Superchilling is an emerging technology for meat preservation; however, the temperature changes during the process have been commonly ignored. Thus, the effects of temperature fluctuations on meat quality during superchilling are yet to be evaluated. In our study, pork loins and salmon fillets were stored for several days (0, 8, 15, 23, and 30 d) under different temperature fluctuations based on -3.5 ℃ as the target temperature. The results showed that after 15 d of superchilling storage, the values of total volatile basic nitrogen, total viable count, and lipid oxidation were significantly (P<0.05) altered in the ±2.0 ℃ fluctuation group compared with the constant temperature group. On the contrary, there was no significant difference in these parameters between the ±1.0 ℃ fluctuation group and the constant temperature group after 30 d of storage. In addition, irregular temperature changes significantly accelerated the modulation of various indicators. In brief, temperature fluctuations and irregular temperature changes accelerated the destruction of muscle structural integrity, increased the water loss, gradually widened the water loss channels, and thereby reduced the edibility by accelerating the spoilage of meat.
Animals ; Lipid Metabolism ; Pork Meat ; Red Meat ; Salmon ; Swine ; Temperature

Abattoirs ; Agriculture ; Animals ; Drug Resistance, Multiple ; Farmers ; Korea ; Livestock ; Methicillin Resistance ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; Phenotype ; Prevalence ; Red Meat ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Swine ; Tetracycline ; Zinc

Approximately 13–20% of infants with milk allergies concurrently exhibit beef allergies. Here, we report a 24-month-old infant who exhibited both pork and beef allergies, concurrently with a milk allergy. The infant's laboratory test results were: 3.73 ISU-E (ISAC standardized unit for IgE) for cow milk β-lactoglobulin, 23.8 ISU-E for casein, 12.8 ISU-E for cow milk Bos d 6 of serum albumin, and 4.85 ISU-E for cat Fel d 2. This case report summarizes an infant patient diagnosed with a meat allergy that was associated with cow's milk allergy, using ImmunoCAP ISAC®. Not only ImmunoCAP ISAC® but also immunocap can be used to diagnose milk allergy and meat allergy at the same time, immunocap testing for component antigen is rare. ImmunoCAP ISAC® is used to diagnose these allergies in our case study, as it has advantage that only 1ml of blood is needed to run various component antigen tests.
Anesthesia, General ; Animals ; Atrioventricular Block ; Bradycardia ; Caseins ; Cats ; Child, Preschool ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Infant ; Meat ; Milk Hypersensitivity ; Milk ; Red Meat ; Serum Albumin

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to analyze specific foods influencing absolute nutrient intake and between-person variations of nutrient intake among Korean preschoolers. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This study included 2,766 participants aged 1–5 years in the 2009–2013 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Dietary data were obtained from a 24-h dietary recall method. Major food sources of absolute nutrient intake were evaluated based on percent contribution of each food. To assess the contribution of specific foods to between-person variations in nutrient intake, stepwise multiple regressions were performed and cumulative R2 was used. RESULTS: White rice and milk were main food sources of energy, protein, carbohydrate, phosphorus, iron, potassium, thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin. The percentage of fat contributed by milk was 21.3% which was the highest, followed by pork, soybean oil, and egg. White rice accounted for 25% and 40% of total variability in total energy and carbohydrate intakes, respectively. About 39% of variation in calcium intake was explained by milk while 40% of variation in phosphorous intake was explained by cheese. The top 10 foods contributing to between-person variations in nutrient intakes were similar with food items that mainly contributed to absolute nutrient intakes. The number of foods explaining 90% of absolute amounts of nutrient intakes varied from 28 for vitamin A to 80 for iron. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified specific foods that contributed to absolute nutrient intakes and between-person variations in nutrient intakes among Korean preschoolers. Our findings can be used to develop dietary assessment tools and establish food-based dietary guidelines for young children.
Calcium ; Cheese ; Child ; Diet ; Humans ; Iron ; Korea ; Methods ; Milk ; Niacin ; Nutrition Assessment ; Nutrition Policy ; Nutritional Status ; Ovum ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Red Meat ; Riboflavin ; Soybean Oil ; Vitamin A

