Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics, treatment and prognosis of malignant rhabdoid tumor (MRT) in children. Methods: Clinical data total of 18 children with MRT treated in the Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University between June 2015 to June 2021 were analyzed retrospectively. The patients were grouped according to age, gender, tumor type, clinical stage and other factors.Progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated by Kaplan-Meier method, survival differences among different groups were compared by Log-rank test, and prognostic factors were analyzed by Cox regression model. Results: Among the 18 patients, there were 5 males and 13 females. The age of disease onset was 30.5 (12.0, 75.0) months, the tumor diameter was (80±29) mm, and no integrase interactor 1 (INI-1) expression was detected by immunohistochemistry. There were 7 cases of malignant rhabdoid tumor of the kidney (MRTK), 6 cases of atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (ATRT) and 5 cases of extrarenal extracranial rhabdoid tumor (EERT). At the time of early diagnosis, 12 patients were clinically stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ, 11 patients had local or distant metastasis, and 4 patients had metastasis during treatment. Surgical excision is the preferred treatment. There were 3 cases with preoperative puncture biopsy, 13 cases with complete resection, 4 cases with partial resection, and 1 case without operation. Thirteen patients were treated with the domestic conventional chemotherapy regimen for Wilms' tumor, medulloblastoma and rhabdomyosarcoma, and 5 patients were treated with the international conventional chemotherapy regimen. Nine patients received radiotherapy, including 1 case of MRTK, 4 cases of ATRT and 4 cases of EERT. By the end of follow-up in January 2022, 7 patients survived and 11 patients died. The 3-year PFS and OS rates were (8±8) % and (14±12) %. Log-rank test showed that the 5-year OS of EERT group was higher than ATRT and MRTK groups (χ²=16.31, P<0.001), the tumor diameter <80 mm group was higher than that of the ≥80 mm group (χ²=4.49, P=0.034), and the radiotherapy group was higher than no radiotherapy group (χ²=3.97, P=0.046). The differences were statistically significant. There was no significant difference in the influence of tumor type, age, tumor diameter, radiotherapy and chemotherapy on OS by Cox regression model (all P>0.05). Log-rank test showed that the 3-year PFS of EERT group was higher than ATRT and MRTK groups (χ²=11.14, P=0.004),>3 years group was higher than ≤3 years group (χ²=10.10, P=0.001), the differences were statistically significant. Tumor type, clinical stage, tumor diameter, age, tumor rupture and radiotherapy were included in the Cox regression model, and the results showed that clinical stage (HR=0.49, 95%CI 0.26-0.94, P=0.031), tumor diameter (HR=8.67, 95%CI 1.84-40.89, P=0.006), age (HR=0.01, 95%CI 0.00-0.15, P=0.001) had statistical significance on PFS. Conclusions: MRT is one of the most aggressive and fatal cancers in early childhood and infancy. There is no standard treatment and the prognosis is extremely poor. Clinical stage, tumor size and age are risk factors for disease progression.
Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney Neoplasms ; Male ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Rhabdoid Tumor/therapy* ; Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal ; Survival Rate

PURPOSE: Malignant rhabdoid tumor (MRT) is a rare and highly aggressive tumor that affects young children. Due to its extreme rarity, most of the available data are based on retrospective case series. To add to the current knowledge of this disease, we reviewed the patients treated for extra-cranial MRT in our institute. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective medical record review was conducted on children treated for pathologically confirmed extra-cranial MRT at Seoul National University Children's Hospital between January 2003 and May 2013. RESULTS: Eleven patients (7 boys, 4 girls) were diagnosed with extra-cranial MRT at a median age of 9 months old. INI1 staining was important in the pathological confirmation. Six patients (55%) had renal MRT and five (45%) had soft tissue MRT. Five patients (45%) had metastases at diagnosis. All patients underwent chemotherapy, eight patients (73%) underwent surgery, six patients (55%) received therapeutic radiotherapy, and four patients (36%) underwent high dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell rescue (HDCT/ASCR) with melphalan, etoposide, and carboplatin. Five patients (45%) died of disease following progression (n=3) or relapse (n=2), however, there was no treatment related mortality. The overall survival of the cohort was 53.0% and the event-free survival was 54.5% with a median follow-up duration of 17.8 months (range, 2.3 to 112.3 months). CONCLUSION: Extra-cranial MRT is still a highly aggressive tumor in young children. However, the improved survival of our cohort is promising and HDCT/ASCR with melphalan, etoposide, and carboplatin may be a promising treatment option.
Carboplatin ; Child* ; Cohort Studies ; Diagnosis ; Disease-Free Survival ; Drug Therapy ; Etoposide ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Kidney Neoplasms ; Medical Records ; Melphalan ; Mortality ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Radiotherapy ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Rhabdoid Tumor* ; Seoul ; Soft Tissue Neoplasms ; Stem Cells

