OBJECTIVE: Varied acupoint selections represent a potential cause of the uncertainty surrounding the efficacy of acupuncture for knee osteoarthritis (OA). Skin temperature, a guiding factor for acupoint selection, may help to address this issue. This study explored thermal sensitization of acupoints used for the treatment of knee OA. METHODS: This cross-sectional case-control study enrolled cases aged 45-75 years with symptomatic knee OA and age- and gender-matched non-knee OA controls in a 1:1 ratio. All participants underwent infrared thermographic imaging. The primary outcome was the relative skin temperature of acupoint (STA), and the secondary outcome was the absolute STA of 11 acupoints. The Z test was used to compare the relative and absolute STAs between the groups. Principal component analysis was used to extract the common factors (CFs, acupoint cluster) in the STAs. A general linear model was used to identify factors affecting the STA in the knee OA cases. For the group comparisons of relative STA, P < 0.0045 (adjusted for 11 acupoints through Bonferroni correction) was considered to indicate statistical significance. For other analyses, P < 0.05 was used as the threshold for statistical significance. RESULTS: The analysis included 308 participants, consisting of 151 cases (mean age: [64.58 ± 6.67] years; male: 25.83%; mean body mass index: [25.70 ± 3.16] kg/m²) and 157 controls (mean age: [63.37 ± 5.96] years; male: 26.11%; mean body mass index: [24.47 ± 2.84] kg/m²). The relative STAs of ST34 (P = 0.0001), EX-LE2 (P < 0.0001), EX-LE5 (P = 0.0006), SP10 (P < 0.0001), BL40 (P = 0.0012) and GB39 (P = 0.0037) were higher in the knee OA group. No difference was found in the STAs of ST35, ST36, SP9, GB33 and GB34. Four CFs were identified for relative STA in both groups. The acupoints within each CF were consistent between the groups. The mean values of the relative STAs across each CF were higher in the knee OA group. In the knee OA cases, no factors were observed to affect the relative STA, while age and gender were found to affect the absolute STA. CONCLUSION Among patients with knee OA, thermal sensitization occurs in the acupoints of the lower extremity, exhibiting localized and regional thermal consistencies. The thermally sensitized acupoints that we identified in this study, ST34, SP10, EX-LE2, EX-LE5, GB39 and BL40, may be good choices for the acupuncture treatment of knee OA. Please cite this article as: Tu JF, Wang XZ, Yan SY, Wang YR, Yang JW, Shi GX, Zhang WZ, Jing LN, Yang LS, Liu DH, Wang LQ, Mi BH. Thermal sensitization of acupoints in patients with knee osteoarthritis: A cross-sectional case-control study. J Integr Med. 2025; 23(3): 289-296.
Humans ; Osteoarthritis, Knee/physiopathology* ; Male ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Middle Aged ; Female ; Acupuncture Points ; Case-Control Studies ; Aged ; