Antibodies currently comprise the predominant treatment modality for a variety of diseases; therefore, optimizing their properties rapidly and efficiently is an indispensable step in antibody-based drug development. Inspired by the great success of artificial intelligence-based algorithms, especially deep learning-based methods in the field of biology, various computational methods have been introduced into antibody optimization to reduce costs and increase the success rate of lead candidate generation and optimization. Herein, we briefly review recent progress in deep learning-based antibody optimization, focusing on the available datasets and algorithm input data types that are crucial for constructing appropriate deep learning models. Furthermore, we discuss the current challenges and potential solutions for the future development of general-purpose deep learning algorithms in antibody optimization.
Deep Learning ; Humans ; Antibodies/chemistry* ; Algorithms ; Artificial Intelligence ; Drug Development

Objective:To evaluate the advantages and short-term clinical effects of totally robotic Nissen 360° fundoplication compared with laparoscopic surgery.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on data of 110 patients undergoing Nissen 360° fundoplication at the Second Department of General Surgery, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University from Aug 2023 to Aug 2024. Among them, 50 cases underwent totally robotic fundoplication, and 60 cases underwent laparoscopic fundoplication. By comparing and analyzing the fatigue level of the primary surgeon during the operations, postoperative incisional pain in patients, swallowing function recovery and the time to resume a normal solid-food diet within 3 months post-surgery, the advantages of totally robotic surgery were evaluated. Additionally, by examining the postoperative recovery of reflux symptoms, postoperative patient comfort, and satisfaction levels in both groups, the short-term clinical outcomes of totally robotic surgery were assessed.Results:Both groups of patients successfully completed the surgeries without any intraoperative or postoperative complications occurring. The fatigue score of the primary surgeon in the totally robotic group was significantly better than that in the laparoscopic group[ (2.34±1.38) vs. (2.89±1.51), t=1.385, P<0.01]. The time taken to resume a normal solid-food diet postoperatively in the totally robotic group was significantly shorter than that in the laparoscopic group[ (27.90±6.77) d vs. (40.78±13.60) d, t =5.765, P<0.01]. Moreover, the postoperative pain comfort level was better in the robotic group than in the laparoscopic group [(1.65±0.72) points vs. (2.23±0.59) points, t=3.742, P<0.01]. Within 12 months postoperatively, the GERD-Q scores in the totally robotic group decreased significantly, and reflux symptoms disappeared, comparable to that in the laparoscopic group. Conclusions:The totally robotic Nissen 360° fundoplication leads to lower fatigue levels for the surgeon. Patients experience significant advantages in terms of postoperative pain perception and dietary recovery. Additionally, it demonstrates excellent postoperative anti-reflux efficacy, high patient comfort, and the surgery is safe and reliable.

Objective To investigate the expression and clinical significance of B7-H5 in patients with chro-nic hepatitis B and hepatitis B virus(HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma.Methods Enzyme-linked immu-nosorbent assay(ELISA)was used to detect the serum levels of B7-H5 in 104 patients with chronic hepatitis B,28 patients with HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma and 35 healthy controls.And statistical methods were used to analyze the difference,correlation and diagnostic value of the results.Results The serum levels of B7-H5 in patients with HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma,patients with chronic hepatitis B and healthy subjects were statistically different(P＜0.05),and the level from high to low was HBV-related liver cancer patients,chronic hepatitis B patients,healthy subjects.The serum level of B7-H5 in chronic hepatitis B pa-tients with negative HBV-DNA was significantly higher than that in healthy subjects(P＜0.01).The level of B7-H5 in patients with chronic hepatitis B was positively correlated with HBV-DNA load(P＜0.05).And the level of B7-H5 in patients with HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma was positively correlated with HBsAg,HBeAg and AFP levels(P＜0.05).In addition,B7-H5 had diagnostic value for chronic hepatitis B and HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma(P＜0.01),and the diagnostic value for HBV-related hepatocellular carcino-ma was higher than that for chronic hepatitis B.The level of B7-H5 in patients with HBV-related hepatocellu-lar carcinoma after surgery was significantly lower than that before surgery(P＜0.05).Conclusion Serum levels of B7-H5 is related to the progression of CHB and HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma,and can be considered as an effective detection index for the auxiliary diagnosis and the judgment of postoperative condi-tion of CHB and HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma.

