BACKGROUND:Bone tissue loss caused by tumors and trauma can have an adverse effect on postoperative rehabilitation.Therefore,scaffold materials are usually implanted during treatment.However,the existing implant materials are relatively simple and lack antibacterial properties.Early implantation may lead to iatrogenic autoinfection and have an adverse effect on osteogenesis.OBJECTIVE:To construct a KR-12-a5 polypeptide-nanohydroxyapatite-small intestinal submucosa composite scaffold and evaluate its feasibility as a material for promoting bone defect repair.METHODS:The small intestinal submucosa scaffold and the small intestinal submucosa scaffold containing 25,50,and 100 mg/mL nanohydroxyapatite(referred to as nHA-SIS scaffold)were prepared by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride/N-hydroxysuccinimide cross-linking method.The appropriate scaffold was screened for subsequent experiments by mechanical property testing.The antibacterial properties of KR-12-a5 polypeptide solution against Staphylococcus aureus,Streptococcus gordonii,and Fusobacterium nucleatum were detected.The nHA-SIS scaffolds were immersed in 250,500,and 1 000 μg/mL KR-12-a5 peptide solutions for 24 hours,and then freeze-dried to obtain peptide-loaded nanohydroxyapatite-porcine small intestinal submucosa composite scaffolds(denoted as P-nHA-SIS scaffolds).The sustained-release properties of the three groups of scaffolds were characterized.The nHA-SIS scaffolds and the three groups of P-nHA-SIS scaffolds were co-cultured with Staphylococcus aureus,Streptococcus gordonii,and Fusobacterium nucleatum for 24 hours or 48 hours.The scaffolds with strong antibacterial ability were screened by live and dead bacteria staining and scanning electron microscopy for subsequent experiments.The degradation properties and water absorption rates of the uncross-linked small intestinal submucosa scaffolds,cross-linked small intestinal submucosa scaffolds,nHA-SIS scaffolds,and P-nHA-SIS scaffolds were characterized.The extracts of cross-linked small intestinal submucosal scaffolds,nHA-SIS scaffolds,and P-nHA-SIS scaffolds were co-cultured with MC3T3-E1 cells.CCK-8 assay and live-dead cell staining were performed.The effects of the extracts of the three scaffolds on the migration of MC3T3-E1 cells were detected by Transwell chamber assay.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The elastic modulus and compressive strength of 25,50,and 100 mg/mL nHA-SIS scaffolds were higher than those of small intestinal submucosal scaffolds(P＜0.05),among which the elastic modulus and compressive strength of 25 mg/mL nHA-SIS scaffolds were the highest,and this group of scaffolds were selected for subsequent experiments to load peptides.(2)KR-12-a5 peptide had strong antibacterial activity against common bacteria in bone defects(Staphylococcus aureus,Streptococcus gordonii,and Fusobacterium nucleatum).The three groups of P-nHA-SIS scaffolds all had sustained release properties.With the increase of peptide mass concentration,the antibacterial property of P-nHA-SIS scaffold was enhanced.Among them,the P-nHA-SIS scaffold loaded with 500 μg/mL peptide had achieved a satisfactory antibacterial effect,and this group of scaffolds would be selected in the future.(3)The degradation rate of the three groups of cross-linked scaffolds was lower than that of the uncross-linked scaffolds,and the water absorption rate was greater than that of the uncross-linked scaffolds.P-nHA-SIS scaffolds could promote the proliferation and migration of MC3T3-E1 cells without affecting the activity of MC3T3-E1 cells.(4)The results show that P-nHA-SIS scaffolds have strong antibacterial properties and the ability to promote the proliferation and migration of MC3T3-E1 cells,and are expected to be used in bone defect repair.

A 42-year-old male with chest tightness and dyspnea was admitted to the hospital. Chest CT indicated diffuse interstitial lung infiltration. Despite receiving anti-infective therapy, glucocorticoid therapy, and immunosuppressive agents, the patient developed refractory hypoxaemia. Endotracheal intubation and invasive mechanical ventilation failed to improve oxygenation. Therefore the patient was diagnosed with rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease (RP-ILD) accompanied by type Ⅰ respiratory failure. Veno-venous (VV) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was initiated, and oxygenation improved in this patient. The patient subsequently underwent bilateral lung transplantation with veno-arterio-venous (VAV) ECMO support. ECMO machine was withdrawn on day 1, and extubation was achieved on day 9 after surgery. Histopathology revealed fibrotic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) with hyaline membrane formation. The patient developed ICU-acquired myasthenia and received early rehabilitation, with gradual recovery of muscle strength. During follow-up, graft lung function remained stable. This case demonstrates that ECMO can serve as a bridge to lung transplantation in RP-ILD patients.

