PURPOSE: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) increases the risk of road traffic injuries through various mechanisms including higher risky driving behaviors. Therefore, drivers with ADHD are shown to be more prone to road traffic injuries. This study was conducted in a community-based sample of drivers to determine how ADHD affects driving behavior components. METHODS: At the cross-sectional phase of a national population-based cohort, a representative sample of 1769 drivers were enrolled. Manchester driving behavior questionnaire and Conners' adult ADHD rating scales were used to assess driving behavior and ADHD symptom scores, respectively. Data were analyzed using Stata version 17. Multiple linear regression was used to investigate the association of driving behavior with ADHD while adjusting for the potential confounding role of age, sex, marital status, educational level, driving history, etc. RESULTS: According to the results, the normalized driving behavior score of drivers with ADHD was 4.64 points higher than drivers without ADHD. Having an academic compared to school education, increased the driving behavior score by 1.73 points. The normalized driving behavior score of drivers under 18 years of age was 6.27 points higher than drivers aged 31-45 years. The score of the aggressive violation subscale of drivers with ADHD was 7.33 points higher than drivers without ADHD compared to an increment of a range of 4.50-4.82 points for other driving subscales. The score of the ordinary violation subscale of female drivers was 2.23 points lower than that of male drivers. No significant relationship was found between sex and other subscales of driving. CONCLUSION Drivers with ADHD who are in adolescence or early adulthood exhibit more dangerous and aggressive driving behaviors than those who are older. Implementing training interventions to increase awareness of drivers with ADHD, their families, and psychologists regarding the effects of ADHD on driving is an essential step in preventing motor vehicle crashes among drivers with ADHD.
Humans ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/psychology* ; Automobile Driving/psychology* ; Male ; Adult ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Accidents, Traffic ; Iran ; Adolescent ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult ; Cohort Studies ; Risk-Taking

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the possible association between psychological disorders and risky driving behavior (RDB) in Iran. METHODS: This case-control study conducted in Shiraz, Iran in 2021. The case group included drivers with psychological disorders and the control group included those without any disorders. The inclusion criteria for selecting patients were: active driving at the time of the study, being 18 - 65 years old, having a driving license, having a psychological disorder including depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety spectrum disorder, or psychotic disorder spectrum confirmed by a psychiatrist, and completing an informed consent form. The exclusion criterion was the existence of conditions that interfered with answering and understanding the questions. The inclusion criteria for selecting the healthy cases were: active driving at the time of the study, being 18 - 65 years old, having a driving license, lack of any past or present history of psychiatric problems, and completing an informed consent form. The data were gathered using a researcher-made checklist and Manchester driving behavior questionnaire. First, partition around medoids method was used to extract clusters of RDB. Then, backward logistic regression was applied to investigate the association between the independent variables and the clusters of RDB. RESULTS: The sample comprised of 344 (153 with psychological disorder and 191 without confirmed psychological disorder) drivers. Backward elimination logistic regression on total data revealed that share of medical expenditure ≤ 10% of total household expenditure (OR = 3.27, 95% CI: 1.48 - 7.24), psychological disorder (OR = 3.08, 95% CI: 1.67 - 5.70), and substance abuse class (OR = 6.38, 95% CI: 3.55 - 11.48) were associated with high level of RDB. CONCLUSION Substance abuse, psychological illnesses, and share of medical costs from total household expenditure were found to be main predictors of RDB. Further investigations are necessary to explain the impact of different psychological illnesses on driving behavior.
Humans ; Adolescent ; Young Adult ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Automobile Driving ; Iran ; Case-Control Studies ; Mental Disorders/epidemiology* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Risk-Taking

In recent years, HIV infection prevalence in MSM has been in increase in China. HIV testing is the only way to identify HIV-infection, effectively curb the spread of HIV and reduce AIDS-related death risks. At present, the situation of HIV testing in MSM is not satisfactory, and expanding HIV testing is the one of the key measures for AIDS prevention and control in this population. This paper summarizes the role and strategies of expanding HIV testing in MSM in order to provide a reference for the improvement of HIV testing in this population.
Male ; Humans ; HIV Infections/epidemiology* ; Homosexuality, Male ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; Risk-Taking ; Sexual and Gender Minorities ; HIV Testing ; China/epidemiology*

