Interferon stimulating factor STING, a transmembrane protein residing in the endoplasmic reticulum, is extensively involved in the sensing and transduction of intracellular signals and serves as a crucial component of the innate immune system. STING is capable of directly or indirectly responding to abnormal DNA originating from diverse sources within the cytoplasm, thereby fulfilling its classical antiviral and antitumor functions. Structurally, STING is composed of 4 transmembrane helices, a cytoplasmic ligand binding domain (LBD), and a C terminal tail structure (CTT). The transmembrane domain (TM), which is formed by the transmembrane helical structures, anchors STING to the endoplasmic reticulum, while the LBD is in charge of binding to cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs). The classical second messenger, cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP), represents a key upstream molecule for STING activation. Once cGAMP binds to LBD, STING experiences conformational alterations, which subsequently lead to the recruitment of Tank-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) via the CTT domain. This, in turn, mediates interferon secretion and promotes the activation and migration of dendritic cells, T cells, and natural killer cells. Additionally, STING is able to activate nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), thereby initiating the synthesis and release of inflammatory factors and augmenting the body’s immune response. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have disclosed the non-classical functions of STING. It has been found that STING plays a significant role in organelle regulation. STING is not only implicated in the quality control systems of organelles such as mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum but also modulates the functions of these organelles. For instance, STING can influence key aspects of organelle quality control, including mitochondrial fission and fusion, mitophagy, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. This regulatory effect is not unidirectional; rather, it is subject to organelle feedback regulation, thereby forming a complex interaction network. STING also exerts a monitoring function on the nucleus and ribosomes, which further enhances the role of the cGAS-STING pathway in infection-related immunity. The interaction mechanism between STING and organelles is highly intricate, which, within a certain range, enhances the cells’ capacity to respond to external stimuli and survival pressure. However, once the balance of this interaction is disrupted, it may result in the occurrence and development of inflammatory diseases, such as aseptic inflammation and autoimmune diseases. Excessive activation or malfunction of STING may trigger an over-exuberant inflammatory response, which subsequently leads to tissue damage and pathological states. This review recapitulates the recent interactions between STING and diverse organelles, encompassing its multifarious functions in antiviral, antitumor, organelle regulation, and immune regulation. These investigations not only deepen the comprehension of molecular mechanisms underlying STING but also offer novel concepts for the exploration of human disease pathogenesis and the development of potential treatment strategies. In the future, with further probing into STING function and its regulatory mechanisms, it is anticipated to pioneer new approaches for the treatment of complex diseases such as inflammatory diseases and tumors.

Inflammation plays a crucial role in the occurrence and development of post-stroke depres-sion(PSD),yet the specific molecular mechanisms are still not fully understood.In the field of drug research,traditional Chinese medicine preparations have attracted increasing attention for improving PSD symptoms due to their advantages of multiple targets,many links,and few side effects.At the same time,they have great re-search value in the prevention and treatment of PSD.This article reviews the mechanism of inflammatory re-action,such as the balance regulation of pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory factors,inflammatory markers,gene polymorphism of inflammatory factors in PSD,and the related research progress of Chinese medicine preparations in regulating inflammatory reaction to prevent and treat PSD,with a view to providing reference for the selection of clinical Chinese medicine preparations and the prevention and treatment of PSD.

Objective To identify the clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of young patients with sporadic rectal cancer liver metastasis(RCLM).Methods The clinical data of young RCLM patients at 45 years or under(n=40,as younger patient group)in Peking University First Hospital from January 2016 to January 2021 were reviewed,meanwhile,elder RCLM patient group were comprised of 82 patients older than 45-year-old in a 1:2 ratio.Proportions of categorical variables were compared between young patients and old patients.The clinicopathologic parameters were analyzed with univariate and multivariate Cox regression models and Kaplan-Meier method for demonstrating survival differences between the maximum diameter of liver metastasis and local therapy.Results One hundred and twenty-two RCLM patients were identified,the 1-,3-and 5-year survival rates of young patient group were 97.5%,47.5%,15.0%,those of elder patient group were 84.1%,26.8%,9.8%,respectively.The differences in BMI(P=0.008),primary tumor with obstruction and bleeding(P=0.006),synchronous rectal cancer liver metastases(P=0.005),the maximum diameter of liver metastasis>3 cm(P=0.019)were statistically significant between the two groups.And univariate and multivariate analyses showed that age(P=0.003),N stage(P=0.007),local therapy for liver metastases(P=0.047)and the maximum diameter of liver metastasis(P=0.030)were independent risk factors for influencing the prognosis of RCLM patients;curative resection or not of primary tumor(P=0.035)and the maximum diameter of liver metastasis(P=0.041)were independent risk factors for influencing the prognosis of young RCLM patients.Kaplan-Maier curve demonstrated survival differences between the maximum diameter of liver metastasis and local therapy for liver metastasis in RCLM patients(log-rank P=0.000).Conclusions Although with later staging of initial tumor station,young RCLM patients may obtain better survival benefit compared with old patients.Higher degree of lymph node metastasis,local therapy for liver metastases and the maximum diameter of liver metastasis>3 cm indicates poor prognosis in RCLM patients,and without curative resection of primary tumor and maximum diameter of liver metastasis are also considered as the independent poor prognostic factors of young RCLM patients.Local therapy for liver metastases appears to play an important role in the treatment strategy of RCLM patients.

