component analysis and maximum variance method of exploratory factor analysis were used to extract common factors, and the structural validity of the scale was evaluated. The discrimination validity of the scale was evaluated by New York Heart Association (NYHA) cardiac function classification and analysis of variance. Pearson correlation analysis was used to evaluate the content validity of the scale. Results:A total of 333 questionnaires were collected, of which 329 were valid. There were 180 males and 149 females, aged (59.52 ± 9.26) years. The Cronbach's α coefficient of the Chinese version of MLHFQ scale was 0.95 ( > 0.8). Among them, the Cronbach's α coefficients in the physical domain, emotional domain and other domains were 0.93, 0.91 and 0.86, respectively ( > 0.8). The KMO value of the Chinese version of MLHFQ scale was 0.95 ( > 0.6), and Barlett's sphericity test rejected the hypothesis (χ 2 = 5 222.01, P < 0.05). Principal component analysis and maximum variance method were used to extract 3 common factors, which were named kinetic energy of life, physical condition and emotional condition, respectively. The cumulative contribution rate of principal components was 66.22% ( > 50%). Compared with patients with NYHA cardiac function grade Ⅱ and patients with grade Ⅲ and Ⅳ, there were significant differences in the physical domain, other domain and total score ( P < 0.001). The Pearson correlation coefficients between the physical, emotional, and other domains and their respective items ranged from 0.74 to 0.88, 0.78 to 0.90, and 0.56 to 0.80, respectively, and the correlation coefficients between each item and its domain were all > 0.5 ( P < 0.001). Conclusion:The Chinese version of MLHFQ scale has good reliability and validity in patients with chronic Keshan disease in Gansu Province, and can be used to evaluate the quality of life of patients with chronic Keshan disease.