Objective: To understand the infection status of HIV and related factors in men who have sex with men (MSM) in Shanxi province in 2010, 2015 and 2020. Methods: According to the sentinel surveillance protocol, continuous cross-sectional survey were conducted to collect the information about basic characteristics, general demographic characteristics, AIDS knowledge awareness, high-risk sexual behavior, sexually transmitted diseases, intervention services and HIV infection rate of the MSM in Shanxi in 2010, 2015 and 2020. Results: In 2010, 2015 and 2020, a total of 2 708 MSM were included in this study. There were significant differences in HIV infection rate among three years (χ²=23.76, P<0.001) with an increasing trend with year (trend χ² =17.34, P<0.001). The rates of anal sex, commercial sex and heterosexual behavior in the past 6 months were 77.62% (2 102/2 708), 5.91% (160/2 708) and 28.14% (762/2 708) respectively, and the rates of consistent use of condom were 52.52% (1 104/2 102), 63.13% (101/160) and 23.49%(179/762) respectively, and the rate of consistent condom use was low. Results from multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that different cities, having educational level of junior high school or below, being recruited through internet, voluntary counseling and testing, suffering from sexually transmitted diseases, occasional condom use in anal sex in the past 6 months were the correlative factors of HIV infection of MSM. Conclusions: The HIV infection rate of MSM in Shanxi increased year by year from 2010, 2015 to 2020. The HIV/AIDS-related risk behavior persisted, and the proportion of condomuse adherence was low, and the HIV detection rate was low in the MSM, so targeted and effective measures should be taken to promote the condom use adherence and regular HIV testing in MSM.
Cross-Sectional Studies ; HIV Infections/epidemiology* ; HIV Testing ; Homosexuality, Male ; Humans ; Male ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Risk-Taking ; Sentinel Surveillance ; Sex Work ; Sexual Behavior ; Sexual and Gender Minorities ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases/epidemiology* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

INTRODUCTION: As part of infection control measures for COVID-19, individuals have been encouraged to adopt both preventive (such as handwashing) and avoidant behavioural changes (e.g. avoiding crowds). In this study, we examined whether demographics predicted the likelihood that a person would adopt these behaviours in Singapore. METHODS: A total of 1,145 participants responded to an online survey conducted between 7 March and 21 April 2020. We collected demographic information and asked participants to report which of 17 behaviour changes they had undertaken because of the COVID-19 outbreak. Regression analyses were performed to predict the number of behavioural changes (preventive, avoidant, and total) as a function of demographics. Finally, we sought to identify predictors of persons who declared that they had not undertaken any of these measures following the outbreak. RESULTS: Most participants (97%) reported at least one behavioural change on account of the pandemic, with changes increasing with the number of local COVID-19 cases ( CONCLUSION Our characterisation of behavioural changes provides a baseline for public health advisories. Moving forward, health authorities can focus their efforts on encouraging segments of the population who do not readily adopt infection control measures against COVID-19.
Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; COVID-19/psychology* ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hand Disinfection/trends* ; Health Behavior ; Health Policy ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pandemics ; Physical Distancing ; Risk-Taking ; Self Report ; Sex Factors ; Singapore/epidemiology* ; Socioeconomic Factors

Background: The Dark Triad personalities have been well studied, however, it is not often linked with empathy and risk-taking intentions. The present study aims to address this gap by examining the association between the Dark Triad personality traits, empathy and risk-taking intentions in the five domains – ethical, financial, health/safety, social, and recreational. Methods: A sample of 160 young adults residing in Malaysia (Male=69, Female=99, Mage=22.01, SD=2.03) completed the Short Dark Triad Questionnaire, Empathy Scale, and Domain-Specific Risk-Taking Scale through an online survey. Results: Machiavellianism and Psychopathy were positively associated with the five domains of risk-taking, including social, ethical, financial, recreational and health/safety domains, and negatively associated with empathy. Narcissism, on the contrary, was positively correlated to all risk-taking domains except for recreational risk-taking, and showed no significant relationship to empathy. Empathy was a significant predictor in social risk-taking whereas Machiavellianism and Psychopathy were significant predictors in ethical risk-taking intentions. Conclusion This study expanded existing knowledge on the Dark Triad personalities by demonstrating a link between each Dart Triad trait, potential risk-taking behaviours and empathy.
Risk-taking