BACKGROUND:Bone tissue loss caused by tumors and trauma can have an adverse effect on postoperative rehabilitation.Therefore,scaffold materials are usually implanted during treatment.However,the existing implant materials are relatively simple and lack antibacterial properties.Early implantation may lead to iatrogenic autoinfection and have an adverse effect on osteogenesis.OBJECTIVE:To construct a KR-12-a5 polypeptide-nanohydroxyapatite-small intestinal submucosa composite scaffold and evaluate its feasibility as a material for promoting bone defect repair.METHODS:The small intestinal submucosa scaffold and the small intestinal submucosa scaffold containing 25,50,and 100 mg/mL nanohydroxyapatite(referred to as nHA-SIS scaffold)were prepared by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride/N-hydroxysuccinimide cross-linking method.The appropriate scaffold was screened for subsequent experiments by mechanical property testing.The antibacterial properties of KR-12-a5 polypeptide solution against Staphylococcus aureus,Streptococcus gordonii,and Fusobacterium nucleatum were detected.The nHA-SIS scaffolds were immersed in 250,500,and 1 000 μg/mL KR-12-a5 peptide solutions for 24 hours,and then freeze-dried to obtain peptide-loaded nanohydroxyapatite-porcine small intestinal submucosa composite scaffolds(denoted as P-nHA-SIS scaffolds).The sustained-release properties of the three groups of scaffolds were characterized.The nHA-SIS scaffolds and the three groups of P-nHA-SIS scaffolds were co-cultured with Staphylococcus aureus,Streptococcus gordonii,and Fusobacterium nucleatum for 24 hours or 48 hours.The scaffolds with strong antibacterial ability were screened by live and dead bacteria staining and scanning electron microscopy for subsequent experiments.The degradation properties and water absorption rates of the uncross-linked small intestinal submucosa scaffolds,cross-linked small intestinal submucosa scaffolds,nHA-SIS scaffolds,and P-nHA-SIS scaffolds were characterized.The extracts of cross-linked small intestinal submucosal scaffolds,nHA-SIS scaffolds,and P-nHA-SIS scaffolds were co-cultured with MC3T3-E1 cells.CCK-8 assay and live-dead cell staining were performed.The effects of the extracts of the three scaffolds on the migration of MC3T3-E1 cells were detected by Transwell chamber assay.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The elastic modulus and compressive strength of 25,50,and 100 mg/mL nHA-SIS scaffolds were higher than those of small intestinal submucosal scaffolds(P＜0.05),among which the elastic modulus and compressive strength of 25 mg/mL nHA-SIS scaffolds were the highest,and this group of scaffolds were selected for subsequent experiments to load peptides.(2)KR-12-a5 peptide had strong antibacterial activity against common bacteria in bone defects(Staphylococcus aureus,Streptococcus gordonii,and Fusobacterium nucleatum).The three groups of P-nHA-SIS scaffolds all had sustained release properties.With the increase of peptide mass concentration,the antibacterial property of P-nHA-SIS scaffold was enhanced.Among them,the P-nHA-SIS scaffold loaded with 500 μg/mL peptide had achieved a satisfactory antibacterial effect,and this group of scaffolds would be selected in the future.(3)The degradation rate of the three groups of cross-linked scaffolds was lower than that of the uncross-linked scaffolds,and the water absorption rate was greater than that of the uncross-linked scaffolds.P-nHA-SIS scaffolds could promote the proliferation and migration of MC3T3-E1 cells without affecting the activity of MC3T3-E1 cells.(4)The results show that P-nHA-SIS scaffolds have strong antibacterial properties and the ability to promote the proliferation and migration of MC3T3-E1 cells,and are expected to be used in bone defect repair.