Objective:To evaluate the advantages and short-term clinical effects of totally robotic Nissen 360° fundoplication compared with laparoscopic surgery.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on data of 110 patients undergoing Nissen 360° fundoplication at the Second Department of General Surgery, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University from Aug 2023 to Aug 2024. Among them, 50 cases underwent totally robotic fundoplication, and 60 cases underwent laparoscopic fundoplication. By comparing and analyzing the fatigue level of the primary surgeon during the operations, postoperative incisional pain in patients, swallowing function recovery and the time to resume a normal solid-food diet within 3 months post-surgery, the advantages of totally robotic surgery were evaluated. Additionally, by examining the postoperative recovery of reflux symptoms, postoperative patient comfort, and satisfaction levels in both groups, the short-term clinical outcomes of totally robotic surgery were assessed.Results:Both groups of patients successfully completed the surgeries without any intraoperative or postoperative complications occurring. The fatigue score of the primary surgeon in the totally robotic group was significantly better than that in the laparoscopic group[ (2.34±1.38) vs. (2.89±1.51), t=1.385, P<0.01]. The time taken to resume a normal solid-food diet postoperatively in the totally robotic group was significantly shorter than that in the laparoscopic group[ (27.90±6.77) d vs. (40.78±13.60) d, t =5.765, P<0.01]. Moreover, the postoperative pain comfort level was better in the robotic group than in the laparoscopic group [(1.65±0.72) points vs. (2.23±0.59) points, t=3.742, P<0.01]. Within 12 months postoperatively, the GERD-Q scores in the totally robotic group decreased significantly, and reflux symptoms disappeared, comparable to that in the laparoscopic group. Conclusions:The totally robotic Nissen 360° fundoplication leads to lower fatigue levels for the surgeon. Patients experience significant advantages in terms of postoperative pain perception and dietary recovery. Additionally, it demonstrates excellent postoperative anti-reflux efficacy, high patient comfort, and the surgery is safe and reliable.

The feasibility and safety of intracardiac echocardiography (ICE)-guided catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) using a minimal/zero-fluoroscopy approach have recently been reported. This approach helps to reduce ionizing radiation exposure and orthopedic complications resulting from using lead aprons. The objectives of this planned prospective, multicenter randomized controlled trial (RCT) (paroxysmal AF (PAF)-ICE trial; ChiCTR2000033624) are to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ICE-guided minimal-fluoroscopy ablation in patients with PAF and the impact on occupational hazards among lab staff.Patients will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio to 2 groups: minimal fluoroscopy group ( n = 216) and traditional approach group ( n = 216). In the minimal fluoroscopy group, an ICE catheter will be used for geometry/anatomic construction, transseptal puncture, catheter tracking, and effusion monitoring. Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) will be performed using an open-irrigated radiofrequency SmartTouch Surround Flow or SmartTouch catheter (Biosense Webster, Diamond Bar, California, USA), and confirmed by a multipolar Lasso or PentaRay catheter (Biosense Webster). In the traditional approach group, an ICE catheter will not be used. Transseptal puncture will be performed under fluoroscopic guidance, with all geometries constructed by mapping the catheters. The primary efficacy endpoint is freedom from AF recurrence (without antiarrhythmic medications) at 12 months after ablation. Other endpoints include duration of lead apron use, measures of intra-procedural efficiency, and peri-procedural complications. This RCT will evaluate the efficacy and safety of ICE-guided minimal-fluoroscopy ablation in patients with PAF, also evaluate the benefits to lab staff (regarding reducing occupational hazards) related to this "minimal/zero-fluoroscopy" and "leadless" mode.

