ObjectiveTranscranial magneto-acoustic stimulation (TMAS) is an emerging non-invasive neuromodulation technique that may provide a novel non-pharmacological intervention strategy for Parkinson's disease (PD). PD is characterized by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), leading to motor impairments such as bradykinesia, tremor, and rigidity. Increasing evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired mitochondrial quality control are central mechanisms underlying dopaminergic neuronal loss. In particular, abnormalities in mitophagy and mitochondrial fission-fusion balance contribute substantially to oxidative stress, energy metabolic failure, and neuronal injury. At present, most clinical treatments for PD mainly alleviate symptoms but do not effectively halt disease progression. Therefore, exploring new interventions targeting the core pathological mechanisms is of considerable significance. This study aims to investigate whether TMAS can improve neural damage and motor dysfunction in PD mice by regulating mitophagy and the fission/fusion dynamic balance, thereby providing theoretical and experimental support for its application in PD treatment. MethodsMale C57BL/6 mice were used in this study. A PD model was established by intraperitoneal injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) for 7 consecutive days. After model induction, mice in the intervention group received TMAS once daily for 14 consecutive days, whereas the corresponding control group received sham stimulation. The stimulation target was positioned over the primary motor cortex (M1). Motor performance was evaluated using the pole test and the open-field test. To verify the activation effect of TMAS on the target cortical region, c-Fos immunohistochemistry was performed in the M1. To assess nigral dopaminergic neuronal injury, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry was used to quantify TH-positive neurons in the SNc. Mitochondrial function was evaluated by measuring reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content in the SNc. Western blot was further performed to determine the expression of mitophagy-related proteins, including PINK1, Parkin, LC3-II, and p62, as well as mitochondrial dynamics-related proteins, including Drp1 and Opa1. ResultsTMAS significantly increased the number of c-Fos-positive cells in M1 (P<0.000 1), indicating effective activation of neurons in the targeted cortical region. Compared with the control group, MPTP-treated mice exhibited marked motor dysfunction, including a significant reduction in total distance traveled in the open-field test (P<0.000 1) and mean speed (P=0.000 1), as well as significant prolongation of turn time and total climbing time in the pole test (P<0.000 1). These behavioral impairments were accompanied by a substantial loss of TH-positive dopaminergic neurons in the SNc, whereas TMAS significantly increased TH-positive neuron survival (P<0.000 1). In parallel, MPTP induced a pronounced increase in ROS levels and a significant reduction in ATP content, indicating severe mitochondrial dysfunction and energy metabolism impairment (P<0.01). TMAS treatment significantly improved motor performance, as reflected by the reversal of MPTP-induced impairment in the open-field and pole tests, and significantly reduced ROS accumulation (P<0.01) while restoring ATP production (P<0.001). At the molecular level, MPTP markedly downregulated PINK1 and Parkin, decreased p62 expression, increased LC3-II accumulation, elevated Drp1 expression, and reduced Opa1 expression, whereas TMAS significantly reversed these abnormalities, suggesting restoration of mitophagy-related mitochondrial quality control and re-establishment of mitochondrial fission-fusion balance. Collectively, these findings indicate that TMAS ameliorates MPTP-induced neurotoxicity and restores mitochondrial homeostasis and energy metabolism. ConclusionTMAS effectively attenuates neural damage and improves motor dysfunction in MPTP-induced PD mice. Its neuroprotective effects are closely associated with multidimensional regulation of the mitochondrial quality control system, including restoration of PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy and rebalancing of Drp1/Opa1-related mitochondrial dynamics. Rather than acting only as a symptomatic neuromodulatory intervention, TMAS may influence a key pathological axis of PD by improving mitochondrial homeostasis in SNc and protecting nigral dopaminergic neurons. These findings provide experimental evidence supporting TMAS as a promising non-invasive physical intervention for PD.