This study examined the microbiological quality of daycare center meals. Six menu items from five daycare centers in Daegu included uncooked processed foods (seasoned cucumber and lettuce salad), post-preparation after cooking processed foods (rolled omelet and seasoned soybean sprout), and cooking processed foods (panbroiled beef with oyster sauce and seasoned pork roast). Microbiological analyses were performed for the aerobic plate counts (APC), coliforms, and Escherichia coli. The analyses were conducted in July and November 2017. The mean APC and coliform count of seasoned cucumber decreased significantly from 4.71 log colony forming units (CFU)/g and 2.50 log CFU/g in July to 4.07 log CFU/g and 1.78 log CFU/g in November, respectively (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001). The APC of panbroiled beef with oyster sauce and seasoned pork roast were significantly lower in July (1.84 and 1.79 log CFU/g) than in November (2.41 and 2.28 log CFU/g) (P < 0.001). The coliform counts of panbroiled beef with oyster sauce and seasoned pork roast were significantly greater in November (2.11 and 1.62 log CFU/g) (P < 0.001). E. coli was not detected. Among the foods prepared using the three preparation processes, the post-preparation after cooking processed foods had the lowest microbial quality. The APC and coliform counts of cooking processed foods were satisfactory in July, with an acceptable rating for pan-broiled beef with oyster sauce in November. Time-temperature control and the prevention of cross-contamination are essential during meal production for food safety, regardless of the season.
Cooking ; Daegu ; Escherichia coli ; Food Safety ; Lettuce ; Meals ; Ostreidae ; Red Meat ; Seasons ; Soybeans ; Stem Cells

Although colorectal cancer emerged as a major public health concern, its incidence as well as mortality are decreasing during recent years in Korea. Most important contributor for these reduction in disease burden is colorectal cancer screening. Besides screening, primary prevention through risk factor modification could reduce 10% to 54% of colorectal cancer incidence. These factors include limiting alcohol, processed and red meat consumption, and cigarette smoking, maintaining optimal weight, and engaging physical activities.
Colorectal Neoplasms ; Epidemiology ; Incidence ; Korea ; Mass Screening ; Mortality ; Motor Activity ; Primary Prevention ; Public Health ; Red Meat ; Risk Factors ; Smoking

From October 2015 to August 2018, tapeworm proglottids were obtained from 10 patients who were residents of Daegu and Gyeongbuk provinces and had a history of raw beef consumption. Most of them had no overseas travel experience. The gravid proglottids obtained from the 10 cases had 15–20 lateral uterine branches. A part of internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) DNA of the 10 cases, amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and digested with AleI restriction enzyme, produced the same band pattern of Taenia saginata, which differentiated from T. asiatica and T. solium. Sequences of ITS1 and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) showed higher homology to T. saginata than to T. asiatica and T. solium. Collectively, these 10 cases were identified as T. saginata human infections. As taeniasis is one of the important parasitic diseases in humans, it is necessary to maintain hygienic conditions during livestock farming to avoid public health concerns.
Agriculture ; Cestoda ; Daegu ; DNA ; DNA, Ribosomal ; Electron Transport Complex IV ; Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Humans ; Livestock ; Parasitic Diseases ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Public Health ; Red Meat ; Republic of Korea ; Taenia saginata ; Taenia ; Taeniasis

PURPOSE: To investigate the causative allergens and clinical characteristics of Korean adult patients with food allergy (FA). METHODS: This retrospective, cross-sectional single-institutional study enrolled Korean adult patients (n = 812) suspected of having FA. For diagnosis, causality assessment history taking, ImmunoCAP specific immunoglobulin E measurement and/or skin prick test were performed. RESULTS: Among 812 patients, 415 were diagnosed as having FA. The most common causative allergen was fruit, with a diagnosis of pollen food allergy syndrome (PFAS: 155, 37.3%), followed by crustaceans (111, 26.7%), wheat (63, 15.1%), fruits in patients without PFAS(43, 10.3%), buckwheat (31, 7.4%), peanut (31, 7.4%), walnut (25, 6.0%), red meat due to reaction to galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-Gal) (8, 1.9%), and silkworm pupa (13, 3.1%). Allergy to egg, milk, fish, or shellfish was rare in Korean adults. One-third of patients with FA exhibited multiple FAs (238/415, 57.3%); the average number of causative allergens was 2.39. About 129 patients (31.0%) were diagnosed as having anaphylaxis; in these patients, wheat was the most frequent causative food. Twenty patients were further diagnosed with food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (FDEIA); all were due to wheat. In particular, crustaceans, wheat, PFAS, buckwheat, and red meat (α-Gal) were also frequent causes of anaphylaxis. CONCLUSIONS: Wheat, fruits with or without PFAS, and crustaceans are important and frequent causative allergens in Korean adult FA; these allergens differ from those found in childhood FA. It is notable that non-classic allergies, such as PFAS, FDEIA, and α-Gal allergy, are the important causes of anaphylaxis in Korean adult FA.
Adult ; Allergens ; Anaphylaxis ; Arachis ; Bombyx ; Diagnosis ; Fagopyrum ; Food Hypersensitivity ; Fruit ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Immunoglobulin E ; Immunoglobulins ; Juglans ; Korea ; Milk ; Ovum ; Pollen ; Pupa ; Red Meat ; Retrospective Studies ; Shellfish ; Skin ; Triticum

