Humans ; Epiretinal Membrane/surgery* ; Retinal Perforations/surgery* ; Vitrectomy ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Retrospective Studies

PURPOSE: To discuss the unique morphology and origin of epiretinal proliferation associated with macular hole (EPMH) occasionally observed in full-thickness macular hole (FT-MH) or lamellar hole (LH) and to introduce the perifoveal crown phenomenon encountered when removing this unusual proliferative tissue. METHODS: Sixteen patients showing EPMH in spectral domain-optical coherence tomography were selected from 212 patients diagnosed with MH, LH, FT-MH, impending MH, macular pseudohole, or epiretinal membrane between January 2013 and December 2014. Of the 212 patients included for clinical analysis, 33, 23, 11, 7, and 190 exhibited LH, FT-MH, impending MH, macular pseudohole, and epiretinal membrane, respectively. We reviewed visual acuity, macular morphology, and clinical course. Surgical specimens were analyzed histologically. RESULTS: EPMH presented as an amorphous proliferation starting from the defective inner/outer segment (IS/OS) junction covering the inner macula surface. Among the 16 patients with EPMH, 11 underwent vitrectomy, and all exhibited the intraoperative perifoveal crown phenomenon. EPMH tissue was sampled in three patients, one of whom had more tissue removed than intended and showed delayed recovery in visual acuity. Despite hole closure, IS/OS junction integrity was not successfully restored in four of 11 patients. Five patients were followed-up without surgical intervention. Visual acuity slightly decreased in three patients and did not change in one patient, while the remaining patient was lost during follow-up. Among the three perifoveal crown tissues obtained, two were successfully analyzed histologically. Neither tissue showed positivity to synaptophysin or S-100 protein, but one showed positivity to cytokeratin protein immunohistochemical staining. CONCLUSIONS: EPMH exhibited a distinct but common configuration in spectral domain-optical coherence tomography. An epithelial proliferation origin is plausible based on its configuration and histological analysis. Perifoveal crown phenomenon was observed when removing EPMH during vitrectomy.
Aged ; Epiretinal Membrane/*diagnosis/etiology/surgery ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fovea Centralis/*diagnostic imaging ; Humans ; Intraoperative Period ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retinal Perforations/complications/*diagnosis/surgery ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Visual Acuity ; *Vitrectomy

BACKGROUNDInverted internal limiting membrane (ILM) flap technique has recently been reported in a limited number of studies as an effective surgical technique for the management of large macular holes (MHs) with fair MH closure rates as well as gains in visual acuity. In the current study, longitudinal changes in multi-focal electroretinogram (mfERG) responses, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) were evaluated in eyes with large MHs managed by this technique.

METHODSA prospective noncontrolled interventional study of eight patients (eight eyes) with large MHs (minimum diameter >400 μm) was conducted. All MHs were treated with pars plana vitrectomy and indocyanine green-assisted inverted ILM flap technique. SD-OCT images were used to assess the anatomical outcomes of surgery while BCVA and mfERG were used to evaluate the functional outcomes during a 3-month follow-up.

RESULTSAll patients underwent successful intended manipulation and translocation of the ILM flap without flap dislocation and achieved complete anatomical closure. Partial microstructural reconstruction, demonstrated on SD-OCT as restoration of the external limiting membrane and the ellipsoid zone, was observed in all cases as early as 1 month after surgery. Functionally, as compared to baseline, all patients showed improvements in BCVA and all but one in mfERG response during follow-up. However, Pearson's test revealed no significant correlations between BCVA and mfERG responses of the fovea and of the macular area at each evaluation time point.

CONCLUSIONSInverted ILM flap technique appears to be a safe and effective approach for the management of large idiopathic MHs with favorable short-term anatomical and functional results. Postoperative reconstruction of the microstructure generally shows good consistency with improvements in both BCVA and mfERG response, of which the latter might be a supplement for the former in postoperative functional follow-up.

