Objective To evaluate the purification effects of five pre-purification processes on human prothrombin complex(PCC), in order to screen a better PCC pre-purification process.MethodsThe dilution plasma adsorption process, semicontinuous adsorption process, cyclic adsorption process, low-temperature batch adsorption process and temperature-rising batch adsorption process were used to separate and purify PCC in cryoprecipitate-removed supernatant plasma, and the titers of human coagulation factor Ⅶ(FⅦ) and FⅨ were detected according to the method specified in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(Volume Ⅲ, 2025 edition).ResultsUnder three different plasma conductivity conditions, the yield of F Ⅶ and F Ⅸ in dilution plasma process was lower than that of the temperature-rising batch adsorption process without changing plasma conductivity. The adsorption effect of semi-continuous flow adsorption process on FⅦ and FⅨ at different temperatures was inferior to that of temperature-rising batch adsorption process. The yield of FⅦ and FⅨ in the eluent of cyclic adsorption process was also much lower than that of temperature-rising batch adsorption process. There was no significant difference in FⅨ yield between the two adsorption processes, but the FⅦ yield in the temperature-rising batch adsorption process was much higher than that in the low-temperature batch adsorption process. The adsorption capacity of the two adsorption processes for protein C(PC) and protein S(PS) was superior to that of foreign products.ConclusionThe temperature-rising batch adsorption process is superior to the other four PCC pre-purification processes in terms of adsorption time, FⅦ and FⅨ yields, and PC and PS purification effects, and has high potential for processability.

Mycophenolic acid (MPA), the active moiety of both mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS), serves as a primary immunosuppressant for maintaining solid organ transplants. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) enhances treatment outcomes through tailored approaches. This study aimed to develop an evidence-based guideline for MPA TDM, facilitating its rational application in clinical settings. The guideline plan was drawn from the Institute of Medicine and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Using the Delphi method, clinical questions and outcome indicators were generated. Systematic reviews, Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) evidence quality evaluations, expert opinions, and patient values guided evidence-based suggestions for the guideline. External reviews further refined the recommendations. The guideline for the TDM of MPA (IPGRP-2020CN099) consists of four sections and 16 recommendations encompassing target populations, monitoring strategies, dosage regimens, and influencing factors. High-risk populations, timing of TDM, area under the curve (AUC) versus trough concentration (C₀), target concentration ranges, monitoring frequency, and analytical methods are addressed. Formulation-specific recommendations, initial dosage regimens, populations with unique considerations, pharmacokinetic-informed dosing, body weight factors, pharmacogenetics, and drug‍-‍drug interactions are covered. The evidence-based guideline offers a comprehensive recommendation for solid organ transplant recipients undergoing MPA therapy, promoting standardization of MPA TDM, and enhancing treatment efficacy and safety.
Mycophenolic Acid/administration & dosage* ; Drug Monitoring/methods* ; Humans ; Organ Transplantation ; Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage* ; Delphi Technique

ObjectiveBased on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-electrostatic field orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry（UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS）， the chemical constituents of Qili Qiangxin capsules was identified， and their distribution in vivo was analyzed. MethodsUPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS was used to detect the sample solution of Qili Qiangxin capsules， as well as the serum， brain， heart， lung， spleen， liver and kidney tissues of mice after oral administration. Using the Thermo Xcalibur 2.2 software， the compound information database was constructed， and the molecular formulas of compounds corresponding to the quasi-molecular ions were fitted. Based on the information of retention time， accurate relative molecular mass and fragments， the compounds and their distribution in vivo were analyzed by comparing with the data of reference substances and literature. ResultsA total of 233 compounds， including 70 terpenoids， 60 flavonoids， 23 organic acids， 17 alkaloids， 20 steroids， 7 coumarins and 36 others， were identified or predicted from Qili Qiangxin capsules， 73 of which were identified matching with standard substances. Tissue distribution results showed that 71， 17， 38， 33， 32， 58 and 43 migrating components were detected in blood， brain， heart， lung， spleen， liver and kidney， respectively. Thirty-seven components were absorbed into the blood and heart， including quinic acid， benzoylaconitine benzoylmesaconine and so on. Fourteen components were absorbed into the blood and six tissues， including calycosin， methylnissolin， formononetin， alisol B， alisol A and so on. ConclusionThis study comprehensively analyzes the chemical components of Qili Qiangxin capsules and their distribution in vivo. Among them， astragaloside Ⅳ， salvianolic acid B， ginsenoside Rb₁， ginsenoside Rb₃， ginsenoside Rd， ginsenoside Rg₃， calycosin-7-glucoside， and sinapine may be the important components for the treatment of heart failure， which can provide useful reference for its quality control and research on pharmacodynamic material basis.