Background/Aims: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is a significant risk factor for gallstone formation, but mechanisms underlying MASH-related gallstone formation remain unclear. Golgi membrane protein 1 (GOLM1) participates in hepatic cholesterol metabolism and is upregulated in MASH. Here, we aimed to explore the role of GOLM1 in MASH-related gallstone formation. Methods: The UK Biobank cohort was used for etiological analysis. GOLM1 knockout (GOLM1-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD). Livers were excised for histology and immunohistochemistry analysis. Gallbladders were collected to calculate incidence of cholesterol gallstones (CGSs). Biles were collected for biliary lipid analysis. HepG2 cells were used to explore underlying mechanisms. Human liver samples were used for clinical validation. Results: MASH patients had a greater risk of cholelithiasis. All HFD-fed mice developed MASH, and the incidence of gallstones was 16.7% and 75.0% in GOLM1-/- and WT mice, respectively. GOLM1-/- decreased biliary cholesterol concentration and output. In vivo and in vitro assays confirmed that GOLM1 facilitated cholesterol efflux through upregulating ATP binding cassette transporter subfamily G member 5 (ABCG5). Mechanistically, GOLM1 translocated into nucleus to promote osteopontin (OPN) transcription, thus stimulating ABCG5-mediated cholesterol efflux. Moreover, GOLM1 was upregulated by interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, we confirmed that IL-1β, GOLM1, OPN, and ABCG5 were enhanced in livers of MASH patients with CGSs. Conclusions In MASH livers, upregulation of GOLM1 by IL-1β increases ABCG5-mediated cholesterol efflux in an OPN-dependent manner, promoting CGS formation. GOLM1 has the potential to be a molecular hub interconnecting MASH and CGSs.

Objective:To investigate the protective effect of achyranthes bidentata(AB)on sperm quality in mice with sper-matogenic disorder through the glycolytic metabolic pathway and its action mechanism.Methods:We equally randomized 40 Kun-ming mice into a normal control,a model control,a low-dose AB(3.5 g/kg)and a high-dose AB group(7.0 g/kg),and established the model of spermatogenic disorder in the latter three groups of mice by intraperitoneal injection of doxorubicin(30 mg/kg).Two days after modeling,we collected the testis and kidney tissues and blood samples from the mice for observation of the pathological changes in the testis tissue by HE staining,detection of perm motility with the sperm quality analyzer,examination of the apoptosis of testis cells by flow cytometry,measurement of the levels of testosterone(T),malondialdehyde(MDA),superoxide dismutase(SOD)and cata-lase(CAT)in the serum and testis tissue by ELISA,and determination of expressions of the key enzymes of glycolysis hexokinase Ⅱ(HK2),pyruvate kinase M2(PKM2),platelet phosphofructokinase(PFKP),lactate dehydrogenase A(LDHA)and the meiosis pro-teins REC8 and SCP3 by Western blot,and the mRNA expressions of glycolytic phosphofructokinase 1(PFK1),phosphoglycerate ki-nase 1(PGK1),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)and interleukin-1 β(IL-1β)by fluorescence quantitative PCR(FQ-PCR).Results:Compared with the model controls,the mice in the AB groups showed significant increases in the testis coefficient,kidney in-dex,sperm concentration,sperm motility,spermatogonia,primary spermatocytes,spermatids,sperm count and the serum T level(P＜0.05 orP＜0.01),but dramatic decreases in the apoptosis of testis cells and percentage of morphologically abnormal sperm(P＜0.01).Achyranthes bidentata also significantly elevated the levels of SOD and CAT,and down-regulated the mRNA expressions of MDA,TNF-α and IL-1β(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01),and up-regulated the protein expressions of HK2,PKM2,PFKP,LDHA,REC8 and SCP3,and expressions of the glycolysis key genes Pfk1 and Pgk1(P＜0.05 orP＜0.01).Conclusion:Achyranthes bidentata ameliorates doxorubicin-induced spermatogenic disorder in mice by regulating the glycolytic pathway and reducing oxidative stress and the expressions of inflammatory factors.