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Electroretinography ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Retinal Perforations ; surgery ; Surgical Flaps ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Visual Acuity

OBJECTIVES: To assess the inadvertent intraocular retention of perfluorocarbon liquid (PFCL) after vitreoretinal surgery and their complications. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 108 patients who underwent vitreoretinal surgeries using intraoperative PFCL (perfluoro-n-octane (C8F18), 0.69 centistoke at 25degrees C, PERFLUORN(R), Alcon, USA) and the removal of PFCL through fluid-air exchange. The analysis was focused on the occurrence of intraocular retained PFCL, diagnoses,surgicalprocedures,andcomplications. RESULTS: Retinal detachment (51 cases, 47%) was the most common surgery which used PFCL intraoperatively. Other causes were vitreous hemorrhage (24 cases, 22%), posteriorly dislocated lens (22 cases, 21%), and trauma (11 cases, 10%). Intraocular PFCL was found in a total of 9 (8.3%) eyes. PFCL bubbles remained in anterior chamber and vitreous cavity were observed in 4 cases and subretinal retained PFCL was observed in 5 cases. Three of 5 cases of subretinal PFCL exhibited in subfoveal space. Among the three subfoveal cases, macular hole developed after PFCL removal in 1 case, epiretinal membrane in the area where had been PFCL bubble. However, we observed no complications in 1 case of subfoveal PFCL that was removed by surgery. PFCL in anterior chamber and vitreous cavity were in 4 cases. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of subfoveal PFCL might affect visual and anatomic outcomes. However, subfoveal PFCL may induce visual complications, and therefore requires special attention.
Anterior Chamber ; Epiretinal Membrane ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Retinal Detachment ; Retinal Perforations ; Retrospective Studies ; Vitrectomy* ; Vitreoretinal Surgery ; Vitreous Hemorrhage

PURPOSE: To describe early macular hole (MH) development in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) after scleral buckling (SB) based on optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings. METHODS: The medical records and spectral domain OCT images of patients in whom MH developed after RRD repair were evaluated retrospectively. RESULTS: A postoperative MH was detected in five eyes that underwent SB during a 6-year period. All had fovea-off RRD without MH at the time of surgery. OCT showed partial loss of the inner retina with a preserved photoreceptor layer in early postoperative days. On average, 7 days (range,5 to 8 days) after surgery, outer retinal tissues disappeared, resulting in the full-thickness MH. CONCLUSIONS: Serial OCT findings revealed that partial-thickness lamellar holes progressed to full-thickness MHs, which were formed by the degeneration of the outer retina in eyes with preceding loss of the glial cone in the fovea.
Aged ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Postoperative Complications ; Retinal Detachment/*surgery ; Retinal Perforations/diagnosis/*etiology ; Retrospective Studies ; *Scleral Buckling ; Tomography, Optical Coherence

We report a case of complete surgical resolution of Valsalva retinopathy that manifested as a premacular hemorrhage involving a membrane followed by a macular hole (MH) resulting from the first vitrectomy. A 20-year-old female patient was referred to our hospital due to sudden vision loss in the left eye. Her best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in the left eye was hand motion. Fundus photographs and optical coherence tomography (OCT) revealed a premacular hemorrhage. Nine weeks later, the BCVA in the left eye had returned to 20 / 100 and the premacular hemorrhage had completely resolved, but residual sub-internal limiting membrane deposits and a preretinal membrane were present. The preretinal membrane was removed by core vitrectomy and preretinal membrane peeling, but the foveal deposits could not be excised. Two weeks after the first vitrectomy, the deposits resolved spontaneously, but a full-thickness MH was present. Six months after a second vitrectomy with fluid-gas exchange, the BCVA in the left eye had improved to 20 / 25 and OCT showed that the MH had closed. This case illustrates the possibility of MH formation following vitrectomy for Valsalva retinopathy.
Epiretinal Membrane/diagnosis/*surgery ; Female ; Humans ; *Postoperative Complications ; Retinal Perforations/diagnosis/etiology/*surgery ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Vitrectomy/*adverse effects ; Young Adult

We report a case of complete surgical resolution of Valsalva retinopathy that manifested as a premacular hemorrhage involving a membrane followed by a macular hole (MH) resulting from the first vitrectomy. A 20-year-old female patient was referred to our hospital due to sudden vision loss in the left eye. Her best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in the left eye was hand motion. Fundus photographs and optical coherence tomography (OCT) revealed a premacular hemorrhage. Nine weeks later, the BCVA in the left eye had returned to 20 / 100 and the premacular hemorrhage had completely resolved, but residual sub-internal limiting membrane deposits and a preretinal membrane were present. The preretinal membrane was removed by core vitrectomy and preretinal membrane peeling, but the foveal deposits could not be excised. Two weeks after the first vitrectomy, the deposits resolved spontaneously, but a full-thickness MH was present. Six months after a second vitrectomy with fluid-gas exchange, the BCVA in the left eye had improved to 20 / 25 and OCT showed that the MH had closed. This case illustrates the possibility of MH formation following vitrectomy for Valsalva retinopathy.
Epiretinal Membrane/diagnosis/*surgery ; Female ; Humans ; *Postoperative Complications ; Retinal Perforations/diagnosis/etiology/*surgery ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Vitrectomy/*adverse effects ; Young Adult