AIM To evaluate the quality of Yanyangke Mixture.METHODS The HPLC fingerprints were established,after which cluster analysis,principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis were performed.The contents of liquiritin,rosmarinic acid,sheganoside,irisgenin,honokiol,monoammonium glycyrrhizinate,irisflorentin,isoliquiritin and magnolol were determined,the analysis was performed on a 35 ℃ thermostatic Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18 column(5 μm,250 mmx4.6 mm),with the mobile phase comprising of 0.1％phosphoric acid-acetonitrile flowing at 1 mL/min in a gradient elution manner,and multi-wavelength detection was adopted.RESULTS There were ten common peaks in the fingerprints for twelve batches of samples with the similarities of more than 0.9.Various batches of samples were clustered into three types,three principal components displayed the acumulative variance contribution rate of 87.448％,peaks 5、14(honokiol),3(liquiritin),11(monoammonium glycyrrhizinate)and 15(asarinin)were quality markers.Nine constituents showed good linear relationships within their own ranges(r＞0.999 0),whose average recoveries were 98.5％-103.6％with the RSDs of 0.92％-1.7％.CONCLUSION This stable and reliable method can provide a basis for the quality control of Yanyangke Mixture.

Objective To investigate the clinical features and prognosis of acute pancreatitis(AP)complicated with metabolic syndrome(MS).Methods 139 AP patients were retrospectively selected and divided into MS group(76 cases)and non-MS group(63 cases),general data of the two groups were collected and analyzed;conservative treatment was given to 2 groups of patients,and the general conditions,laboratory indicators,comorbidities,and related indicators of disease severity of the two groups were compared and analyzed,and the influencing factors of poor prognosis in patients(AP combined with MS)were analyzed.Results Compared with non-MS group,HDL,Ca2+in MS group decreased significantly,Body weight、Body Mass Index(BMI)、diabetes mellitus、hypertension(systolic/diastolic blood pressure)、hyperlipidemia、white blood cell count、CRP、PCT、IL-6、FPG、UA、TC、TG、TyG、TYG-BMI and non-traditional lipid parameters TC/HDL-C、TG/HDL-C、LDL-C/HDL-C and non-HDL-C were significantly increased.There were no significant differences in age、sex、length of stay、BUN、CREA、LDL-C、ALT and AST between the two groups(P＞0.05);BMI,white blood cell count,CRP,IL-6,FPG,UA,TC,TG,TyG,TYG-BMI,TC/HDL-C,TG/HDL-C,LDL-C/HDL-C,and non-HDL-C were independent risk factors for poor prognosis in AP patients with MS,and HDL-C was a potential protective factor for prognosis in AP patients with MS,the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.05).Conclusion With the change of modern lifestyle,there are more and more MS patients,and the incidence of MS patients with AP is gradually increasing.TyG,TYG-BMI and non-traditional lipid parameters are novel,convenient and practical markers for clinical evaluation,which have a high diagnostic and predictive value for AP with MS metabolic abnormalities,and provides clinical basis for management and intervention.

Aim To explore the effect of serum contai-ning Duhuo Jisheng Decoction on the proliferation,ap-optosis and inflammation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes(FLS)induced by tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)in rheumatoid arthritis(RA)and to reveal the under-lying mechanism.Methods The MH7A cells were divided into five groups:normal group(10％blank se-rum),model group(10 μg·L-1 TNF-α+10％blank serum),Duhuo Jisheng Decoction low(10 μg·L-1 TNF-α+2.5％drug-containing serum+7.5％blank serum),medium(10 pg·L-1 TNF-α+5％drug-con-taining serum+5％blank serum),high(10 μg·L-1 TNF-α+10％drug-containing serum)dose group.The concentration of serum containing Duhuo Jisheng Decoction was screened by MTT method.Cell prolifer-ation was detected using EdU staining.The expression of proliferation marker Ki67 was detected using immu-nofluorescence staining.The apoptosis rate was meas-ured by flow cytometry.The contents of IFN-γ,IL-4,IL-6 and IL-10 in each group were detected by ELISA.The mRNA and protein expression of Bax,Bcl-2,caspase-3 and TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway were detected by RT-qPCR and Western blot.Results Compared with the normal group,the cell prolifera-tion activity of the model group significantly increased,and the level of apoptosis decreased.The content of IFN-γ and IL-6 increased,and the content of IL-4 and IL-10 decreased.The TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway was activated.After the intervention of low,medium and high dose groups of serum containing Du-huo Jisheng Decoction,it could effectively improve the abnormal proliferation of cells and enhance apoptosis.At the same time,it inhibited the inflammatory re-sponse and the activation of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB sig-naling pathway.Conclusions The serum containing Duhuo Jisheng Decoction can inhibit the abnormal pro-liferation of RA-FLS induced by TNF-α and the secre-tion of pro-inflammatory factors,and enhance apoptosis and anti-inflammatory levels.The mechanism may be related to the regulation of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB sig-naling pathway.