OBJECTIVES: To explore the effect of HIV prevention information transmission model in the prevention of high-risk sexual behavior among men who have sex with men (MSM). METHODS: To establish the HIV "expert-key informant-MSM" preventive information transmission model and to intervene the MSM high-risk sexual behavior. Before and 3 months after the intervention, MSM was measured by general information questionnaire, AIDS knowledge and sexual behavior questionnaire, MSM Health Belief Scale for HIV Prevention, and Safe Sexual Self-efficacy Scale. RESULTS: AIDS knowledge and sexual behavior scores in MSM after the intervention were significantly higher than those before the intervention (=-13.047, <0.001); the scores of health belief before and after the intervention were significantly higher (=-3.272, =0.001); condom use in MSM after the intervention was more common than that before the intervention (<0.05), except for commercial sex. CONCLUSIONS The application of HIV prevention information transmission model can effectively improve AIDS-related knowledge, HIV prevention health beliefs, condom use rate of MSM population, and in turn promote the transformation of their high-risk sexual behavior.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; Condoms ; HIV Infections ; Homosexuality, Male ; Humans ; Male ; Risk-Taking ; Sex Work ; Sexual Behavior ; Sexual and Gender Minorities

OBJECTIVES: To explore the Impact of community subculture of men who have sex with men (MSM) on the occurrence of high-risk sexual behavior based on the health belief model. METHODS: A qualitative research method was used to conduct in-depth interviews with 17 MSM by one-to-one and half-structured way, and thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: There were several factors for high-risk sexual behavior in MSM subculture, such as trust, subjective assessment for partner or personal health status, the role in inserting, awareness of HIV infection among partners, perception of HIV and homosexual discrimination, difficulty in maintaining a fixed partner, family responsibility,and so on. Self-efficacy also affected MSM's high-risk sexual behavior. CONCLUSIONS High-risk sexual behavior in MSM population is influenced by individual, group, and intra-circle subculture. Cognitive bias for HIV infection in MSMs can be intervened by constructing a preventive intervention model for high-risk sexual behavior.
HIV Infections ; Homosexuality, Male ; Humans ; Male ; Risk-Taking ; Sexual Behavior ; Sexual Partners ; Sexual and Gender Minorities

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to analyze the association between allergic rhinitis and frequency of muscular exercise and sitting time in Korean adolescents. METHODS: We performed logistic regression analysis to calculate allergic rhinitis odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) about frequency of muscular exercise and sitting time measured by questionnaires. RESULTS: Students participating in muscular exercise over 5 days a week had lower OR than students not participating in muscular exercise (OR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.84–0.98), and the groups whose sitting time were 5 to 10 hours, 10 to 15 hours, over 15 hours had much higher OR than the group participating in sitting time less than 1 hour (5–10 hours: OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.05–1.44; 10–15 hours: OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.15–1.55; ≥15 hours: OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.19–1.63). CONCLUSION: We found that allergic rhinitis of Korean adolescents was associated with frequency of muscular exercise and sitting time.
Adolescent ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Odds Ratio ; Resistance Training ; Rhinitis, Allergic ; Risk-Taking

BACKGROUND: This study investigates the association between sleep duration and diabetes mellitus (DM) in a large representative population-based survey in South Korea. METHODS: The fourth (2007–2009), fifth (2010–2012), and sixth (2013) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data sets were used. A total of 37,989 individuals were selected for the study. Chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to analyze whether general characteristics, health status, and health risk behaviors were associated with DM. RESULTS: After adjusting for confounders, the odds of DM in short sleepers (≤5 hr/day) and long sleepers (≥9 hr/day) were 1.033-times higher (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.913–1.169) and 1.334-times higher (95% CI, 1.140–1.562), respectively, compared with individuals who slept 7 hr/day. Subgroup analysis according to gender showed a U-shaped association for both genders, although it appeared stronger in men. CONCLUSION: This study identified a U-shaped association between sleep duration and the risk for DM. Additional studies should help clarify the important information in this study.
Dataset ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Humans ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Nutrition Surveys ; Risk-Taking