Schizophrenia is a serious mental disease. The diagnosis of schizophrenia so far relies heavily on subjective evidence, including self-reported experiences by patients, manifestations described by relatives, and abnormal behaviors assessed by psychiatrists. The diagnosis, monitoring of the disease progression and therapy efficacy assessment are challenging due to the lack of established laboratory biomarkers. Based on the current literature, clinical consensus, guidelines, and expert recommendations, this review highlighted evidence-based potential laboratory biomarkers for the diagnosis of schizophrenia, including genetic biomarkers, neurotransmitters, neurodevelopmental-related proteins, and intestinal flora, and discussed the potential future directions for the application of these biomarkers in this field, aiming to provide an objective basis for the use of these biomarkers in the early and accurate diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis and rehabilitation assessment of schizophrenia.

Humans ; COVID-19 ; Consensus ; SARS-CoV-2 ; China

Objective To explore whether Rho kinase inhibitor protects endotoxemia mice from kidney injury,and to investigate the mechanism underlying this effect. Methods Adult male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into three groups (n = 8 for each group): control,lipopolysaccharide (LPS),and LPS+ Y-27632 (Rho kinase inhibitor). For induction of acute kidney injury,mice were administered 30 mg/kg LPS intraperitoneally. Y-27632 (10 mg/kg body weight) was injected intraperitoneally 18 h and 1 h before injection of LPS,and an equal volume of sterile saline was administered at the corresponding time point in each group. The mice were killed 8 h after LPS administration. Blood samples and kidney tissues were taken and preserved for subsequent analysis. Results Pretreatment with Y-27632 significantly attenuated LPS-induced kidney injury;pretreatment with Y-27632 markedly reduced renal expression of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) in endotoxemia mouse,and also significantly inhibited LPS-induced caspase-3 expression in the kidney; and Y-27632 pretreatment dramatically reduced TLR4 protein expression and NF-κBp65 phosphorylation in kidney tissues of endotoxemia mouse. Conclusion Rho kinase inhibitor may inhibit TLR4 and NF-κB signaling pathway to reduce the inflammatory response in the kidneys of endotoxemia mice and alleviate acute renal injury induced by LPS.

Objective To retrospectively analysis the clinical effect of temporary hemiepiphysiodesis for treatment of genu varus and valgus with pathologic physis in children.Methods All of 31 children (52 knees) were included in the study from January 2008 to December 2014,20 boys and 11 girls,the age at the time of surgery from 2 year 4 month to 13 year 4 month,mean 6 year 5 month.12 varus and 19 valgus,10 unilateral and 21 bilateral,41 femurs and 44 tibias.The Mechanichal Axis Deviation (MAD) was evaluated and the mechanical lateral distal femur angle (mLDFA) and medial proximal tibia angle (mMPTA) pre-operation and post-surgery was measured.Judging the efficacy with zone system for assessing mechanical axis based on Stevens,we think the results was satisfactory if the mechanical axis falls in zone ± 1 when removed the eightplate and other was unsatisfactory.We made statistical analysis of children who were corrected satisfactory and observed the change of the width and appearance of the physis.We also made the univariate analysis and Logistical multivariate regression analysis about sex,unilateral or bilateral,surgery age,femur or tibia,varus or valgus and severity of deformity to judge the influencing factors between satisfactory and unsatisfactory.We recorded the knee function and deformity recurrence at last follow up.Results The follow-up period was 2 year 6 month to 9 year 5 month,mean 4 year 1 month,44 knees (84.6％) were corrected satisfactory.The mean value of MAD at pre-surgery and at the time when the plate was removed were (-33.3t7.2) mm and (2.1 ±4.3) mm,mean mLDFA were 102.9°±4.9° and 85.3°±3.8°,mean mMPTA were 81.2°±3.4° and 90.5° ±4.4° in genu varus (21 knees);The meam value of MAD at pre-surgery and at the time when the plate was removed were 29.3±6.8 mm and-4.1±6.5 mm,and the mean mLDFA were 79.5o±5.7° and 88.1°±3.5°,mean mMPTA was 97.0°±4.3° and 87.1°±5.2° in genu valgus (23 knees),which were significant difference.There were 28 knees with physis width asymmetry in the 44 knees pre-operation and improved obviously after-surgery and the appearance became normally.8 knees corrected unsatisfactory included 2 varus and 6 valgus.The severity of deformity was a risk factor that affects efficacy with univariate analysis(t=5.124,P=0.000).Regarding the range of the age,we also did the logistic multivariate regression analysis with results showing that surgery age (OR=1.032) and se verity of deformity (OR=1.335) were related to the outcome.There were 8 knees in the 44 knees which had deformity recurrence and the rate was 19.5％ (8/41,3 knees excluded due to doing the limb lengthening surgery when removing the plate) at last follow up,and the knees function were normal.Conclusion Temporary hemiepiphysiodesis is a minimally invasive and effective method for treatment of genu varus or valgus with pathologic physis in children and could improve the appearance of the physis.The age at surgery and severity of deformity are the risk factors that affect efficacy.The pathological changes persisted could cause complication and deformity recurrence which need follow-up after removal of the plate.