ObjectiveTranscranial magneto-acoustic stimulation (TMAS) is an emerging non-invasive neuromodulation technique that may provide a novel non-pharmacological intervention strategy for Parkinson's disease (PD). PD is characterized by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), leading to motor impairments such as bradykinesia, tremor, and rigidity. Increasing evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired mitochondrial quality control are central mechanisms underlying dopaminergic neuronal loss. In particular, abnormalities in mitophagy and mitochondrial fission-fusion balance contribute substantially to oxidative stress, energy metabolic failure, and neuronal injury. At present, most clinical treatments for PD mainly alleviate symptoms but do not effectively halt disease progression. Therefore, exploring new interventions targeting the core pathological mechanisms is of considerable significance. This study aims to investigate whether TMAS can improve neural damage and motor dysfunction in PD mice by regulating mitophagy and the fission/fusion dynamic balance, thereby providing theoretical and experimental support for its application in PD treatment. MethodsMale C57BL/6 mice were used in this study. A PD model was established by intraperitoneal injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) for 7 consecutive days. After model induction, mice in the intervention group received TMAS once daily for 14 consecutive days, whereas the corresponding control group received sham stimulation. The stimulation target was positioned over the primary motor cortex (M1). Motor performance was evaluated using the pole test and the open-field test. To verify the activation effect of TMAS on the target cortical region, c-Fos immunohistochemistry was performed in the M1. To assess nigral dopaminergic neuronal injury, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry was used to quantify TH-positive neurons in the SNc. Mitochondrial function was evaluated by measuring reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content in the SNc. Western blot was further performed to determine the expression of mitophagy-related proteins, including PINK1, Parkin, LC3-II, and p62, as well as mitochondrial dynamics-related proteins, including Drp1 and Opa1. ResultsTMAS significantly increased the number of c-Fos-positive cells in M1 (P<0.000 1), indicating effective activation of neurons in the targeted cortical region. Compared with the control group, MPTP-treated mice exhibited marked motor dysfunction, including a significant reduction in total distance traveled in the open-field test (P<0.000 1) and mean speed (P=0.000 1), as well as significant prolongation of turn time and total climbing time in the pole test (P<0.000 1). These behavioral impairments were accompanied by a substantial loss of TH-positive dopaminergic neurons in the SNc, whereas TMAS significantly increased TH-positive neuron survival (P<0.000 1). In parallel, MPTP induced a pronounced increase in ROS levels and a significant reduction in ATP content, indicating severe mitochondrial dysfunction and energy metabolism impairment (P<0.01). TMAS treatment significantly improved motor performance, as reflected by the reversal of MPTP-induced impairment in the open-field and pole tests, and significantly reduced ROS accumulation (P<0.01) while restoring ATP production (P<0.001). At the molecular level, MPTP markedly downregulated PINK1 and Parkin, decreased p62 expression, increased LC3-II accumulation, elevated Drp1 expression, and reduced Opa1 expression, whereas TMAS significantly reversed these abnormalities, suggesting restoration of mitophagy-related mitochondrial quality control and re-establishment of mitochondrial fission-fusion balance. Collectively, these findings indicate that TMAS ameliorates MPTP-induced neurotoxicity and restores mitochondrial homeostasis and energy metabolism. ConclusionTMAS effectively attenuates neural damage and improves motor dysfunction in MPTP-induced PD mice. Its neuroprotective effects are closely associated with multidimensional regulation of the mitochondrial quality control system, including restoration of PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy and rebalancing of Drp1/Opa1-related mitochondrial dynamics. Rather than acting only as a symptomatic neuromodulatory intervention, TMAS may influence a key pathological axis of PD by improving mitochondrial homeostasis in SNc and protecting nigral dopaminergic neurons. These findings provide experimental evidence supporting TMAS as a promising non-invasive physical intervention for PD.