The feasibility and safety of intracardiac echocardiography (ICE)-guided catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) using a minimal/zero-fluoroscopy approach have recently been reported. This approach helps to reduce ionizing radiation exposure and orthopedic complications resulting from using lead aprons. The objectives of this planned prospective, multicenter randomized controlled trial (RCT) (paroxysmal AF (PAF)-ICE trial; ChiCTR2000033624) are to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ICE-guided minimal-fluoroscopy ablation in patients with PAF and the impact on occupational hazards among lab staff.Patients will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio to 2 groups: minimal fluoroscopy group ( n = 216) and traditional approach group ( n = 216). In the minimal fluoroscopy group, an ICE catheter will be used for geometry/anatomic construction, transseptal puncture, catheter tracking, and effusion monitoring. Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) will be performed using an open-irrigated radiofrequency SmartTouch Surround Flow or SmartTouch catheter (Biosense Webster, Diamond Bar, California, USA), and confirmed by a multipolar Lasso or PentaRay catheter (Biosense Webster). In the traditional approach group, an ICE catheter will not be used. Transseptal puncture will be performed under fluoroscopic guidance, with all geometries constructed by mapping the catheters. The primary efficacy endpoint is freedom from AF recurrence (without antiarrhythmic medications) at 12 months after ablation. Other endpoints include duration of lead apron use, measures of intra-procedural efficiency, and peri-procedural complications. This RCT will evaluate the efficacy and safety of ICE-guided minimal-fluoroscopy ablation in patients with PAF, also evaluate the benefits to lab staff (regarding reducing occupational hazards) related to this "minimal/zero-fluoroscopy" and "leadless" mode.

Objective: To investigate the effect and safety of ultra-thin oblique posterosuperior auricular fascial flap in the second stage of ear reconstruction. Methods: Fifty-six cases with congenital microtia treated in The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Medical Cosmetology Department from November 2015 to November 2018 were selected as the research objects. In the first stage, the costal cartilage ear stent was implanted, and in the second stage. The ultra-thin posterior oblique fascia flap was used to cover the stent. And the cranioauricular angle was reconstructed by free skin grafting. Results: 48 cases of the 54 cases completely survived, and 8 cases had hemorrhage after operation. The wounds were healed after dressing change. The postoperative cranioauricular angle was close to the healthy side. Conclusions In the second stage of ear reconstruction, the retroauricular ultra-thin fascial flap method has reliable blood supply, small wound, unswollen reconstructed ears, and good outcome. It is a good choice for covering the ear framework.

Objective:To investigate the value of dynamic contrast-enhanced(DCE)-MRI based textural analysis in differentiating IDH mutated high-grade gliomas from IDH gene wild types.Methods:Twenty-nine patients with high grade gliomas collected from April 2016 to December 2019 in First People's Hospital of Changzhou were assessed retrospectively, including 10 patients with IDH mutation and 19 patients with IDH gene wild type. All patients underwent DCE, conventional plain and enhanced MR scanning. Omni Kinetics software was used to perform DCE-MRI data processing, volume transfer constant (K trans), ratio constant of tracer refluxing from tissue to plasma (Kep), extravascular extracellular space per unit volume of tissue (Ve), blood plasma volume (Vp) and area under the gadolinium concentration-time curve (AUC) were obtained. Five commonly used textural features, including Energy, Entropy, Inertia, Correlation, and Inver Difference Moment (IDM), were generated based on gray-level co-occurrence matrices. The independent samples t test (normal distributionand equal variance) or Mann-Whitney rank sum test (abnormal distribution or unequal variance) was used to compare the differences in textural features of DCE-MRI parameters between IDH mutated group and IDH gene wild type group. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate the efficiency of textural features of DCE-MRI parameters in differentiating IDH mutated high-grade gliomas from IDH gene wild types for statistically significant textural features. Results:Entropy of K trans and Ve for IDH mutated group were 5.368±1.458 and 6.698±1.081, respectively; while the corresponding values were 7.334±1.385 and 8.213±1.320 for IDH gene wild type group, respectively. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant ( t values were-3.570, -3.113, P values were 0.001, 0.004, respectively). Inverse difference moment of K trans and Ve for IDH mutated group were 0.567±0.147 and 0.417±0.106, respectively; while for IDH gene wild type group, the values were 0.393±0.119 and 0.296±0.101, respectively. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant ( t values were 3.452, 3.014, P values were 0.002, 0.006, respectively). In all textural features, the area under the ROC curve of entropy of K trans was the largest (0.874), and the sensitivity was the highest (100%), and the specificity of IDM of Ve was the highest (94.7%). Conclusion:Textural analysis of DCE-MRI can help to differentiate IDH mutated high-grade gliomas from IDH gene wild types.

