Yuebi Plus Banxia Decoction is derived from the Synopsis of the Golden Chamber(Jin Gui Yao Lue) by ZHANG Zhong-jing. With the effects of ventilating lung, discharging heat, descending adverse Qi, and relieving cough and asthma, this prescription is mainly used to treat pulmonary distension caused by phlegm heat obstructing the lungs. Currently, it is commonly used in clinical practice for the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute bronchitis, pneumonia, bronchial asthma, pulmonary heart disease, and pertussis. In the original text, lung distension refers to the inability of lung Qi to descend, including symptoms such as barrel chest, chest tightness, shortness of breath, coughing, and phlegm accumulation, and it is often seen in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The description of "the patient is panting and their eyes are likely to dislodge" indicates that Yuebi Plus Banxia Decoction is used to treat severe cases of pathogenic heat obstructing the lungs. The description of "the eyes are likely to dislodge" does not refer to hyperthyroidism with sunken orbits, but to the enlarged eye opening caused by severe coughing and asthma as well as chemosis caused by type Ⅱ respiratory failure. The disease indications of this prescription include acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease combined with type Ⅱ respiratory failure, severe pulmonary infection, pulmonary heart disease combined with infection, interstitial pneumonia, and bronchial asthma. The symptom and sign indications of this prescription include chest tightness, wheezing, cough, expectoration, yellow and sticky phlegm, difficult cough, dry mouth/thirst, desire for cold drinks, irritability, enlarged open of eyes, chemosis, dry stool, yellow urine, red tongue, thin white or yellow tongue coating, dry tongue coating, and floating and slippery powerful pulse. In terms of the disease nature, the indications of this prescription are mainly excess syndromes and rarely include deficiency syndromes. In terms of treatment course, one or two bags of Yuebi Plus Banxia Decoction can demonstrate effects of relieving dyspnea and coughing. In terms of prescription identification, Yuebi Plus Banxia Decoction needs to be distinguished from Yuebi Decoction and Yuebi Plus Atractylodes Macrocephala Decoction. In terms of pharmacological effects, Yuebi Plus Banxia Decoction demonstrates anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects and can alleviate congestion and edema in the bronchial wall and surrounding interstitium.
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/physiopathology* ; Humans ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage* ; Respiratory Insufficiency/etiology* ; Respiratory Tract Infections/physiopathology* ; Male

BACKGROUND: An acute upper respiratory tract infection (URI) is the most common disease worldwide, irrespective of age or sex. This study aimed to evaluate the short-term effect of diurnal temperature range (DTR) on emergency room (ER) visits for URI in Seoul, Korea, between 2009 and 2013. METHODS: Daily ER visits for URI were selected from the National Emergency Department Information System, which is a nationwide daily reporting system for ER visits in Korea. URI cases were defined according to International Classification of Diseases, 10 RESULTS: There were 529,527 ER visits for URI during the study period, with a daily mean of 290 visits (range, 74-1942 visits). The mean daily DTR was 8.05 °C (range, 1.1-17.6 °C). The cumulative day (lag 02) effect of DTR above 6.57 °C per 1 °C increment was associated with a 1.42% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.04-2.82) increase in total URI. Children (≤ 5 years of age) were affected by DTR above 6.57 °C per 1 °C, with 1.45% (95% CI 0.32-2.60) at lag 02, adults (19-64 years) with 2.77% (95% CI 0.39-5.20) at lag 07. When the DTR (lag02) was 6.57 °C to 11.03 °C, the relative risk was significant at 6.01% (95% CI 2.45-9.69) for every 1 °C increase in youth subjects aged for 6 to 18 years. CONCLUSIONS DTR was associated with a higher risk for ER visits for URI. In addition, the results suggested that the lag effects and relative risks of DTR on URI were quite different according to age.
Acute Disease/epidemiology* ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cold Temperature/adverse effects* ; Emergency Service, Hospital/statistics & numerical data* ; Female ; Hot Temperature/adverse effects* ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology* ; Respiratory Tract Infections/etiology* ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo examine the clinical features of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) complicated by pulmonary infection after chemotherapy.

METHODSThe clinical data of 108 ALL children (115 case-times) with post-chemotherapy pulmonary infection were retrospectively reviewed. The risk factors for pulmonary infection and the relationship between pathogens and chest CT findings were evaluated.