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify high-risk areas for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mortality to provide relevant evidence for interventions in emerging economies. METHODS: Empirical Bayesian Kriging and a discrete Poisson space-time scan statistic were applied to identify the spatiotemporal clusters of T2DM mortality. The relationships between economic factors, air pollutants, and the mortality risk of T2DM were assessed using regression analysis and the Poisson Log-linear Model. RESULTS: A coastal district in East Guangdong, China, had the highest risk (Relative Risk [RR] = 4.58, P < 0.01), followed by the 10 coastal districts/counties in West Guangdong, China (RR = 2.88, P < 0.01). The coastal county in the Pearl River Delta, China (RR = 2.24, P < 0.01), had the third-highest risk. The remaining risk areas were two coastal counties in East Guangdong, 16 districts/counties in the Pearl River Delta, and two counties in North Guangdong, China. Mortality due to T2DM was associated with gross domestic product per capita (GDP per capita). In pilot assessments, T2DM mortality was significantly associated with carbon monoxide. CONCLUSION High mortality from T2DM occurred in the coastal areas of East and West Guangdong, especially where the economy was progressing towards the upper middle-income level.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology* ; China/epidemiology* ; Humans ; Risk Factors ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; Air Pollutants/analysis* ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Bayes Theorem ; Female ; Male ; Middle Aged

ObjectiveTo investigate the application of the novel inflammatory factor adsorption column CA280 combined with low-dose plasma exchange （LPE） in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure （ACLF）. MethodsA prospective cohort study was designed， and a total of 93 ACLF patients who were admitted to The Ninth Hospital of Nanchang from June 2023 to January 2025 were enrolled and randomly divided into DPMAS+LPE group with 50 patients and CA280+LPE group with 43 patients. In addition to comprehensive medical treatment， the patients in the DPMAS+LPE group received DPMAS and LPE treatment， and those in the CA280+LPE group received CA280 and LPE treatment. The two groups were observed in terms of routine blood test results， liver function parameters， renal function markers， electrolytes， coagulation function parameters， cytokines， adverse events， and 28-day prognosis before surgery （baseline）， during surgery （DPMAS or CA280）， and after surgery （after sequential LPE treatment）. The paired t-test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data before and after treatment within each group， and the independent-samples t test was used for comparison between groups； the Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for comparison of non-normally distributed continuous data before and after treatment within each group， and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison between groups. The chi-square test or the Fisher’s exact test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups， and the Spearman test was used for correlation analysis. ResultsAfter CA280 treatment， the ACLF patients had significant reductions in the levels of cytokines （IL-6， IL-8， IL-10， TNF-α， and IFN-γ）， liver function parameters （ALT， AST， ALP， TBil， DBil， Alb， and glutathione reductase）， and the renal function marker urea nitrogen （all P<0.05）， and in terms of coagulation function parameters， there were significant increases in prothrombin time， activated partial thromboplastin time （APTT）， thrombin time， and international normalized ratio （INR） and significant reductions in prothrombin activity （PTA） and fibrinogen （FIB） （all P<0.05）. Compared with the DPMAS+LPE group， the CA280+LPE group showed better improvements in the serum cytokines IL-8 （Z=-2.63， P=0.009）， IL-10 （Z=-3.94， P<0.001）， and TNF-α （Z=-1.53， P=0.023）， and the two artificial liver support systems had a similar effect in improving liver function （ALT， AST， GGT， GR， TBil， and DBil） （all P >0.05）， but the CA280+LPE group showed a significantly greater reduction in Alb （Z=-2.08， P=0.037）. CA280+LPE was more effective in reducing uric acid （Z=-2.97， P=0.003）. Compared with DPMAS+LPE， CA280+LPE treatment resulted in a significant reduction in INR （Z=-4.01， P<0.001）， a significant increase in APTT （Z=-2.53， P=0.011）， and significant greater increases in PTA （Z=-6.28， P<0.001） and FIB （Z=-3.93， P<0.001）. There were no significant differences in the incidence rates of adverse reactions and the rate of improvement at discharge between the two groups （all P>0.05）. The Spearman correlation analysis showed that IL-6 was significantly correlated with WBC （r=0.22， P=0.042）， TBil （r=0.29， P=0.005）， and FIB （r=-0.33， P=0.003）； IL-8 was positively correlated with APTT （r=0.37， P<0.001） and INR （r=0.25， P=0.013）； TNF-α was significantly correlated with WBC （r=0.40， P<0.001） and TBil （r=0.34， P<0.001）. ConclusionCompared with DPMAS， CA280 combined with LPE can effectively clear proinflammatory cytokines and improve liver function in ACLF patients， but it has a certain impact on Alb and coagulation function. This regimen provides a new option for the individualized treatment of ACLF and can improve the short-term prognosis of patients， but further studies are needed to verify its long-term efficacy.

