Plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles (PELNs), characterized by a natural lipid bilayer membrane, have rapidly emerged as a prominent research frontier in medicine owing to their unique biological properties and robust therapeutic potential. This review comprehensively examines the biological profiles, mechanistic functions, and recent engineering advancements of PELNs. In terms of composition, PELNs are uniquely enriched in plant-specific glycolipids, phosphatidylserine, secondary metabolites, and highly stable 2'-O-methylated miRNAs. This distinct molecular makeup endows them with exceptional biocompatibility, negligible immunogenicity, and the capacity for cross-species molecular communication. Mechanistically, PELNs demonstrate profound anti-inflammatory efficacy by suppressing the NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome pathways. They also serve as potent immune modulators, driving macrophage M1/M2 polarization and regulating T cell activity. Additionally, PELNs exhibit promising antitumor capabilities, targeting malignancies via reactive oxygen species (ROS) induction, TRAIL pathway activation, and tumor microenvironment remodeling. Crucially, the plant miRNAs encapsulated within PELNs remain highly stable in the gastrointestinal tract, allowing them to selectively alter gene expression in specific gut microbiota communities. This interaction deeply influences host immunity and metabolism, highlighting the vital role in cross-species regulation. Advancements in bioengineering have further expanded the clinical utility of PELNs. Targeted delivery efficiency can be significantly amplified via surface functionalization (e.g., folate and RGD sequences) and state-of-the-art drug loading technologies such as sonication and electroporation. Consequently, engineered PELNs surpass traditional synthetic nanocarriers in penetrating natural physiological barriers, particularly for oral and transdermal drug administration. Despite these advantages, clinical translation is currently hindered by the lack of standardized isolation protocols, challenges in scalable manufacturing, and the need for robust quality control frameworks. Looking forward, the integration of multi-omics approaches and AI-driven “molecular fingerprinting”—coupled with the design of synthetic biomimetic vesicles—will be instrumental in overcoming these bottlenecks, ultimately establishing PELNs as a next-generation platform for precision medicine and targeted nanotherapeutic delivery.

The prevalence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is higher among individuals with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) than in the general population. Emerging evidence indicates that the development of MASLD in patients with IBD may occur independently of traditional metabolic risk factors, suggesting a unique pathophysiological mechanism distinct from conventional MASLD pathways. Bile acids (BAs), which act as critical signaling molecules in enterohepatic circulation, play an essential role in maintaining gastrointestinal homeostasis through bidirectional gut–liver axis communication. These molecules are increasingly recognized as pivotal regulators in the progression of both MASLD and IBD. While previous studies have characterized the dynamics of BA in blood or fecal samples under both conditions, a comprehensive understanding of their metabolic profiles and the associated interactions within the gut–liver axis is still lacking. This review synthesizes current evidence from studies employing BA metabolomics to investigate IBD and MASLD. By focusing on BA signatures, we summarize conserved alterations between these two conditions and their potential mechanisms of disease progression. Our review advances understanding of BA-mediated pathways in IBD and MASLD, providing a foundation for assessing their roles in contributing to the pathogenesis of MASLD in patients with IBD.