This study aims to observe the effects of different doses of Astragali Radix on the expression of glucagon(GLP-1) in se-rum and glucagon receptor(GLP-1R) in cartilage tissue in rats with knee osteoarthritis(KOA), explore the effect of Astragali Radix on the inflammation and apoptosis of KOA by regulating GLP-1/GLP-1R signaling axis, and investigate the mechanism of its action in alleviating KOA. Forty-eight male SD rats were randomly divided into six groups: blank group, model group, low-, medium-, and high-dose Astragali Radix groups(3.125, 6.25, and 12.5 g·kg~(-1)), and glucosamine sulfate group(0.1 g·kg~(-1)). Except for the blank group, rats in other groups were injected with sodium iodoacetate(MIA) into the knee joint to establish KOA models. After successful modeling, the rats were continuously treated for five weeks. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was used to detect the levels of GLP-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α), and interleukin-1β(IL-1β) in rat serum. Pathological examination was utilized to observe the pathological changes in knee joint cartilage. The mRNA levels of TNF-α and MMP13 in knee joint cartilage were detected by qRT-PCR, and the protein expression levels of GLP-1R, MMP13, and caspase-8 in knee joint cartilage were detected by Western blot. The expression of GLP-1R and MMP13 in the knee joint was detected by immunohistochemistry. Tunel staining was used to observe the apoptosis of chondrocytes in the knee joint. The above experimental results showed that Astragali Radix may raise the serum levels of GLP-1, reduce serum levels of TNF-α and IL-1, and decrease the relative mRNA expression of TNF-α and MMP13 through the GLP-1/GLP-1R axis. It thus activated GLP-1R, reduced the protein expression of MMP13 and caspase-8 in cartilage, and regulated their related signaling pathways to improve inflammation and apoptosis, so as to protect cartilage and improve KOA.
Animals ; Male ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Osteoarthritis, Knee/genetics* ; Rats ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology* ; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/metabolism* ; Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor/metabolism* ; Astragalus propinquus/chemistry* ; Humans ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 13/metabolism* ; Signal Transduction/drug effects* ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism* ; Astragalus Plant/chemistry* ; Apoptosis/drug effects*

Abstract: Objective　To analyze the influencing factors of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus after combined immunological blockade, and to evaluate the effect of mother-to-child blockade, and to provide a basis for health policies and health interventions for preventing mother-to-child blockade of hepatitis B virus. Methods A total of 11 363 pairs of HBsAg positive pregnant women and their infants aged 7-12 months in Hainan Province from 2015 to 2020 were included in the study. The general situation, the situation of health care and delivery in this pregnancy and perinatal period, the detection of hepatitis B markers, the situation of antiviral therapy, the general situation of mother and infant during delivery and the implementation of blockade measures for mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B were collected and analyzed. Results Among the 11 363 pairs of HBsAg positive pregnant women and their infants delivered in hospitals in Hainan province from 2015 to 2020, the positive rate of HBsAg in children at 7-12 months after birth was 1.47 %, and the difference in HBsAg positive rate of infants born in different years was not statistically significant (P>0.05). There were no significant differences in the positive rate of HBsAg among children born to pregnant women with different nationalities, educational levels, occupations, delivery modes, delivery places, obstetric operations and perineal laceration, abnormal perinatal period, children with different genders and premature delivery and perinatal (all P<0.05). There was significant difference in HBsAg positive rate among infants born to pregnant women of different ages, the positive rate of HBsAg of infants born to young pregnant women was higher than that of older pregnant women (P<0.05). The rate of antiviral therapy was low in HBeAg positive pregnant women, and the positive rate of HBsAg in their infants was 2.54%, which was higher than 0.83% in HBeAg negative pregnant women (P<0.05). Conclusions Combined immunological blockade with hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immunoglobulin can effectively prevent the mother-to-child transmission of HBV. HBsAg-positive women can give birth at the right age, and HBeAg-positive pregnant women can be treated with antiviral therapy to block mother-to-child transmission, providing the important basis for the formulation of hepatitis B prevention and control strategies and measures.