Objective:This study aims to analyze the gamma band effective connectivity characteristics of the prefrontal-striatal circuitry in bipolar disorder patients with and without a history of manic episodes, as well as in major depressive disorder patients, during the recognition of positive emotional faces, this study aims to identify unique neurophysiological features that may aid in the early detection of bipolar disorder.Methods:This retrospective study collected clinical data and magnetoencephalography (MEG) imaging data from patients performing a positive emotional face recognition task at the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from May 2009 to December 2019. The study included 75 patients with major depressive disorder and 29 patients with bipolar disorder in a depressive episode (rBD group). Concurrently, 39 age-and gender-matched healthy controls (HC group) were recruited. After a follow-up period of at least 5 years, 23 out of the 75 patients with major depressive disorder converted to bipolar disorder (ctBD group), while the remaining 52 who did not convert maintained a diagnosis of major depressive disorder.Results:There were statistically significant differences in gamma-band effective connectivity in the prefrontal-striatal circuit when recognizing positive emotional faces among the converted to bipolar disorder (ctBD), raw bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and HC groups ( H=9.04, 10.30, 8.30, 13.43, 14.38, 12.62, 9.82, 8.94, 24.62, 7.89, 18.53, 9.97, 9.58, 12.79, P<0.05). The ctBD group, rBD group, and major depressive group all showed reduction in effective connectivity from the right orbital inferior frontal gyrus (ORBinf.R) to the left orbital inferior frontal gyrus (ORBinf.L) [ Z=-1.98, -3.38, -2.88], from the right orbital inferior frontal gyrus to the right ventral striatum (VS.R) ( Z=-2.05, -2.76, -2.11; P<0.05) and from the left ventral striatum (VS.L) to the left orbital middle frontal gyrus (ORBmid.L) ( Z=-2.76, -1.98, -2.43; P<0.05). Among the disease groups, the ctBD group showed significantly enhanced effective connectivity strength compared to the major depressive group from the right amygdala (AMYG.R) to the left orbital inferior frontal gyrus(0.04(0.03, 0.08)), from the right amygdala to the left ventral striatum(0.05(0.03, 0.09)), and from the right ventral striatum to the right anterior cingulate and paracingulate gyri (ACG.R) (0.04(0.02, 0.08)) ( Z=4.17, 3.70, 3.35; P<0.001).The ctBD group also exhibited enhanced effective connectivity compared to the rBD group from ORBinf.R to the ACG.R, fron the AMYG.R to the ORBinf.L, from the AMYG.R to the VS.L, and from the VS.R to the ACG.R ( Z=2.05, 4.61, 3.60, 3.04; P<0.05).The rBD group demonstrated reduced effective connectivity compared to the major depressive disorder group from the right orbital middle frontal gyrus(ORBmid.R) to the left anterior cingulate and paracingulate gyri (ACG.L), ORBinf.R to the ACG.R and from the ORBinf.R to the AMYG.R ( Z=-2.12, -2.40, -2.22; P<0.05). Conclusion:There are significant differences in the gamma-band effective connectivity characteristics of the prefrontal-striatal pathway when recognizing positive emotional faces between patients with bipolar disorder in depressive episodes and those with depression, as well as differences between bipolar depressed patients with and without a history of manic episodes.