Objective To compare risk factors and bacterial etiology in patients with early-onset versus late-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in intensive care unit (ICU).Methods This prospective cohort study enrolled mechanically ventilated patients hospitalized for more than 48 hours in the first affiliated hospital,China Medical University from Jan 2012 to Jun 2016.Subjects were classified by ventilator status:early-onset VAP (＜ 5 d ventilation,E-VAP) or late-onset VAP (≥ 5 d ventilation,L-VAP).Potential risk factors and pathogen were evaluated.Results A total of 4 179 patients in adult ICU were screened,3 989 (95.5％) of whom were mechanically ventilated,962 patients with mechanical ventilation time ≥ 48 h.VAP developed in 142 patients.E-VAP and L-VAP had different potential risk factors based on statistical analysis.Independent risk factors for E-VAP included male (OR =1.825,95％ CI 1.006-3.310),chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD;OR =3.746,95％ CI 1.795-7.818),emergency intubation (OR =1.932,95％ CI 1.139-3.276),aspiration (OR =3.324,95％ CI 1.359-8.130).Whereas independent risk factors for L-VAP were coma (OR =2.335,95％ CI 1.300-4.194),renal dysfunction (OR =0.524,95％ CI O.290-O.947),emergency intubation (OR =2.184,95％ CI 1.334-3.574).Mortality in E-VAP and L-VAP group were both higher than the non-VAP group[30.2％(19/63)vs 19.8％ (162/820),P=0.044;29.1％ (23/79) vs 19.8％(162/820),P=0.046].The pathogens isolated from early-onset versus late-onset VAP were not significantly different between groups,which the most common ones were acinetobacter baumannii,pseudomonas aeruginosa and klebsiella pneumoniae.Conclusion E-VAP and L-VAP have different risk factors,however related pathogens are similar.Different specific preventive strategies are suggested based on different onset of VAP.

Objective To evaluate the effect of greater trochanteric transfer for the treatment of coxa brevis in children and adolescents.Methods From August 2005 to January 2011,twenty patients (22 hips)with coxa brevis underwent greater trochanteric transfer.Among them 18 patients (20 hips) were available for evaluation,including 4 boys and 14 girls,with an average age of 11.4 years (range,7.5-15.0 years) at operation.Five cases (6 hips) were caused by Perthes disease,and 13 cases (14 hips) were caused by developmental dysplasia of hip.Four patients (4 hips) had undergone greater trochanteric epiphyseodesis ever before.All patients were fixed with tension screw after the deformity was corrected during the operation.After operation,the human plaster spica was used for 6 weeks in all patients.Results All patients were followed up for 14 to 79 months (average,31 months).At the last follow-up,fatigue or pain in the hips disappeared or improved in 13 patients.Sixteen patients had limping and positive Trendelenburg sign preoperatively,at the last follow-up 9 patients got improvement.Twelve patients (13 hips) had limitation of abduction of the hip,the average range of abduction was 25.38°±1.20°,which was improved to 45.38°±1.05° at the last follow-up.The average articulotrochanteric distance and ratio of the distance from the greater trochanter tip to femoral head center and the radius of the femoral head at the last follow-up was (17.47+3.14)mm and 2.10±0.21,respectively,there were statistical differences compared with those before operation [(-2.89±4.62) mm and 1.59±0.22,respectiovely].The average leg-length discrepancy at the last follow-up was (0.78t±0.26) cm,which had on statistical differences compared with that [(0.83 ±0.33) cm]before operation.Conclusion Greater trochanteric transfer for the treatment of coxa brevis in children and adolescents could improve the clinical symptom,recover the normal anatomy of the proximal femoral,restore the hip biomechanics environment,but could uot improve the leg-length discrepancy.

Objective To evaluate the result of manipulative reduction and percutaneous cannulated screws fixation for the triplane fracture of the distal tibia in children. Methods From September 2004 to March 2009, 15 cases of triplane fracture of the distal tibia were treated with manipulative reduction and percutaneous cannulated screws fixation. This study included 9 boys with an average age of 13.2 years (range, 12-14 years) and 6 girls with an average age of 12.4 years (range, 11-14 years). Preoperative diagnoses were confirmed by the X-ray films or CT examination. If plain radiographs showed the fracture gap of epiphysis board and articular surface were greater than 2 mm after closed reduction, the operation was needed. Under "C"-arm X-ray machine, anatomical reduction was achieved by manipulative reduction according to the bone fracture type. The fractures were fixed by percutaneous cannulated screw. Postoperative CT scanning confirmed anatomical reduction. All patients had been immobilized with cast for 8 weeks. The ankle joint function and growth were evaluated by modified Weber protocol. Results All patients were followed up for 15 to 68 months with an average of 26 months. There were excellent in 13 cases, good in 2 cases. X-ray films showed all fractures were healed. There were not bone bridge and uneven articular surface, or rotating and shortening deformity. All patients could participate in the normal physical activities. The 2 cases with good outcome were related to weight-bearing too early. The main problem was that pain occurred in ankle joint with excess activity. Conclusion The method of manipulative reduction and percutaneous cannulated screw fixation is relatively reliable treatment for closed triplane fractures of the distal tibia.