A 42-year-old man was admitted to our clinic complaining of visual distortion in his left eye two months after bilateral myopic photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). Macular optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed a stage II macular hole in the left eye. Simultaneous OCT in the right eye showed vitreous traction and distortion of the outer retina. One month later, the patient underwent vitrectomy for the left eye, and the macular hole was closed. Two months after that, the patient complained of visual distortion in the right eye, and OCT revealed increased traction and accentuated outer retinal distortion indicating a stage IB macular hole. Traction attenuated later without any intervention. The short interval between PRK and hole formation, bilateral involvement, and the moderate refractive error in this case highlight the possible role of PRK in aggravating vitreoretinal interface abnormalities. We recommend the addition of PRK to the list of procedures that may be associated with the formation of a macular hole.
Adult ; Humans ; Male ; Myopia/*surgery ; Photorefractive Keratectomy/*adverse effects ; Retina/*pathology ; Retinal Perforations/diagnosis/*etiology ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; *Visual Acuity

We report two cases of surgical removal of a retained subfoveal perfluorocarbon liquid (PFCL) bubble through a therapeutic macular hole combined with intravitreal PFCL injection and gas tamponade. Two patients underwent pars plana vitrectomy with PFCL injection for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. In both cases, a retained subfoveal PFCL bubble was noticed postoperatively by funduscopy and optical coherence tomography. Both patients underwent surgical removal of the subfoveal PFCL through a therapeutic macular hole and gas tamponade. The therapeutic macular holes were completely closed by gas tamponade and the procedure yielded a good visual outcome (best-corrected visual acuity of 20 / 40 in both cases). In one case, additional intravitreal PFCL injection onto the macula reduced the size of the therapeutic macular hole and preserved the retinal structures in the macula. Surgical removal of a retained subfoveal PFCL bubble through a therapeutic macular hole combined with intravitreal PFCL injection and gas tamponade provides an effective treatment option.
Aged ; Female ; Fluorocarbons/*administration & dosage ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fovea Centralis ; Humans ; Intravitreal Injections ; Retinal Perforations/diagnosis/physiopathology/*surgery ; Suction/*methods ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Visual Acuity ; Vitrectomy/*methods

PURPOSE: To evaluate long-term outcome of foveal tissue elongation after macular hole (MH) surgery. METHODS: This retrospective, observational case series was performed on patients who underwent MH surgery and were followed-up more than 12 months. Distance between the parafoveal edge of the outer plexiform layer (OPL) was defined as the inter-OPL distance and measured using optical coherence tomography images at 5 to 8 months postoperatively and at the last follow-up. The horizontal and vertical inter-OPL distances were compared between the 2 defined time points. In addition, further elongation of the foveal tissue in certain directions was defined as asymmetric elongation and was compared between the defined time points. RESULTS: The early and late postoperative examination was performed at 6.3 +/- 1.1 (mean +/- standard deviation) months and 22.7 +/- 7.8 months, respectively. The horizontal inter-OPL distance was 552.3 +/- 130.5 microm and 502.8 +/- 139.3 microm at the defined time points, respectively and the vertical inter-OPL distance was 478.9 +/- 107.2 microm and 447.5 +/- 107.1 microm, respectively. Both horizontal and vertical inter-OPL distances were significantly shortened at the last postoperative examination (p < 0.001, p = 0.002, respectively). The degree of asymmetric elongation was 10.8 +/- 6.5% and 11.8 +/- 7.9% at the defined time points, respectively, and was not different between the defined time points (p = 0.426). CONCLUSIONS: The long-term shortening of foveal tissue after MH surgery without progression of asymmetry may partially contribute to the long-term recovery of visual function after MH surgery.
Follow-Up Studies ; General Surgery* ; Humans ; Retinal Perforations* ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, Optical Coherence