The aim of this paper is to explore the key anti-fatigue active components in the saponin-like composition of American ginseng. The anti-fatigue activity of western ginseng samples was evaluated using a zebrafish model; metabolomics techniques were used to identify the main saponins in western ginseng from different origins; the active substances and relevant targets of the anti-fatigue effect of western ginseng were initially screened by constructing a PPI protein interaction network between western ginseng saponins and disease targets, and the key active ingredients were screened using a molecular docking method; finally, the anti-fatigue activity of the key active ingredients was evaluated using a zebrafish, animal experiment was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences (SYXK20220005). The anti-fatigue activity of the key active ingredients was evaluated using a zebrafish model. The results of the zebrafish activity evaluation showed that there were significant differences in the activities of the western ginseng samples from the two origins, and a total of 10 different saponins were identified as possibly related to the anti-fatigue activity after further metabolomic testing and pattern discrimination. The core anti-fatigue targets were screened with the help of component-disease target PPI, combined with pharmacophore-like parameters and molecular docking techniques, and pseudoginsenoside F11 was found to have good binding activity to five of the targets. Finally, the zebrafish model revealed that pseudoginsenoside F11 exhibited significant anti-fatigue activity. This study used metabolomics and zebrafish model to screen the key active substances of pseudoginsenoside F11 for its anti-fatigue activity, which will provide a reference for further research on the anti-fatigue of pseudoginsenosides.

This study aims to explore the neuroprotective mechanism of ginsenoside Re(GS-Re) on drosophila model of Parkinson's disease(PD) induced by rotenone(Rot). To be specific, Rot was used to induce PD in drosophilas. Then the drosophilas were grouped and respectively treated(GS-Re: 0.1, 0.4, 1.6 mmol·L~(-1); L-dopa: 80 μmol·L~(-1)). Life span and crawling ability of drosophilas were determined. The brain antioxidant activity [content of catalase(CAT), malondialdehyde(MDA), reactive oxygen species(ROS), superoxide dismutase(SOD)], dopamine(DA) content, and mitochondrial function [content of adenosine triphosphate(ATP), NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B8(NDUFB8) Ⅰ activity, succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit B(SDHB) Ⅱ activity] were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). The number of DA neurons in the brains of drosophilas was measured with the immunofluorescence method. The levels of NDUFB8 Ⅰ, SDHB Ⅱ, cytochrome C(Cyt C), nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2(Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1(HO-1), B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 2(Bcl-2)/Bcl-2-assaciated X protein(Bax), and cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3 in the brain were detected by Western blot. The results showed that model group [475 μmol·L~(-1) Rot(IC_(50))] demonstrated significantly low survival rate, obvious dyskinesia, small number of neurons and low DA content in the brain, high ROS level and MDA content, low content of SOD and CAT, significantly low ATP content, NDUFB8 Ⅰ activity, and SDHB Ⅱ activity, significantly low expression of NDUFB8 Ⅰ, SDHB Ⅱ, and Bcl-2/Bax, large amount of Cyt C released from mitochondria to cytoplasm, low nuclear transfer of Nrf2, and significantly high expression of cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3 compared with the control group. GS-Re(0.1, 0.4, and 1.6 mmol·L~(-1)) significantly improved the survival rate of PD drosophilas, alleviated the dyskinesia, increased DA content, reduced the loss of DA neurons, ROS level, and MDA content in brain, improved content of SOD and CAT and antioxidant activity in brain, maintained mitochondrial homeostasis(significantly increased ATP content and activity of NDUFB8 Ⅰ and SDHB Ⅱ, significantly up-regulated expression of NDUFB8 Ⅰ, SDHB Ⅱ, and Bcl-2/Bax), significantly reduced the expression of Cyt C, increased the nuclear transfer of Nrf2, and down-regulated the expression of cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3. In conclusion, GS-Re can significantly relieve the Rot-induced cerebral neurotoxicity in drosophilas. The mechanism may be that GS-Re activates Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway by maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis, improves antioxidant capacity of brain neurons, then inhibits mitochondria-mediated caspase-3 signaling pathway, and the apoptosis of neuronal cells, thereby exerting the neuroprotective effect.
Animals ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism* ; Antioxidants/pharmacology* ; Oxidative Stress ; NF-E2-Related Factor 2/metabolism* ; Caspase 3/metabolism* ; Parkinson Disease/genetics* ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein/metabolism* ; Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology* ; Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1/metabolism* ; Drosophila/metabolism* ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism* ; Apoptosis ; Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism* ; Adenosine Triphosphate/pharmacology*