Influenza A/H1N1 virus-encoded nonstructural, or NS1, protein inhibits the 3'-end processing of cellular pre-mRNAs by binding the cellular protein: the 30-kDa subunit of CPSF (cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor, CPSF30). CPSF30 binding site of the NS1 protein is a potential target for the development of drugs against influenza A/H1N1 virus. A yeast two-hybrid screening system was constructed and used for screening Chinese medicines that inhibit the interaction of the A/H1N1 flu NS1 protein and human CPSF30 protein. The NS1 gene of A/H1N1 virus was amplified by consecutive polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the human CPSF30 gene of HeLa cell cloned by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Then the two gene fragments confirmed by sequencing were subcloned into the yeast expression vectors pGBKT7 and pGADT7, respectively. The two constructs, bait vector pGBKNS1 and prey vector pGADCPSF, were co-transformed into yeast AH109. The eight individual yeast colonies were picked and subjected to verification by PCR/gel electrophoresis. The inhibition of the NS1-CPSF30 interaction was allowed the identification of selective inhibitors. The four of more than thirty identified Chinese medicines, including 'Shuanghuanglian oral liquid', showed the strong inhibition of the NS1-CPSF30 interaction.

Objective To explore the role of MAPK and NF-?B in the increase of Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4) expression induced by lipopolysaccharide(LPS) in pulmonary micro-vascular endothelial cells(PMVECs) of mouse.Methods PMVECs were isolated,cultured and exposed to the different concentration LPS at(2 h),and(100 ?g/L) LPS in different time.The concentration of TNF-? in culture supernatant was detected using ELISA.(Using) PD98059 inhibitor for ERK,SB203580 inhibitor for P38 MAPK and PDTC inhibitor for NF-?B pretreated(PMVECs).RT-PCR was used to detect the levels of TLR4 and TNF-? mRNA.Western-blot was used to detect the protein expression of nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-?B) P65 subunit and ERK / P38 MAPK in nuclear extract after LPS exposure for 6 h respectively.Results With the treatment of 50～(500 ng /mL) LPS for(2 h) or(100 ?g /L)(LPS exposure) in different time,the concentration of TNF-?in culture supernatant of PMVECs was increased by a time and dosage dependent style(P

BACKGROUND:Lung injury can be induced after injection of lipopolysaccharide(LPS) into the vein of aging rats,and with the development of lung injury,the kidney function can be influenced.Ginkgo biloba extract(GBE) has some effects such as clearing the free radicals,improving hemorrheology,protecting the vascular endothelial cells and so on. OBJECTIVE:To investigate whether renal function damage is induced by acute lung injury(ALI) in aging rats so as to support the hypothesis that lung is the start-up organ in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in the elderly and the protective effect of GBE on it. DESIGN:Randomized controlled experimental trial based on the experimental animals. SETTING:Laboratory of Department of Pathophysiology,Institute of Basic Medical Science,Peking Union Medical College. MATERIALS:The study has been completed from May 2001 to January 2003 in the Laboratory of Department of Pathophysiology,Institute of Basic Medical Science,Peking Union Medical College.Thirty-six Wistar male rats were involved. INTERVENTIONS:For reproducing the mimic aging rats models,the rats were injected intraperitoneally,D-gal 50 mg/kg,once a day,for 6weeks totally,and randomly divided into 3 groups, namely: ①control group(saline ,intravenous injection);② LPS group( LPS,5 mg/kg intravenous injection) ③ GBE+LPS group (GBE was used 7 days prior to LPS,31 mg/kg ,once a day).Samples(blood,lung and kidney tissue) were collected at 2 or 6 hours after LPS or saline administration. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Contents of creatinine(Cr),blood urea nitrogen (BUN),lactic acid (LA),NO (its metabolite is NO2-/NO3-) and methane dicarboxylic aldehyde(MDA);and activities of glutathione peroxi-dase(GSH-Px) and Na+-K+-ATPase were measured. RESULTS:Compared with control group,there was obviously ALI at 2or 6 hours after LPS administration.Cr [(94.7±10.3) μmol/L]and BUN [(l1.4 1.9)mmol/L]contents in blood were increased significantly until 6 hours after LPS administration.In LPS group,MDA[(22.5 2.6) nmol/L]and NO2-/NO3-[(25.8 2.9) μmol/g] contents in blood and in lung tissue were all increased significantly at 2 hours.But GSH-PX [(355.145.0)μkat/g],Na+-K+-ATPase [(886.3 97.2) nkat/g] activities in lung tissue were decreased significantly at 2 hours after LPS administration.The above changes lasted for 6 hours.However,significant change did not occur until 6 hours after LPS administration in renal tissue.All the above changes were markedly attenuated by pretreatment of GBE. CONCLUSION:ALI was caused by LPS intravenous injection in aging rats.Renal function damage could be induced by ALI in aging rats.GBE showed a protective effect on ALI and renal function damage in this animal model.