Hospital pharmacy research is significant in enhancing the level of rational drug use,improving the quality of pharmacy services,and promoting the improvement of drug treatment effects.To guarantee the standardization of hospital pharmacy research,the compilation team of"Hospital Pharmacy Research Standards"adheres to the principles of scientificity,universality,guidance,and operability,combs through the key management contents from three aspects,namely,relevant national policy docu-ments,relevant domestic and international standards and norms,and literature analysis,combines with the actual working condition of hospital pharmacy research,and formulates the standards after several rounds of opinion collection and expert argumentation.This paper analyzes the key contents of the standard,including basic requirements,research process management,and research re-sults management,to provide guidance and reference for hospital pharmacy researchers to understand the standard in-depth and further improve the standardization of hospital pharmacy research.

Bovine neosporosis,a significant disease affecting the livestock industry,is caused by the protozoan parasite Neospora caninum(N.caninum).The current absence of efficacious vaccines and therapeutics necessitates the exploration of novel interventions.Cordycepin,a bioactive nucleo-side derived from Cordyceps militaris,has garnered attention for its diverse pharmacological properties.This study endeavors to elucidate the inhibitory effects of cordycepin on N.caninum in-fection.The cytotoxicity of cordycepin to bovine macrophages was assessed using the CCK-8 assay to ascertain a non-toxic concentration range.The impact of cordycepin on the N.caninum burden within bovine macrophages was evaluated using qPCR analysis and immunofluorescence assays.Additionally,the modulation of cytokine,interferon,and defensin expression induced by N.cani-num in the presence of cordycepin was examined through qRT-PCR analysis.The results showed that cordycepin exhibited negligible cytotoxicity to bovine macrophages at concentrations ranging from 2.812 5 to 180.000 0 μmol/L,compared to the control group.At concentrations of 5.625 0,11.250 0,and 22.500 0 μmol/L,cordycepin significantly reduced the intracellular N.caninum loads and diminished the intensity of intracellular parasite fluorescence.While N.caninum infection downregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α,IL-1β,and IL-6,cordycepin treatment robustly induced their expression.Furthermore,although cordycepin treatment reduced the expression levels of IFN-α,IFN-β,and IFN-γ that were upregulated by N.caninum infection,it maintained substantial expression levels.In conclusion,cordycepin demon-strates a promising resistance against N.caninum infection,suggesting its potential as a therapeu-tic agent for the treatment of bovine neosporosis.

Bovine neosporosis,a significant disease affecting the livestock industry,is caused by the protozoan parasite Neospora caninum(N.caninum).The current absence of efficacious vaccines and therapeutics necessitates the exploration of novel interventions.Cordycepin,a bioactive nucleo-side derived from Cordyceps militaris,has garnered attention for its diverse pharmacological properties.This study endeavors to elucidate the inhibitory effects of cordycepin on N.caninum in-fection.The cytotoxicity of cordycepin to bovine macrophages was assessed using the CCK-8 assay to ascertain a non-toxic concentration range.The impact of cordycepin on the N.caninum burden within bovine macrophages was evaluated using qPCR analysis and immunofluorescence assays.Additionally,the modulation of cytokine,interferon,and defensin expression induced by N.cani-num in the presence of cordycepin was examined through qRT-PCR analysis.The results showed that cordycepin exhibited negligible cytotoxicity to bovine macrophages at concentrations ranging from 2.812 5 to 180.000 0 μmol/L,compared to the control group.At concentrations of 5.625 0,11.250 0,and 22.500 0 μmol/L,cordycepin significantly reduced the intracellular N.caninum loads and diminished the intensity of intracellular parasite fluorescence.While N.caninum infection downregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α,IL-1β,and IL-6,cordycepin treatment robustly induced their expression.Furthermore,although cordycepin treatment reduced the expression levels of IFN-α,IFN-β,and IFN-γ that were upregulated by N.caninum infection,it maintained substantial expression levels.In conclusion,cordycepin demon-strates a promising resistance against N.caninum infection,suggesting its potential as a therapeu-tic agent for the treatment of bovine neosporosis.