Objective:To investigate the role of serotonergic (5-HT) neurons activation in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) in heat-induced seizures and its influence on breathing patterns in Scn1a + /- mice. Methods:24-day-old male Scn1a + /- mice were used for experiments, and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy(SUDEP) model was established through heat induction for 5 consecutive days. (1) Fluoxetine intervention experiment: 20 male mice were randomly divided into model group( n=10) and fluoxetine group ( n=10) according the weight-matched method. The fluoxetine group received intraperitoneal injection of fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) 45 min before heat induction each day for 5 consecutive days, while the model group received equal volume of 0.9% NaCl solution. (2) Chemogenetic activation experiment: 20 male mice were randomly divided into vector control group( n=10) and chemogenetic activation group ( n=10) according the weight-matched method. Empty vector or rAAV-TPH2-hM3d(Gq)-EGFP-WPREs was stereotaxically injected into DRN 14 d prior to seizure induction, and deschloroclozapine (5 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected 30 min before heat induction. Seizure characteristics and survival were assessed through video monitoring, and respiratory parameters were monitored. Immunofluorescence was used to detect colocalization of tryptophan hydroxylase 2(TPH2) and c-Fos in DRN. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 24.0 and GraphPad Prism 9.0. The independent sample t-test or Mann-Whitney test was used for inter-group comparison. Results:(1) In the fluoxetine intervention experiment: the survival rates between the model group and fluoxetine group showed no statistically significant difference ( χ2=2.23, P>0.05). As for the frequency of grade Ⅳ seizures, the model group (1.50(1.25, 2.35)min) demonstrated higher frequency than the fluoxetine group (0.43(0.20, 0.67)min) ( t=-3.40, P<0.05).With respect to respiratory parameters, the model group demonstrated shorter expiratory time ((0.10±0.02) s) and inspiratory time ((0.15±0.02) s) compared to the fluoxetine group ((0.16±0.05) s, (0.19±0.04) s) ( t=-3.47, -3.73, both P<0.01). The respiratory rate in the model group ((269.96±44.84) times/min) was significantly higher compared to the fluoxetine group ((195.04±52.37) times/min) ( t=3.44, P<0.01). The tidal volume in the model group ((0.10±0.02) mL) was significantly lower than the fluoxetine group ((0.13±0.04) mL) ( t=-2.19, P<0.05).The number of TPH2+ /c-Fos+ co-expressing cells in the model group (11.00±4.00) was lower than that in the fluoxetine group (33.00±8.39)( t=-4.16, P<0.05). (2) In the chemogenetic activation experiment: compared to the vehicle group, the chemogenetic activation group demonstrated significantly enhanced survival rates ( χ2=5.83, P<0.05). As for the frequency of grade Ⅴ seizures, the vehicle group (2.11(1.62, 3.44) times/min) showed higher frequency compared to the chemogenetic activation group (0.81(0.00, 1.62) times/min) ( t=18.00, P<0.05). In terms of respiratory parameters, the vehicle group showed shorter expiratory time ((0.10±0.01) s) and inspiratory time ((0.14±0.01) s) compared to the chemogenetic activation group ((0.12±0.01) s, (0.15±0.01) s) ( t=-2.78, -2.50, both P<0.05). The respiratory rate in the vehicle group ((208.37±9.73) times/min) was significantly higher than the chemogenetic activation group ((191.85±8.83) times/min) ( t=3.98, P<0.01). The tidal volume in the vehicle group ((0.09±0.01) mL) was significantly lower than the chemogenetic activation group ((0.12±0.02) mL) ( t=-4.77, P<0.001).The number of TPH2+ /c-Fos+ co-expressing cells in the vehicle group (9.00±3.46) was lower than that in the chemogenetic activation group (43.00±11.02)( t=-5.20, P<0.01). Conclusion:Specific activation of serotonergic neurons in the DRN can ameliorate heat-induced epileptic symptoms, improve respiratory function, and prolong survival time in Scn1a + /- mice.