ObjectiveTreadmill exercise intervention was evaluated for its effects on addictive behavior, learning and memory, and hippocampal neuroinflammation in methamphetamine (MA)-addicted mice, and transcriptomic screening was performed to identify candidate molecules involved in exercise-mediated attenuation of MA-related neuronal injury. MethodsTwo-month-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to four groups: control (C), exercise control (CE), methamphetamine (M), and methamphetamine plus exercise (ME). Mice in the M and ME groups received intraperitoneal injections of MA (1 mg/kg) once daily for 7 consecutive days to establish the addiction model, whereas mice in the C and CE groups received equal volumes of saline. Subsequently, mice in the CE and ME groups underwent treadmill exercise at 12 m/min for 60 min/d for 2 weeks. Conditioned place preference (CPP), the Y-maze, and the Morris water maze (MWM) were used to assess addictive behavior, spatial recognition memory, and spatial learning and memory, respectively. Hippocampal neuronal ultrastructure was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and microglia-related responses were evaluated by immunofluorescence staining for ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1) in the hippocampal CA1 region. Previously generated and publicly available RNA-seq data from brain tissue of the C, M, and ME groups were reanalyzed, with three biological samples per group. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were re-screened using the criteria of P<0.05 and fold change>1.5 or <0.67, followed by gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses. NLR family CARD domain containing 5 (Nlrc5) was further validated by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and Western blot was used to determine the protein expression of NLRC5, nuclear factor kappa B (NF‑κB), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95), and synaptophysin. ResultsTreadmill exercise significantly attenuated MA-induced conditioned place preference and improved learning and memory performance in both the Y-maze and MWM tests. Exercise increased exploration time and distance in the novel arm of the Y-maze, shortened escape latency, and increased the number of platform crossings in the MWM. Average swimming speed during the probe trial did not differ significantly among groups, suggesting that the MWM differences were not attributable to obvious differences in swimming performance. TEM revealed that MA exposure induced mitochondrial swelling, disrupted cristae, reduced organelle abundance, and nuclear envelope abnormalities in hippocampal neurons, whereas these ultrastructural changes were alleviated after exercise. Immunofluorescence staining showed that MA increased Iba-1 fluorescence intensity in the hippocampal CA1 region, while treadmill exercise significantly reduced this change. Transcriptomic analysis identified 160 DEGs associated with MA exposure and 58 DEGs associated with exercise intervention, with 9 overlapping DEGs. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that MA-related DEGs were enriched in the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway. Among the overlapping DEGs, Nlrc5, which was downregulated after MA exposure and restored following exercise intervention, was selected as a candidate gene for further validation. RT-qPCR confirmed that treadmill exercise reversed the MA-induced decrease in Nlrc5 mRNA expression. Western blot analysis further showed that treadmill exercise increased NLRC5, PSD-95, and synaptophysin protein expression while reducing NF-κB and IL-1β expression. ConclusionTwo weeks of treadmill exercise attenuated MA-induced conditioned place preference and ameliorated learning and memory impairment, alleviated hippocampal neuroinflammation and neuronal ultrastructural damage, and restored the expression of synapse-related proteins. Transcriptomic screening combined with molecular validation demonstrated that exercise intervention was accompanied by restoration of NLRC5 expression, reduced NF‑κB and IL-1β expression, and increased PSD-95 and synaptophysin expression. These findings suggest that NLRC5 may represent a candidate molecule involved in exercise-mediated amelioration of MA-related neuronal injury. However, the present results mainly demonstrate coordinated changes in NLRC5 expression, inflammatory indicators, and cognitive outcomes rather than a direct causal relationship, and the specific role of NLRC5 requires further functional validation.

Objective:This study aimed to analyze the expression of B-cell maturation antigen (CD269) on myeloma cells in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) and evaluate its prognostic value.Methods:The retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 154 NDMM patients admitted to the outpatient clinics and wards of Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University from October 23, 2018 to December 25, 2023, including 90 males and 64 females, aged 60(55,66) years old. CD269 phenotype was analyzed using flow cytometry (FCM). Specifically, patients were divided into CD269 positive group (expression>20%, n=103) and CD269 negative group (expression≤20%, n=51) based on the flow cytometry prior to treatment. Initially, we assessed the effect of CD269 expression on progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with NDMM and compared the two groups. Through a cross-sectional analysis, we examined the basic clinical characteristics, 32 laboratory indicators, and 5 cytogenetic indicators. We identified differences between the two groups and analyzed the impact of various indicators on the PFS of patients in both the CD269 positive and negative groups. Furthermore, we employed the Cox proportional hazards regression model to evaluate the influence of CD269 expression and other disease-related indicators on patients′ PFS. Results:Among 154 NDMM patients, 103 were identified as CD269 positive (66.9%), while 51 were CD269 negative (33.1%). No statistically significant differences in clinical indicators were observed between the two groups. The PFS for CD269 positive group was significantly lower than it in the CD269 negative group [28.0(18.0,41.0) months vs 35.0 (27.0, -) months, HR=2.012, 95% CI 1.059-3.824, χ 2=4.554, P=0.033]. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis indicated that CD269 positivity and non-IgG subtypes were independent risk factors influencing PFS in NDMM patients( HR=2.395,95% CI 1.152-4.979, P=0.019; HR=0.425,95% CI 0.223-0.810, P=0.009). In the CD269 positive group, progression-free survival (PFS) was significantly shortened in patients with>65 years, non-IgG subtypes, International Staging System (ISS) stage Ⅲ, β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) levels≥5.5 mg/L, abnormal t(11;14) or ≥3 cytogenetic abnormalities. Conclusion:CD269 positivity serves as an independent risk factor influencing PFS in NDMM patients. Among the factors examined, older age, non-IgG subtype, ISS stage Ⅲ, elevated serum β2-MG, the presence of an abnormal t(11;14) translocation and≥3cytogenetic abnormalities, significantly impact the PFS of CD269 positive patients.

