In recognition of the morbidity and mortality associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (UNAIDS) aims to end the epidemic by setting and striving to achieve the ambitious 95-95-95 targets. However, Singapore is still not performing well in the first UNAIDS target. The National HIV Programme (NHIVP) developed this set of recommendations based on an adaptation of major international guidelines from the World Health Organization and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The goals of this recommendation are: (1) to increase the uptake of HIV testing; (2) to allow earlier detection and identification of individuals with unrecognised HIV infection; (3) to facilitate linkage to clinical services; and (4) reduce further transmission of HIV infection in Singapore.
Humans ; Singapore/epidemiology* ; HIV Infections/epidemiology* ; United States ; HIV Testing ; Mass Screening ; World Health Organization ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. ; National Health Programs

INTRODUCTION: Two strategies are available for prevention of early-onset group B streptococcal (GBS) sepsis - clinical risk factor-based screening and routine culture-based screening of pregnant women for GBS colonisation. In our hospital, we switched from the former to the latter approach in 2014. METHODS: We compared the incidence of early-onset GBS sepsis during 2001-2015 between infants born to pregnant women who were screened for GBS colonisation and those born to women who were not screened. RESULTS: Among 41,143 live births, there were nine cases of early-onset GBS sepsis. All infants with GBS sepsis were born to pregnant women who were not screened for GBS colonisation. The incidence of early-onset GBS sepsis among infants of women who were not screened was 0.41 per 1,000 live births (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.19-0.77) when compared to infants of women who were screened, for whom the sepsis incidence was zero per 1,000 live births (95% CI 0-0.19; p = 0.005). CONCLUSION Our data suggests that routine culture-based screening of pregnant women for GBS colonisation is a better preventive strategy for early-onset GBS sepsis in neonates when compared to clinical risk factor-based screening.

The World Health Organization verified that Singapore had eliminated endemic transmission of measles in October 2018. This report summarizes the evidence presented to the Regional Verification Commission for Measles and Rubella Elimination, comprising information about immunization schedules; laboratory testing protocols and the surveillance system; and data on immunization coverage and the epidemiology of cases. Between 2015 and 2017, a total of 246 laboratory confirmed cases of measles were reported. The source or country of infection was unknown for most cases (195; 79.3%). There were 22 clusters, ranging from two to five cases. The most common genotypes detected were D8 and D9. Transmission of B3 was interrupted in 2017, and H1 cases were sporadic and imported. Phylogenetic analyses of the D8 isolates showed the existence of 13 lineages or clusters. Although a few lineages were circulating concurrently, no lineage propagated continuously for a prolonged period, and transmission of each lineage eventually stopped. Although cases and clusters were reported yearly, molecular data showed that none of the lineages resulted in prolonged transmission. There were fewer measles cases in 2017 compared with 2016. The higher number of clusters was likely due to the overall increase in cases because cluster sizes remained small. The occurrence of small clusters is not unexpected since measles is highly infectious. The majority of imported cases did not result in secondary transmission. With the global increase in the number of measles cases, Singapore needs to stay vigilant and continue to promptly test suspected cases; vaccination is the key to preventing infection.