Pathogenic microorganisms are direct causative agents of zoonotic infectious diseases,po-sing severe threats to the livestock industry by inducing massive animal mortality,economic losses in livestock products,and significant risks to human health.The CRISPR/Cas system has been widely adopted in nucleic acid detection of pathogenic microorganisms due to its unique trans-cleavage activity.By leveraging the superior optical properties of nanomaterials,researchers have integrated them with CRISPR/Cas systems to develop numerous visual biosensors,which not only significantly enhance signal output but also substantially reduce detection time and cost.This re-view focuses on five nanomaterials-graphene oxide(GO),gold nanoparticles(AuNPs),MoS2 nanosheets,metal-organic frameworks(MOFs),and quantum dots(QDs)—that have been exten-sively integrated with CRISPR/Cas systems in recent years.We systematically summarize their distinct physical characteristics and specific applications in CRISPR/Cas-based pathogen detection,followed by a concise comparison of the advantages and limitations of different methodologies.Fi-nally,we discuss the prospects for nanomaterials in CRISPR/Cas detection systems,aiming to pro-vide a valuable reference for advancing molecular diagnostics of pathogenic microorganisms.

Avian orthoreovirus(ARV)is a globally significant immunosuppressive pathogen in poultry,capable of infecting a range of avian species and inducing conditions such as viral arthritis,tenosynovitis,and growth retardation,thereby presenting substantial challenges to the health and economic productivity of poultry.Under persistent immune selection pressure,ARV has evolved various immune evasion strategies,facilitating virus proliferation and the spread of progeny viru-ses.This article reviews the advancements in understanding the mechanisms by which ARV antag-onizes the host immune response during infection,aiming to inform research into ARV pathogene-sis and the identification of novel vaccine targets.

Avian orthoreovirus(ARV)is a globally significant immunosuppressive pathogen in poultry,capable of infecting a range of avian species and inducing conditions such as viral arthritis,tenosynovitis,and growth retardation,thereby presenting substantial challenges to the health and economic productivity of poultry.Under persistent immune selection pressure,ARV has evolved various immune evasion strategies,facilitating virus proliferation and the spread of progeny viru-ses.This article reviews the advancements in understanding the mechanisms by which ARV antag-onizes the host immune response during infection,aiming to inform research into ARV pathogene-sis and the identification of novel vaccine targets.

Pathogenic microorganisms are direct causative agents of zoonotic infectious diseases,po-sing severe threats to the livestock industry by inducing massive animal mortality,economic losses in livestock products,and significant risks to human health.The CRISPR/Cas system has been widely adopted in nucleic acid detection of pathogenic microorganisms due to its unique trans-cleavage activity.By leveraging the superior optical properties of nanomaterials,researchers have integrated them with CRISPR/Cas systems to develop numerous visual biosensors,which not only significantly enhance signal output but also substantially reduce detection time and cost.This re-view focuses on five nanomaterials-graphene oxide(GO),gold nanoparticles(AuNPs),MoS2 nanosheets,metal-organic frameworks(MOFs),and quantum dots(QDs)—that have been exten-sively integrated with CRISPR/Cas systems in recent years.We systematically summarize their distinct physical characteristics and specific applications in CRISPR/Cas-based pathogen detection,followed by a concise comparison of the advantages and limitations of different methodologies.Fi-nally,we discuss the prospects for nanomaterials in CRISPR/Cas detection systems,aiming to pro-vide a valuable reference for advancing molecular diagnostics of pathogenic microorganisms.