AIM To investigate the promotional effects of esculin combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BM-MSCs)transplantation on the repair of spinal cord injury(SCI)in rats.METHODS The rats were randomly divided into the sham operation group,the model group,the esculin group for gavage of 20 mg/kg esculin,the BM-MSCs group for tail vein injection of 1 mL of 1×106/mL BM-MSCs,and the combinaiton treatment group.The SCI rat model was established using Allen's method,followed by the 14 days consecutive corresponding drug administration starting from the 2nd day after modeling.On days 3,7 and 14 of drug administration,the rats had their hind limbs motor function evaluated by the BBB scoring;and their footprint experiment conducted on the 14th day after modeling.After 14 days of administration,the rats had their morphological changes of spinal cord tissue observed with HE staining and Nissl staining;their activities of SOD and GSH,and level of MDA in spinal cord tissue detected by kits;their expressions of MAP2,GAP43 and GFAP in spinal cord tissue detected by immunofluorescence;and their expressions of NQO-1,Nrf-2,Bcl-2 and Bax proteins in spinal cord tissue detected by Western blot.RESULTS Compared with the model group,the groups interved with esculin,or BM-MSCs,or the combination treatment showed improvements in hind limb function and spinal cord tissue morphology(P＜0.05);decreased MDA levels(P＜0.05);increased SOD and GSH activities(P＜0.05);increased MAP2 and GAP43 fluorescence intensity(P＜0.05);decreased GFAP fluorescence intensity(P＜0.05);increased NQO-1,Nrf-2 and Bcl-2 protein expressions(P＜0.05);and decreased Bax protein expression(P＜0.05).And the combination treatment group was observed with an even better effects(P＜0.05).CONCLUSION The combination of esculin and BM-MSCs transplantation can effectively improve the spinal cord tissue damage and hind limb function in SCI rats.This effect may be achieved by activating the Nrf-2/NQO-1 signaling pathway to inhibit oxidative stress response,thereby reducing neuronal apoptosis,blocking glial scar formation,and promoting stem cell differentiation to rebuild neurons.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate possible serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] cutoffs for the associations between 25(OH)D and Bone turnover markers (BTMs), and how GC gene variation influences such cutoffs in Chinese women of childbearing age. METHODS: In total, 1,505 non-pregnant or non-lactating women (18-45 years) were recruited from the 2015 Chinese Adult Chronic Disease and Nutrition Surveillance. Serum 25(OH)D, osteocalcin (OC), procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP), β-CrossLaps of type 1 collagen containing cross-linked C-telopeptide (β-CTX), and single nucleotide polymorphisms were determined. Locally weighted regression and smoothing scatterplot and segmented regression were performed to estimate the 25(OH)D thresholds. RESULTS: The median serum 25(OH)D was 16.63 (11.96-22.55) ng/mL and the prevalence of low serum 25(OH)D (< 12 ng/mL) was 25.2%. Women with the lowest 25(OH)D had the highest β-CTX. After adjustment for the confounders, 25(OH)D cutoffs for OC [14.04 (12.84-15.23) ng/mL], β-CTX [13.94 (12.49-15.39) ng/mL], and P1NP [13.87 (12.37-15.37) ng/mL] in the whole population, cutoffs for OC [12.30 (10.68-13.91) ng/mL], β-CTX [12.23 (10.22-14.23) ng/mL], and P1NP [11.85 (10.40-13.31) ng/mL] in women with the GC rs2282679 G allele, and cutoffs for OC [12.75 (11.81-13.68) ng/mL], β-CTX [13.05 (11.78-14.32) ng/mL], and P1NP [12.81 (11.57-14.06) ng/mL] in women with the GC rs2282679 T allele, were observed. Below these cutoffs, BTMs were negatively associated with 25(OH)D, while above these cutoffs, BTMs plateaued. CONCLUSION In Chinese women of childbearing age, there were thresholds effect of serum 25(OH)D concentrations on BTMs. The results indicated that serum 25(OH)D concentrations < 13.87 ng/mL in this population had adverse influences on maintaining bone remodeling. BTMs were suppressed at a relatively lower serum 25(OH)D in women with the GC rs2282679 G allele compared with those with the T allele.
Humans ; Female ; Vitamin D/blood* ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Adolescent ; Young Adult ; China ; Biomarkers/blood* ; Bone Remodeling/genetics* ; Vitamin D-Binding Protein/genetics* ; Procollagen/blood* ; Osteocalcin/blood* ; Peptide Fragments/blood* ; East Asian People