Objective: To observe the conditions of the eighth costal cartilage in ear reconstructed patients, and accomplish individualized aesthetic helix fabrication according to the texture and features of the cartilage. Methods: From May 2013 to May 2016, the conditions of the eighth costal cartilages in 415 patients who received ear reconstruction with autogenous costal cartilage in our hospital were analyzed, during which, the length, width, flexibility, and plasticity that were closely related with the reconstruction of the helix attracted predominant attentions. During the surgery, based on the features of the above-mentioned aspects, 4 different methods were used to achieve reasonable length and strength of the helix as well as natural jointing between the helix and ear lobe. Results: Four possible methods of using the eighth costal cartilage to reconstruct the helix were summarized and an autogenous costal cartilage framework that was individualized and with natural appearance was obtained. Conclutions According to the conditions of the eighth costal cartilage, a more satisfactory appearance of the reconstructed ear than ever before is obtained by choosing relevant helix fabrication programs.

Objective To investigate the association of polymorphisms in the filaggrin (FLG)gene with the occurrence and clinical phenotypes of atopic dermatitis (AD).Methods A questionnaire survey was carried out to collect data from 261 patients with AD,including the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis and asthma,and the severity of AD.Mixed food allergen screening test and mixed inhaled allergen screening test were performed in a part of patients,so was the detection of total serum IgE and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP).Among the above AD patients and 276 healthy controls,17 polymorphic sites in exon 3 of the FLG gene,including R444G,T454A,P478S,H519N,D836D,S1482Y,A1805V,R1891Q,1961Q,S2166S,Y2194H,H2330H,D2339N,S2366T,E2398Q,K2444E and E2652D,were genotyped by overlapping PCR and DNA sequencing.Results Binary logistic regression analysis and chi-square test showed no correlations between the 17 polymorphic sites in the FLG gene and the occurrence of AD (all P ＞ 0.05).However,the H519N polymorphic site was associated with AD complicated by asthma (x2 =8.680,P =0.011),and the AA genotype of H519N could increase the risk of asthma in the AD patients (P =0.004,OR =1.061,95％ CI:1.016-1.109).The S2366T and K2444E polymorphic sites were associated with food sensitization in the AD patients (x2 =6.520,6.121,P =0.038,0.047,respectively),and the GG + CG genotype of S2366T (P =0.012,OR =1.396,95％ CI:1.054-1.849)and its G allele (P =0.037,OR =1.350,95％ CI:1.008-1.807) both could increase the risk of food sensitization in the AD patients.Similarly,the AA + GA genotype of K2444E (P =0.013,OR =1.393,95％ CI:1.049-1.850)and its G allele (P =0.028,OR =1.380,95％ CI:1.025-1.857) could increase the risk of food sensitization in the AD patients.Conclusions The FLG polymorphisms may be predisposing factors for some AD-related clinical phenotypes in Chinese Han population.The H519N gene may be associated with AD complicated by asthma,and the S2366T and K2444E genes may be related to food sensitization in AD patients.