Aim To investigate the effects of hydroxyl-safflor yellow A(HSYA)on the regenerative and re-pair functions of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells(hUC-MSCs).Methods hUC-MSCs were mechanically isolated,and their morphology was ob-served.Cell surface marker expression was analyzed u-sing flow cytometry.Osteogenic differentiation was used to confirm the multipotency of the cells.The cells were treated with various concentrations of HSYA(0,100,200,400,600 μmol·L-1),and the optimal con-centration and duration of treatment were determined u-sing the CCK-8 assay.Cells were divided into four groups:control,100,200,and 400 μmol·L-1.The proliferative capacity of hUC-MSCs was assessed by EdU incorporation.Vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)and brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BD-NF)levels in the culture supernatant were measured u-sing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.Cell migra-tion ability was evaluated by Scratch assays.The ex-pression levels of VEGF,BDNF,and fibroblast growth factor 2(FGF2)were detected by Western blotting.Results The isolated cells exhibited characteristics consistent with stem cell surface markers and demon-strated osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation poten-tial.After 48 hours of treatment,no cytotoxicity was observed at concentrations of 100,200,and 400 μmol·L-1compared to the control group.HSYA signifi-cantly increased the number of EdU-positive cells and cell migration rate,with the most pronounced effect was achieved at 200 μmol·L-1(P＜0.01).VEGF and BDNF levels in the supernatant were elevated,with the highest expression observed at 200 μmol·L-1(P＜0.01).Similarly,the expression levels of BDNF,VEGF,and FGF2 were significantly upregulated in the HSYA groups,with the highest levels at 200 μmol·L-1(P＜0.01).Conclusion HSYA promotes the proliferation,migration and angiogenesis of hUC-MSCs,with an optimal concentration of 200 μmol·L-1.

Objective:To investigate the role of serotonergic (5-HT) neurons activation in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) in heat-induced seizures and its influence on breathing patterns in Scn1a + /- mice. Methods:24-day-old male Scn1a + /- mice were used for experiments, and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy(SUDEP) model was established through heat induction for 5 consecutive days. (1) Fluoxetine intervention experiment: 20 male mice were randomly divided into model group( n=10) and fluoxetine group ( n=10) according the weight-matched method. The fluoxetine group received intraperitoneal injection of fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) 45 min before heat induction each day for 5 consecutive days, while the model group received equal volume of 0.9% NaCl solution. (2) Chemogenetic activation experiment: 20 male mice were randomly divided into vector control group( n=10) and chemogenetic activation group ( n=10) according the weight-matched method. Empty vector or rAAV-TPH2-hM3d(Gq)-EGFP-WPREs was stereotaxically injected into DRN 14 d prior to seizure induction, and deschloroclozapine (5 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected 30 min before heat induction. Seizure characteristics and survival were assessed through video monitoring, and respiratory parameters were monitored. Immunofluorescence was used to detect colocalization of tryptophan hydroxylase 2(TPH2) and c-Fos in DRN. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 24.0 and GraphPad Prism 9.0. The independent sample t-test or Mann-Whitney test was used for inter-group comparison. Results:(1) In the fluoxetine intervention experiment: the survival rates between the model group and fluoxetine group showed no statistically significant difference ( χ2=2.23, P>0.05). As for the frequency of grade Ⅳ seizures, the model group (1.50(1.25, 2.35)min) demonstrated higher frequency than the fluoxetine group (0.43(0.20, 0.67)min) ( t=-3.40, P<0.05).With respect to respiratory parameters, the model group demonstrated shorter expiratory time ((0.10±0.02) s) and inspiratory time ((0.15±0.02) s) compared to the fluoxetine group ((0.16±0.05) s, (0.19±0.04) s) ( t=-3.47, -3.73, both P<0.01). The respiratory rate in the model group ((269.96±44.84) times/min) was significantly higher compared to the fluoxetine group ((195.04±52.37) times/min) ( t=3.44, P<0.01). The tidal volume in the model group ((0.10±0.02) mL) was significantly lower than the fluoxetine group ((0.13±0.04) mL) ( t=-2.19, P<0.05).The number of TPH2+ /c-Fos+ co-expressing cells in the model group (11.00±4.00) was lower than that in the fluoxetine group (33.00±8.39)( t=-4.16, P<0.05). (2) In the chemogenetic activation experiment: compared to the vehicle group, the chemogenetic activation group demonstrated significantly enhanced survival rates ( χ2=5.83, P<0.05). As for the frequency of grade Ⅴ seizures, the vehicle group (2.11(1.62, 3.44) times/min) showed higher frequency compared to the chemogenetic activation group (0.81(0.00, 1.62) times/min) ( t=18.00, P<0.05). In terms of respiratory parameters, the vehicle group showed shorter expiratory time ((0.10±0.01) s) and inspiratory time ((0.14±0.01) s) compared to the chemogenetic activation group ((0.12±0.01) s, (0.15±0.01) s) ( t=-2.78, -2.50, both P<0.05). The respiratory rate in the vehicle group ((208.37±9.73) times/min) was significantly higher than the chemogenetic activation group ((191.85±8.83) times/min) ( t=3.98, P<0.01). The tidal volume in the vehicle group ((0.09±0.01) mL) was significantly lower than the chemogenetic activation group ((0.12±0.02) mL) ( t=-4.77, P<0.001).The number of TPH2+ /c-Fos+ co-expressing cells in the vehicle group (9.00±3.46) was lower than that in the chemogenetic activation group (43.00±11.02)( t=-5.20, P<0.01). Conclusion:Specific activation of serotonergic neurons in the DRN can ameliorate heat-induced epileptic symptoms, improve respiratory function, and prolong survival time in Scn1a + /- mice.