The aim of this study was to understand the internal genetic diversity and population history dynamics of ticks in Inner Mongolia,to provide data for designing effective vector control programs and revealing ticks'transmission mechanisms.From 2022 to 2023,the manual collection method was used to collect samples in Inner Mongolia.The 16S rDNA and COI gene sequences of ticks were used to identify Hyalomma marginatum,Haemaphysalis concinna,and Argas persicus,and analyze the sequence characteristics and genetic diversity within the populations.Base composition analysis indicated that the average A+T content of the 16S rDNA gene and CO I gene in the three ticks was significantly higher than that of C+G.Moreover,22 haplotypes of the COI gene and 12 haplotypes of the 16S rDNA sequence were identified in Hyalomma marginatum.Eleven haplotypes were identified according to the COI gene,and nine haplotypes were identified according to the16S rDNA sequence of Haemaphysalis concinna.Two haplotypes were identified on the basis of the COI gene,and six haplotypes were identified on the basis of the 16S rDNA sequence of Ar gas persicus.The minimum 16S rDNA haplotype diversity was 0.264 for Ar gas persicus and 0.579 for the other two species.The nucleotide diversity of the three tick species was less than 0.05.Tajima's val-ue and Fu's Fs value of the neutrality test were negative.Base saturation substitution analysis indicated that neither of the two genes in the three tick species reached saturation.The phylogenetic tree revealed that Hyalomma marginatum,Haema physalis concinna,and Ar gas persicus in Inner Mongolia independently aggregated into branches.In conclusion,the base content of Hyalomma marginatum,Haemaphysalis concinna,and Argas persicus genes in Inner Mongolia was consist-ent with the characteristics of insect mitochondrial DNA content.Furthermore,the three tick populations showed rapid evolu-tionary population expansion,and the phylogeny of three tick species showed independent aggregation into clades,with no pop-ulation isolation.

AIM To evaluate the quality of Croci Stigma from different producing areas.METHODS The analysis was performed on a 25 ℃ thermostatic Waters Acquity UPLC HSS T3 column(2.1 mm× 100 mm,1.8μm),with the mobile phase comprising of 0.1％phosphoric acid-acetonitrile flowing at 0.35 mL/min in a gradient elution manner,and the detection wavelengths were set at 254,440 nm.The UPLC fingerprints were established,after which orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis was performed,picrocrocin,crocin-Ⅰ,crocin-Ⅱ,crocin-Ⅲ,crocin-Ⅳ contents and chromaticity values(L*,a*,b*,E*ab)were determined,Pearson correlation analysis was adopted in the investigation of correlations between chromaticity values and internal constituent contents.RESULTS There were 14 common peaks in the fingerprints for 22 batches of medicinal materials with the similarities of more than 0.98.Various batches of medicinal materials were clustered into 2 types,7 quality difference components were screened.crocin-Ⅰ content in medicinal materials from different producing areas demonstrated significant differences(P＜0.05);the redder the color of medicinal material,the higher the contents of crocins.Picrocrocin,crocin-Ⅰ,crocin-Ⅱ,crocin-Ⅳ contents displayed highly significant correlations with colorimetric values(P＜0.01),while crocin-Ⅲ content exhibited no significant correlation with the latter(P＞0.05).CONCLUSION This accurate and reliable method can provide references for the quality control and color-quality relationship elucidation of Croci Stigma.

The current situation of the in vitro diagnostic(IVD)reagent management was described,and a standard dictio-nary library of IVD reagents was constructed.An IVD reagent catalog information management system with the functions of management and price comparison was introduced in terms of its development process and application effect.Some mainte-nance and management measures for IVD reagent standard dictionary library were put forward including the establishment of an IVD reagent catalog management group and regular data maintenance and updating.References were provided for solving the problems due to the inconsistency of reagent catalog management and medical devices and materials without medical insurance codes in multi-campus medical institutions.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2025,46(4):88-92]

Nonunion of osteoporotic vertebral fractures (OVF), predominantly affecting the elderly, can lead to intractable pain, vertebral collapse, progressive kyphotic deformity, and neurological impairment, significantly compromising patients′ quality of life. There exists considerable debate on diagnosis and management of OVF, encompassing key issues such as clinical diagnosis and staging criteria for nonunion, surgical indications and procedure selection, and postoperative rehabilitation planning. Currently, there lacks standardized clinical guideline and expert consensus on the diagnosis and management of OVF nonunion in China. To address this gap, Minimally Invasive Surgery Group of Chinese Orthopedic Association, Osteoporosis Committee of Chinese Association of Orthopedic Surgeons, Prevention and Rehabilitation Committee for Osteoporosis of Chinese Association of Rehabilitation Medicine and Minimally Invasive Orthopedic Surgery Branch of China Association for Geriatric Care jointly organized domestic experts in spinal surgery, endocrinology, and rehabilitation to formulate the Clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment for nonunion of osteoporotic vertebral fractures ( version 2025), based on existing literature and clinical experience and adhering to principles of scientific rigor and practicality. The guideline provided 13 evidence-based recommendations encompassing diagnosis and treatment of OVF nonunion, aiming to standardize its clinical management.