Contrary to metastatic tumors of the omentum, primary tumors of the omentum are very rare. A 10-year-old girl presented with low abdominal pain. Imaging studies showed a multiseptated hemorrhagic tumor. The mass from the omentum was removed completely and confirmed as a malignant rhabdoid tumor. Despite aggressive chemotherapy, she died after 9 months due to disease progression. We report one case of primary malignant rhabdoid tumor of the omentum for the first time.
Abdominal Pain ; Child* ; Disease Progression ; Drug Therapy ; Female* ; Humans ; Omentum* ; Rhabdoid Tumor*

We report a very rare case of sellar and suprasellar atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (ATRT) in a 42-year-old female patient. The tumor was removed subtotally with a transsphenoidal approach. Histopathologic study showed rhabdoid cells with prominent nucleoli and abundant cytoplasm. Immunohistochemistry for INI1 was completely negative in the tumor cells, consistent with ATRT. After surgery, she received radiotherapy including spinal irradiation with proton beam therapy and subsequent chemotherapy, with no evidence of recurrence for more than 2 years. Up to date, this is the 8th case of an adult-onset ATRT in the sellar or suprasellar region. Despite its rarity, ATRTs should be considered in the differential diagnosis of an unclear malignant sellar or suprasellar lesion in adult patients and the treatment strategies for adult ATRT patients could be differentiated from those of pediatric ATRT patients.
Adult ; Cytoplasm ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Drug Therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Proton Therapy ; Radiotherapy ; Recurrence ; Rhabdoid Tumor*

Rhabdoid colonic tumors are very rare lesions with just a few publications describing such neoplasms. Even more unusual for these lesions are their primary rectal locations, with only two brief case reports having been published on that subject to date. We present a case of a composite rhabdoid rectal carcinoma in a 49-year-old male. The tumor behaved very aggressively, with rapid patient demise despite radical surgery and intensive postoperative chemotherapy (FOLFIRI [folinic acid {leucovorin}, fluorouracil {5-fluorouracil}, and irinotecan] and FOLFOX4 [folinic acid {leucovorin}, fluorouraci {5-fluorouracil}, and oxaliplatin]). Pathologic examination was supportive of a rhabdoid carcinoma, with a compatible immunohistochemical profile, demonstrating synchronous expression of vimentin and epithelial markers in the tumor cells. In addition, BRAF V600E gene mutation, together with a wild-type KRAS gene, was identified, and no evidence of microsatellite instability based on MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2 immunophenotypes, i.e., no loss of expression for all 4 markers, was observed. Our reported case confirms previously published observations of the clinical aggressiveness and the poor therapeutic response for rhabdoid tumors.
Colon ; Drug Therapy ; Fluorouracil ; Humans ; Male ; Microsatellite Instability ; Middle Aged ; Rectum* ; Rhabdoid Tumor ; Vimentin

Herein, we report a neonatal case of an extra-renal non-cranial malignant rhabdoid tumor with simultaneous tumor in the adrenal gland, which was initially diagnosed with hemangioma. The patient showed a soft tissue mass on the chin at birth which grew rapidly with invasion of lower lip. Despite multimodal treatment including surgery, chemotherapy and high dose chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation, the patient died of disease progression at the age of 20 months finally. The clinical presentation, diagnosis, pathology, treatment, and prognosis for this case are discussed.
Adrenal Glands ; Chin ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Diagnosis ; Disease Progression ; Drug Therapy ; Hemangioma ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Lip ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Parturition ; Pathology ; Prognosis ; Rhabdoid Tumor ; Stem Cell Transplantation