RESULTSThe highest incidence (77.4% ) of pulmonary infection occurred during remission induction, peaking at 31-60 days after chemotherapy. Patients with neutropenia had the highest incidence rate of pulmonary infection (67.0%). Bacteria (36%) and fungi (41%) were the two most common pathogens in the 41 patients who were etiologically suspected of or diagnosed with pulmonary infection. There was no significant difference in chest CT findings between patients with bacterial and fungal infections.

CONCLUSIONSThe children with ALL are most susceptible to pulmonary infection during remission induction, especially when they are neutropenic. Bacteria and fungi are the main pathogens of pulmonary infections in these patients. However, the changes in chest CT images are poor indicators of the nature of pulmonary infection.

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma ; complications ; drug therapy ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; diagnostic imaging ; epidemiology ; etiology ; microbiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

OBJECTIVETo compare clinically relevant postoperative complications after open, laparoscopic, and robotic gastrectomy for gastric cancer.

METHODSClinical data of patients with gastric cancer who underwent gastrectomy between January 1, 2014 and October 1, 2016 at Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital were analyzed retrospectively. All the patients were diagnosed by upper endoscopy and confirmed by biopsy without distant metastasis. They were confirmed with R0 resection by postoperative pathology. Patients with incomplete data were excluded. The complications among open group, laparoscopic group and robotic group were compared. The continuous variables were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, and categorical variables were analyzed by χtest or Fisher exact test.

RESULTSA total of 1 791 patients (1 320 males and 471 females) were included in the study, aged from 17 to 98 (59.0±11.6) years, comprising 922 open, 673 laparoscopic and 196 robotic gastrectomies. There were no significant differences among three groups in baseline data (gender, age, BMI, comorbidity, radiochemotherapy) and some of operative or postoperative data (blood transfusion, number of lymph node dissection, combined organ resection, resection site, N stage, postoperative hospital stay). The blood loss in laparoscopic and robotic groups was significantly lower than that in open group[(185.7±139.6) ml and (194.0±187.6) ml vs. (348.2±408.5) ml, F=59.924, P=0.000]. The postoperative complication occurred in 197 of 1 791(11.0%) patients. The Clavien-Dindo II(, III(a, III(b, IIII(a, and IIIII( complications were 5.5%, 4.0%, 1.2%, 0.1%, and 0.2% respectively. The anastomotic leakage (2.4%), intestinal obstruction(1.3%) and pulmonary infection(1.2%) were the three most common complications, followed by wound infection(0.8%), cardiovascular disease(0.7%), anastomotic bleeding (0.7%), delayed gastric emptying (0.6%), duodenal stump fistula(0.5%), intraperitoneal hemorrhage (0.5%), pancreatic fistula (0.3%), intra-abdominal infection(0.2%), chylous leakage (0.1%) and other complications(1.7%). There were no significant differences among three groups as the complication rates of open, laparoscopic and robotic gastrectomy were 10.6%(98/922), 10.8%(73/673) and 13.3%(26/196) respectively (χ=1.173, P=0.566). But anastomotic leakage occurred more common after laparoscopic and robotic gastrectomy compared to open gastrectomy [3.1%(21/673) and 5.1%(10/196) vs. 1.3%(12/922), χ=12.345, P=0.002]. The rate of cardiocerebral vascular diseases was higher in open group[1.3%(12/922) vs. 0.1%(1/673) and 0, χ=8.786, P=0.012]. And the rate of anastomotic bleeding was higher in robotic group [2.0%(4/196) vs. open 0.4%(4/922) and laparoscopic 0.6%(4/673), χ=6.365, P=0.041]. In view of Clavien-Dindo classification, III(a complications occurred more common in laparoscopic group [5.5%(37/673) vs. open 3.3%(30/922) and robotic 2.6%(5/196), χ=6.308, P=0.043] and III(b complications occurred more common in robotic group [3.1%(6/196) vs. open 1.1%(10/922) and laparoscopic 0.7%(5/673), χ=7.167, P=0.028].

CONCLUSIONSMorbidities of postoperative complications are comparable among open, laparoscopic and robotic gastrectomy for gastric cancer. However, in consideration of the high difficulty of anastomosis, the minimally invasive surgery should be performed by more experienced surgeons.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Anastomotic Leak ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Blood Loss, Surgical ; statistics & numerical data ; Cerebrovascular Disorders ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Chylous Ascites ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Comorbidity ; Comparative Effectiveness Research ; Duodenal Diseases ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Female ; Gastrectomy ; adverse effects ; methods ; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Gastroparesis ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Gastroscopy ; Hemoperitoneum ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Humans ; Intestinal Fistula ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Intraabdominal Infections ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Laparoscopy ; adverse effects ; Length of Stay ; Lymph Node Excision ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Postoperative Complications ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Postoperative Hemorrhage ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Postoperative Period ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Assessment ; Robotic Surgical Procedures ; adverse effects ; Stomach Neoplasms ; surgery ; Surgical Wound Infection ; epidemiology ; etiology