Hospital pharmacy research is significant in enhancing the level of rational drug use,improving the quality of pharmacy services,and promoting the improvement of drug treatment effects.To guarantee the standardization of hospital pharmacy research,the compilation team of"Hospital Pharmacy Research Standards"adheres to the principles of scientificity,universality,guidance,and operability,combs through the key management contents from three aspects,namely,relevant national policy docu-ments,relevant domestic and international standards and norms,and literature analysis,combines with the actual working condition of hospital pharmacy research,and formulates the standards after several rounds of opinion collection and expert argumentation.This paper analyzes the key contents of the standard,including basic requirements,research process management,and research re-sults management,to provide guidance and reference for hospital pharmacy researchers to understand the standard in-depth and further improve the standardization of hospital pharmacy research.

The pharmacy department of medical institutions assumes important responsibilities in the emergency response work.The standard of pharmacy administration in emergencies is formulated based on the principles of scientificity,versatility,instructiveness,and operability,through sorting out problems,collecting opinions and expert argumentation.This standard has 49 standards of 9 key elements from three aspects:emergency mechanism,emergency support,and emergency services.This article aims to introduce the construction method and formulation process of the pharmacy administration in emergency standards,and analyzes the content,to guide for improving emergency response ability of the medical institutions'pharmacy department in emergency events.

To improve patient-centered pharmaceutical management and pharmaceutical service capabilities in the pharmaceutical department of medical institutions,automation and information technology are indispensable.The Pharmacy Administration-Automation and Information Technology is one of the social organization standards of the Chinese Hospital Association as part 4-4 of Pharmaceutical Administration and Pharmaceutical Practice in Healthcare,which standardizes 32 key elements in four aspects:basic requirements for automation construction in medical institutions,construction of automation hardware equipment,construction of intelligent information platform,and quality management and continuous improvement.It can be used to guide medical institutions at all levels to select and optimize pharmacy automation equipment and information platforms.This article introduced the construction methods and contents of the pharmacy automation and information technology standards,to deepen the understanding of peers on this standard and promote its implementation.This article aimed to promote the modernization,informatization,and intelligence of pharmaceutical services in medical institutions,and improve the quality and efficiency of overall medical pharmaceutical administration and service.

Objective: To ensure the quality of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. and improve the associated benefits for stakeholders, this study analyzed the influences of different circulation channels and stakeholders on the quality, price, and other factors of P. frutescens with consideration to P. frutescens distribution. Method: We interviewed the local stakeholders and e-commerce platforms in Oroqen Autonomous Banner and Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner regarding the origin, circulation, distribution, and prices of different medicinal parts of P. frutescens. In addition, the maximum entropy model was used to predict the potential distribution of P. frutescens in the study area. According to the Chinese Pharmacopeia (2020 edition), we measured the content of index components in the collected Perillae Folium, Perillae Caulis, and Perillae Fructus samples and evaluated the quality of the samples by quantitative and cluster analyses. Remote sensing was employed to distinguish and calculate the P. frutescens area in highly suitable regions. The autoregressive integrated moving average model was adopted to analyze the Perillae Fructus price in the study area. Result: The results showed 8 value chains for P. frutescens. The cooperation chain between farmers and enterprises in the study area could maximize the benefits for all stakeholders and guarantee the quality of the medicinal materials. The results of the regionalization analysis showed that themost suitable area for planting P. frutescens was the junction between Oroqen Autonomous Banner and Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner. Chemical results showed that Perillae Fructus and Perillae Caulis samples were unqualified andmostly purchased from e-commerce platforms. We identified 5 land types, among which the cultivated land area was 3247.7501 km . The price of Perillae Fructus in the study area showed a rising trend, although this trend slowed down. Conclusion: This study involved various links in the production and circulation of medicinal materials from planting to consumption by consumers, which can help to facilitate the future research on any link. The findings help to guarantee the quality of medicinal materials and benefits of all stakeholders and promote the development of the P. frutescens industry in the study area.