The feasibility and effectiveness of tandem high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (HDCT/autoSCT) were evaluated in children younger than 3 yr of age with atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (ATRT). Tandem HDCT/autoSCT was administered following six cycles of induction chemotherapy. Radiotherapy (RT) was administered if the tumor relapsed or progressed, otherwise, it was administered after 3 yr of age. Tumors relapsed or progressed during induction chemotherapy in 5 of 9 patients enrolled; 3 of these 5 received tandem HDCT/autoSCT as a salvage treatment. One patient died from sepsis during induction chemotherapy. The remaining 3 patients proceeded to tandem HDCT/autoSCT; however, 2 of these patients showed tumor relapse/progression after tandem HDCT/autoSCT. All 7 relapses/progressions occurred at primary sites even in patients with leptomeningeal seeding. Toxicities during tandem HDCT/autoSCT were manageable. A total of 5 patients were alive with a median follow-up of 20 (range 16-70) months from diagnosis. Four of 5 patients who received RT after relapse/progression are alive. The probability of overall survival at 3 yr from diagnosis was 53.3% +/- 17.3%. Our tandem HDCT/autoSCT is feasible; however, early administration of RT prior to tandem HDCT/autoSCT should be considered to improve the outcome after tandem HDCT/autoSCT.
Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/*therapeutic use ; Carboplatin/administration & dosage ; Central Nervous System Neoplasms/drug therapy/radiotherapy/*therapy ; Child, Preschool ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Cyclophosphamide/administration & dosage ; Etoposide/administration & dosage ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Induction Chemotherapy ; Infant ; Male ; Prospective Studies ; Recurrence ; Rhabdoid Tumor/drug therapy/radiotherapy/*therapy ; Salvage Therapy ; *Stem Cell Transplantation ; Survival Rate ; Thiotepa/administration & dosage ; Transplantation, Autologous

A 9 year old boy presented with painless gross hematuria 1 month prior to admission. Ultrasound and CT scan of the whole abdomen with contrast showed a 2.6cm x 2.0cm papillary mass on the right posterolateral wall. Initial transurethral biopsy result showed negative for malignancy, fibrovascular tissue with mild chronic and acute inflammation. On repeat cystoscopy, a 4cm x 4cm pendunculated lobulated mass was located posterolateral encroaching on the right ureteral orifice. Subsequently a partial cystectomy with distal ureterectomy, right; right-to-left transureteroureterostomy with DJ stent insertion were done. Microscopic and immunostaining results support a diagnosis of rhabdoid tumor. Adjuvant chemotherapy and immunotherapy was given. On follow up, there was no evidence of recurrence.

This case emphasizes the need to follow aggressively children with gross hematuria. Biopsy should include deep biopsies as rhabdoid tumors are infiltrating tumors. Coordination with the pathologist is of extreme importance since special stainings are needed for confirmation.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols ; therapeutic use ; Child, Preschool ; Dactinomycin ; administration & dosage ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Infant ; Kidney Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Male ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 ; metabolism ; Rhabdoid Tumor ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Rhabdomyosarcoma ; pathology ; Sarcoma, Clear Cell ; metabolism ; pathology ; Synaptophysin ; metabolism ; Vimentin ; metabolism ; Vincristine ; administration & dosage ; Wilms Tumor ; pathology

A Malignant rhabdoid tumor (MRT) arising in the right temporoparietal lobe of a 9-year-old boy is described along with the results of an immunohistochemical study. The patient initially sought medical attention for a ptosis and right sided headache. The child underwent a subtotal resection of the tumor, followed by radiotherapy and systemic chemotherapy, but died three years after surgery. A MRT, a primary neoplasm of the central nervous system (CNS), is an entity of unknown histogenesis with a dismal prognosis, which only occurs in early childhood. Histologically similar tumors with more varied morphological features have been designated as an atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor. However, a classical MRT is extremely rare in the CNS and our case represents a classical CNS MRT.
Brain Neoplasms/therapy ; Brain Neoplasms/pathology ; Brain Neoplasms/metabolism* ; Case Report ; Child ; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/analysis ; Human ; Immunohistochemistry ; Male ; Rhabdoid Tumor/therapy ; Rhabdoid Tumor/pathology ; Rhabdoid Tumor/metabolism* ; Vimentin/analysis