Objective:This study aims to explore the independent and interactive effects of childhood trauma (CT) and major depressive disorder (MDD) on amygdala subregion volumes and to examine whether volumetric changes in these subregions mediate the relationship between CT and depressive severity.Methods:A total of 129 MDD patients and 127 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were recruited from Nanjing Brain Hospital between October 2022 and November 2024. All participants underwent 3D-T 1 weighted MRI scans,and amygdala subregions were segmented using the FreeSurfer software. Depressive and anxiety symptoms were assessed with the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD 17) and the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA),respectively. Childhood trauma exposure was evaluated via the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Generalized linear models (GLM) were applied to analyze the main and interactive effects of MDD diagnosis (depression/healthy controls) and CT (presence/absence),adjusting for age,estimated intracranial volume,sex,medication history,and education years. Partial correlation and mediation analyses were conducted to explore associations between amygdala subregion volumes and clinical measures in MDD patients. Results:MDD diagnosis was independently associated with increased volumes in the right central nucleus ( Wald χ2=9.09, P=0.026) and medial nucleus ( Wald χ2=10.08, P=0.026). CT exposure was independently associated with reduced volumes in the right central nucleus ( Wald χ2=7.99, P=0.047) and medial nucleus ( Wald χ2=9.20, P=0.047). No significant interaction effects between MDD and CT were observed in any amygdala subregion. Mediation analysis revealed that reduced right medial nucleus volume partially mediated the relationship between total CTQ scores and depressive severity (proportion mediated: 26.69%,95% CI=0.002-0.060) and mediated the association between emotional neglect and depressive severity (proportion mediated: 26.75%,95% CI=0.006-0.150). Such mediating effects were not found for the right central nucleus. Conclusion:CT and MDD exhibit divergent patterns of influence on amygdala subregions. CT is linked to volumetric reductions,whereas MDD is associated with volumetric enlargement. Reduced volume of the right medial nucleus mediates the relationship between CT and depression severity.

Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction disease caused by a dysregulated host response to infection.It has com-plex pathophysiological changes,and in severe cases,it can rap-idly develop into septic shock and multiple organ dysfunction or multiple organ failure.At present,the pathological mechanism of sepsis and its induced organ dysfunction is complex and the in-fluencing factors are numerous.So far,there is still a lack of specific and effective treatment strategies.RNA modify-N6-methyladenosine(m6 A)is one of the most common post-tran-scriptional modifications on eukaryotic RNAs.It is involved in the regulation of the occurrence and development of a variety of inflammatory diseases,including sepsis,and even multiple organ dysfunction induced by sepsis by affecting the metabolism of RNAs.It includes cardiac dysfunction,acute lung injury(ALI)and acute kidney injury(AKI).Therefore,this article will dis-cuss the effect of m6A modification on the function of immune cells,and its important role in sepsis and its induced multiple or-gan dysfunction diseases by regulating inflammatory signals,py-roptosis,mitochondrial damage and ferroptosis.This will provide new therapeutic targets and strategies for the clinical prevention and treatment of sepsis and its induced multiple organ dysfunc-tion diseases.

AIM To explore the relieving effect of Er Miao Wan on atopic dermatitis in mice.METHODS In vivo experiment:BALB/c mice were randomly divided into normal group,model group,dexamethasone group(2 mg/kg)and high,medium and low dose groups of Er Miao Wan(4.68,2.34 and 1.17 g/kg).The mouse model of atopic dermatitis was established by repeatedly smearing DNCB solution,and the model was given orally for 21 days.The skin lesion condition on the back of mice,ear swelling degree,and the weight difference between ear lobes were observed and recorded.HE staining was used to observe the histopathological changes in the skin lesion tissues of mice.Toluidine blue(TB)staining was used to observe the infiltration of mast cells in skin lesions.The expression of macrophage marker F4/80 in skin lesions was detected by IHC.The serum levels of TSLP,IL-4,IL-5 and total IgE were detected by ELISA.In vitro experiment:RAW264.7 cells in logarithmic growth period were given 400,200 and 100 μg/mL Er Miao Wan for intervention.Cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8 method.NO level in cell supernatant was detected by Griess method.TNF-α,IL-1 β and IL-6 levels in cell supernatant were detected by ELISA method.The expressions of proteins related to the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway in cells was detected by Western blot.RESULTS In vivo experiment:Compared with the model group,the scores of back skin lesions,the swelling degree of right ear and the weight difference between left and right ear pieces in the high-dose group of Er Miao Wan decreased(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),the thickness of skin lesions decreased,the infiltration of mast cells and macrophages decreased(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),and the inflammatory factors TSLP,IL-4,IL-5 and total IgE levels in serum decreased(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),and the expression of F4/80 in the skin lesions decreased(P＜0.01).In vitro experiment:Compared with the model group,the levels of NO,TNF-α,IL-1 β and IL-6 in Er Miao Wan 400 and 200 μg/mL groups decreased(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),and the phosphorylation levels of P38,JNK and P65 proteins decreased(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).CONCLUSION Er Miao Wan can alleviate skin lesion inflammation in DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis mice,and its mechanism may be related to inhibiting the activation of MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway of macrophage,reducing macrophage infiltration and reducing Th2 cytokines.