An 8-year-old girl who had experienced intermittent cough and fever over a 3 year period, was admitted after experiencing a recurrence for one month. One year ago the patient experienced a recurrent oral mucosal ulcer. Physical examination showed vitiligo in the skin of the upper right back. Routine blood tests and immune function tests performed in other hospitals had shown normal results. Multiple lung CT scans showed pulmonary infection. The patient had recurrent fever and cough and persistent presence of some lesions after anti-infective therapy. The antitubercular therapy was ineffective. Routine blood tests after admission showed agranulocytosis. Gene detection was performed and she was diagnosed with dyskeratosis congenita caused by homozygous mutation in RTEL1. Patients with dyskeratosis congenita with RTEL1 gene mutation tend to develop pulmonary complications. Since RTEL1 gene sequence is highly variable with many mutation sites and patterns and can be inherited via autosomal dominant or recessive inheritance, this disease often has various clinical manifestations, which may lead to missed diagnosis or misdiagnosis. For children with unexplained recurrent pulmonary infection, examinations of the oral cavity, skin, and nails and toes should be taken and routine blood tests should be performed to exclude dyskeratosis congenita. There are no specific therapies for dyskeratosis congenita at present, and when bone marrow failure and pulmonary failure occur, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and lung transplantation are the only therapies. Androgen and its derivatives are effective in some patients. Drugs targeting the telomere may be promising for patients with dyskeratosis congenita.
Child ; Dyskeratosis Congenita ; complications ; therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Mouth Diseases ; etiology ; Mouth Mucosa ; pathology ; Recurrence ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; etiology ; Telomere ; drug effects ; Ulcer ; etiology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the association of the serum level of vitamin A (VA) with the severity of pneumonia and recurrent respiratory infection (RRI) within one year after treatment in children with pneumonia, and to provide a basis for serum VA level used as an index for judgment of the condition of pneumonia and prediction of the risk of recurrent respiratory infection.

METHODSA total of 88 children with pneumonia aged less than 3 years were enrolled as study subjects. Serum VA level was measured on admission, and the development of RRI was followed up by telephone within 1 year after discharge.

RESULTSThe children with pneumonia showed a reduction in the serum level of VA (0.8±0.3 μmol/L). The severe pneumonia group had a significantly lower serum level of VA than the mild pneumonia group (0.7±0.3 μmol/L vs 0.9±0.3 μmol/L; P<0.05), as well as a significantly higher detection rate of vitamin A deficiency (VAD) than the mild pneumonia group (63% vs 28%; P<0.05). The children were followed up for 1 year. The VAD-pneumonia group showed a significantly higher incidence of RRI than the normal VA-pneumonia group (49% vs 18%; P<0.05), while there were no significant differences in the incidence of RRI between the suspected subclinical vitamin A deficiency (SSVAD)-pneumonia group and the normal VA-pneumonia group, as well as between the VAD-pneumonia group and the SSVAD-pneumonia group (P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONSChildren with pneumonia often have a low level of VA, and the level of VA is associated with the severity of pneumonia and the development of RRI afterwards.

Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Pneumonia ; blood ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Vitamin A ; blood ; Vitamin A Deficiency ; complications ; epidemiology

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a frequent cause of pediatric liver disease; however, the data on DILI are remarkably limited. METHODS: All 69 children hospitalized with DILI between January 2009 and December 2011 were retrospectively studied. RESULTS: A total of 37.7% of the children had medical histories of respiratory infection. The clinical injury patterns were as follows: hepatocellular 89.9%, cholestatic 2.9%, and mixed 7.2%. Liver biopsies from 55 children most frequently demonstrated chronic (47.3%) and acute (27.3%) hepatitis. Hypersensitivity features, namely, fever (31.9%), rash (21.7%), and eosinophilia (1.4%), were found. Twenty-four children (34.8%) developed chronic DILI. Antibiotics (26.1%) were the most common Western medicines (WMs) causing DILI, and the major implicated herbs were Ephedra sinica and Polygonum multiflorum. Compared with WM, the children whose injuries were caused by Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) showed a higher level of total bilirubin (1.4 mg/dL vs 16.6 mg/dL, p=0.004) and a longer prothrombin time (11.8 seconds vs 17.3 seconds, p=0.012), but they exhibited less chronic DILI (2/15 vs 18/39, p=0.031). CONCLUSIONS: Most cases of DILI in children are caused by antibiotics or CHM used to treat respiratory infection and present with hepatocellular injury. Compared with WM, CHM is more likely to cause severe liver injury, but liver injury caused by CHM is curable.
Anti-Bacterial Agents/*adverse effects ; Bilirubin/blood ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; Drug-Induced Liver Injury/blood/*etiology/pathology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/*adverse effects ; Female ; Humans ; Liver/pathology ; Male ; Prothrombin Time ; Respiratory Tract Infections/*complications/drug therapy ; Retrospective Studies