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the food, nutrient intake, and diet quality of postmenopausal women at high risk of osteoporosis (OP) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared with those of control subjects. METHODS: A total of 1,131 post-menopausal women aged over 45 years, who took the 2010–2011 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), were included for analysis. These participants were classified into the following groups: the OP group, with a risk of OP (n=135); the CVD group, with a risk of CVD (n=373); the OP+CVD group, with a risk of OP and CVD concurrently (n=218); and the control group (n=405) according to bone mineral density (BMD) and CVD risk. Anthropometric measurements, blood profiles, dietary intake, and dietary quality indices were measured and compared among the four groups. RESULTS: Waist circumference, total body fat percentage, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL-cholesterol were higher, and HDL-cholesterol and BMD were lower in the OP+CVD group than in the control group. In the food frequency questionnaire, the OP+CVD group had significantly higher frequencies of grain (except for multi-grain) and lower frequencies of fruit and dairy product. The frequency of consumption of red meat, processed meat, and carbonated beverages was higher in OP+CVD group. In nutrient density analysis, proteins and vitamin B2 levels were significantly lower in the OP+CVD group than in the control group. The nutritional quality index (INQ) values of calcium were in the order of 0.63, 0.58, 0.56, and 0.55 in each group, and it was urgent to improve the dietary intake for calcium in postmenopausal women. In addition, vitamin B2 was inadequately consumed by all groups. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that it is necessary to increase the intake of vitamin B2 and calcium and decrease the frequency of intake of red meat, processed meat, and carbonated beverages in postmenopausal women with the risk of OP and CVD.
Adipose Tissue ; Blood Glucose ; Blood Pressure ; Bone Density ; Calcium ; Carbonated Beverages ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cholesterol ; Dairy Products ; Diet ; Fasting ; Female ; Fruit ; Humans ; Meat ; Nutrition Surveys ; Nutritional Status ; Nutritive Value ; Osteoporosis ; Red Meat ; Riboflavin ; Triglycerides ; Waist Circumference

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the food, nutrient intake, and diet quality of postmenopausal women at high risk of osteoporosis (OP) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared with those of control subjects. METHODS: A total of 1,131 post-menopausal women aged over 45 years, who took the 2010–2011 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), were included for analysis. These participants were classified into the following groups: the OP group, with a risk of OP (n=135); the CVD group, with a risk of CVD (n=373); the OP+CVD group, with a risk of OP and CVD concurrently (n=218); and the control group (n=405) according to bone mineral density (BMD) and CVD risk. Anthropometric measurements, blood profiles, dietary intake, and dietary quality indices were measured and compared among the four groups. RESULTS: Waist circumference, total body fat percentage, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL-cholesterol were higher, and HDL-cholesterol and BMD were lower in the OP+CVD group than in the control group. In the food frequency questionnaire, the OP+CVD group had significantly higher frequencies of grain (except for multi-grain) and lower frequencies of fruit and dairy product. The frequency of consumption of red meat, processed meat, and carbonated beverages was higher in OP+CVD group. In nutrient density analysis, proteins and vitamin B2 levels were significantly lower in the OP+CVD group than in the control group. The nutritional quality index (INQ) values of calcium were in the order of 0.63, 0.58, 0.56, and 0.55 in each group, and it was urgent to improve the dietary intake for calcium in postmenopausal women. In addition, vitamin B2 was inadequately consumed by all groups. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that it is necessary to increase the intake of vitamin B2 and calcium and decrease the frequency of intake of red meat, processed meat, and carbonated beverages in postmenopausal women with the risk of OP and CVD.
Adipose Tissue ; Blood Glucose ; Blood Pressure ; Bone Density ; Calcium ; Carbonated Beverages ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cholesterol ; Dairy Products ; Diet ; Fasting ; Female ; Fruit ; Humans ; Meat ; Nutrition Surveys ; Nutritional Status ; Nutritive Value ; Osteoporosis ; Red Meat ; Riboflavin ; Triglycerides ; Waist Circumference