BACKGROUND:Polyamines play a crucial role in tissue calcification.Spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1(SAT1),as a key rate-limiting enzyme regulating intracellular polyamine metabolism,has been associated with various pathological processes.However,its role in vascular calcification remains unclear.OBJECTIVE:To investigate the role of SAT1 in rat vascular smooth muscle cell calcification.METHODS:(1)Bioinformatics analysis:Differential expression of SAT1 in human carotid atherosclerotic plaques and their surrounding healthy carotid artery tissues were using GEO datasets.PanglaoDB database was used to analyze SAT1 expression abundance and localization across different cell types through single-cell sequencing.(2)Rat vascular smooth muscle cells were divided into three groups:a control group cultured in DMEM medium,a calcification group induced by DMEM medium containing 10 mmol/L β-glycerophosphate sodium and 3 mmol/L calcium chloride,and the 50,100 μmol/L diacetylaminotriazamidine groups treated with the SAT1 inhibitor,diacetylaminotriazamidine,in addition to the calcification medium.After 7-10 days of culture,alizarin red S staining was performed,and cellular calcium content and alkaline phosphatase activity were assessed.Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of Runt-related transcription factor 2,bone morphogenetic protein 2,alpha-smooth muscle actin,and SAT1.Immunofluorescence staining was conducted to examine the expression of Runt-related transcription factor 2 and SAT1.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Bioinformatics analysis revealed significantly upregulated expression of SAT1 and Runt-related transcription factor 2(P<0.05)in carotid atherosclerotic plaques compared with healthy carotid tissues(P<0.05).Single-cell sequencing database analysis confirmed SAT1 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells.(2)Compared with the control group,the calcification group showed significantly increased Runt-related transcription factor 2,bone morphogenetic protein 2,SAT1,calcium content,and alkaline phosphatase activity,while alpha-smooth muscle actin expression was significantly decreased(all P<0.05).Compared with the calcification group,the 50 and 100 μmol/L diacetylaminotriazamidine groups showed significantly decreased Runt-related transcription factor 2,bone morphogenetic protein 2,calcium content,and alkaline phosphatase activity,while alpha-smooth muscle actin expression was significantly increased(all P<0.05).(3)Immunofluorescence experiments demonstrated that compared with the calcification group,the expression intensity of Runt-related transcription factor 2 was significantly reduced in the 50 and 100 μmol/L diacetylaminotriazamidine groups.Overall,SAT1 may promote vascular smooth muscle cell calcification by upregulating Runt-related transcription factor 2 expression.

BACKGROUND:In recent studies,hydrogel loaded with exosomes has attracted wide attention as an emerging therapeutic strategy in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine,and is considered as a promising means for the treatment of nerve regeneration and wound healing.OBJECTIVE:To review the application of hydrogel loaded with exosomes in nerve regeneration and wound healing and to provide reference and guidance for future research and clinical application.METHODS:The first author used a computer in May 2024 to retrieve the relevant literature published from January 2000 to May 2024 on PubMed and CNKI,searching for"exosome,hydrogel,nerve,nerve regeneration,wound,wound healing"in Chinese and English,eventually incorporating 66 papers for analysis.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Hydrogel loaded with exosomes provides a promising path for nerve injury repair by exerting anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation,stimulating axon growth and myelin regeneration.(2)Exosome-loaded hydrogel suppresses the level of inflammation and oxidative stress,accelerates the proliferation and migration of skin cells,collagen expression,and promotes blood vessel formation,significantly accelerates the wound healing process,and improves the healing quality.(3)The role of hydrogel loaded with exosomes in nerve regeneration and wound repair is still limited to cell and animal experiments,and does not involve clinical practice.In the future,more mechanistic studies,safety evaluation,and supplementary related clinical trials are still needed in the future.