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of infections in hemodialysis patients so as to provide bases for prevention and control of the infections in the hemodialysis patients.METHODS The patients who underwent maintenance hemodialysis in blood purification rooms of the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University in the first two working days each month from 2018 to 2022 were recruited as the research subjects.The incidence of hemodialysis-related events among the hemodialysis patients,including intravenous use of antibiotics,positive blood culture,exacerbation of pus,redness or swellings emerging at vascular access sites,were prospectively investigated.RESULTS A total of 386 case-times of hemodialysis-related events were moni-tored in 2018-2022,including 20 case-times of bloodstream infections,354 case-times of intravenous use of antibi-otics and 12 case-times of exacerbation of pus,redness or swellings emerging at vascular access sites.The inci-dence of hemodialysis-induced events was 4.19 per 100 patients each month,the average incidence rate of blood-stream infections was 0.22 per 100 patients each month.The patients with tunneled central venous catheter were 40.69 times the risk of bloodstream infections as the patients with intestinal fistula(95％CI:9.725～361.703,P＜0.001).The incidence of bloodstream infections was decreased by 53.85％among the hemodialysis patients in 2022 as compared with that in 2018.Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant species of pathogens causing the bloodstream infections.CONCLUSIONS The hemodialysis patients are the population at high risk of infections.The incidence of bloodstream infections and other infections is higher among the patients with tunneled central venous catheters than among the patients with other types of vascular accesses.The monitoring of hemodi-alysis-related infection events may reduce the incidence of bloodstream infections.

Objective:To investigate the impact of fibroblast growth factor(FGF)on recurrence following segmen-tal mastectomy in patients with plasma cell mastitis.Methods:A total of 162 female patients diagnosed with plasma cell mastitis(PCM)were selected from our hospital from October 2021 to May 2023.All patients underwent segmental mastectomy.They were divided into recurrence group(n=28)and non-recurrence group(n=134)according to the follow-up survey on recurrence.Conduct a univariate analysis on the factors influencing recurrence in patients with PCM who undergo segmental mastectomy.After correcting for confounding factors,conduct a multiple linear regression analysis.Using a multivariate logistic regression model to explore the independent risk factors for recurrence in patients undergo-ing segmental mastectomy for PCM.Utilizing logistic regression analysis to explore the independent,multiplicative,or additive interaction between FGF and angiogenic factor in the management of recurrence in PCM patients undergoing segmental mastectomy.The Local Weighted Regression Scatter Method(LOWESS)is used to analyze the two-dimensional curve relationship of continuous variables.Evaluate the predictive efficacy of FGF for PCM recurrence fol-lowing segmental mastectomy using Receiver Operating Characteristic(ROC)curves.Results:The results of univariate analysis showed that the body mass index(BMI),estradiol,prolactin levels,nipple depression,and sinus phase propor-tion of patients in the recurrent group were significantly higher than those in the non recurrent group,and the differ-ences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).Before surgery and 1 and 3 months after surgery,the levels of FGF,vascu-lar endothelial growth factor(VEGF),endostatin(ES),and VEGF/ES in the recurrent group were higher than those in the non recurrent group,with statistically significant differences between the groups(P＜0.05).The intra group comparison results showed that compared with before surgery,all indicators in both groups of patients were significantly reduced at 1 month after surgery(P＜0.05),while in the recurrent group,all indicators were significantly increased at 3 months after surgery(P＜0.001).Logistic regression analysis showed that patients with elevated FGF had a higher risk of recurrence in PCM(P＜0.05).LOWESS analysis found that there is a certain non-linear relationship between PCM recurrence rate and FGF.FGF has good predictive performance for PCM recurrence.After further adjusting for various confounding fac-tors such as BMI,it was found that the angiogenic factor is related to FGF.The interaction results show that there is an additive or multiplicative interaction between FGF and VEGF/ES.Conclusion:FGF elevation increases the risk of re-currence after segmental mastectomy for PCM.FGF and VEGF/ES exhibit additive or multiplicative interactions.FGF has good predictive performance for PCM recurrence.