Wheezing is one of the most common clinical manifestations of childhood respiratory diseases, mainly associated with virus infection. Recent years, bacteria colonization and its infection are reported to involve in childhood wheezing, especially in infantile wheezing. However, the bacteria flora in the airway is only a phenomenon or a reason to induce some childhood wheezing, and its roles, as well as the mechanism in the development of wheezing remain unknown. This article summarizes the research progress in the relationship between childhood wheezing and bacteria and in the possible mechanisms of childhood wheezing caused by bacteria.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; adverse effects ; Bacterial Infections ; complications ; Humans ; Respiratory Sounds ; etiology ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; complications

OBJECTIVETo study the pathology, imaging and clinical features of a child with trisomy 21 syndrome associated interstitial lung disease.

METHODData of a case with trisomy 21 syndrome associated interstitial lung disease confirmed by lung imaging and pathology were collected, analyzed and the related reports in literature were reviewed.

RESULTThe patient was a one year and 7 months old boy who suffered from severe pneumonia and recurrent infection during his hospital stay. When his disease was stable, he did not have shortness of breath and cyanosis, but a chest computed tomography (CT) showed ground-glass opacity, regional emphysema, band-like change in lung parenchyma, which indicated interstitial lung diseases. Unequal air inflation in bilateral lungs and diffuse over-distension of peripheral air spaces in lung surface were seen through thoracoscope. Pathological examination indicated that alveolar, alveolar ducts and alveolar sac were enlarged, alveolar septa was expanded. There were two reports in lung pathology of trisomy 21 syndrome, alveolar growth abnormalities was seen in 86%-88% cases. The multiple subpleural cysts in chest CT was characteristic. Clinically, trisomy 21 syndrome had high morbidity of respiratory tract infection and progress to respiratory failure frequently. Prolonged postoperative desaturation was constant which required long duration of respiratory support.

CONCLUSIONTrisomy 21 syndrome associated alveolar growth abnormalities were confirmed, which manifest as alveolar simplification in pathology and interstitial lung diseases in imaging. The risk of respiratory failure in these cases caused by infection and surgery should be considered.

Cysts ; pathology ; Down Syndrome ; complications ; Humans ; Infant ; Lung ; pathology ; Lung Diseases, Interstitial ; diagnosis ; etiology ; Male ; Postoperative Period ; Pulmonary Alveoli ; pathology ; Respiratory Insufficiency ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

OBJECTIVETo investigate the viral etiology in hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTI) plus platelet disorders.

METHODSA total of 255 children with ALRTI plus platelet disorders and 442 children with ALRTI and normal platelets, all of whom were hospitalized between March 2010 and February 2011, were included in the study. Their nasopharyngeal aspirate samples were collected, and RT-PCR or PCR was performed to detect 14 viruses.

RESULTSOf 255 ALRTI patients with platelet disorders, thrombocytosis was found in 253 cases (99.2%) and thrombocytopenia in 2 cases (0.8%). Among ALRTI patients with platelet disorders, 173 (67.8%) were infected with at least one virus, with human rhinovirus as the most common one, followed by parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The detection rate of PIV3 in the abnormal platelet group was significantly higher than in the normal platelet group (P<0.05). In contrast, the detection rate of influenza virus B (IFVB) in the abonormal platelet group was significantly lower than in the normal platelet group (P<0.05). The age distribution showed significant difference between the abnormal and normal platelet groups (P<0.01). Platelet disorders were mainly found in children under one year of age (P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONSThrombocytosis is often found in children with ALRTI caused by viruses, especially PIV3, but infection with IFVB seldom causes platelet disorders. Hospitalized children with ALRTI under one year tend to develop platelet disorders.

Acute Disease ; Adolescent ; Age Factors ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; blood ; complications ; virology ; Thrombocytopenia ; etiology ; Thrombocytosis ; etiology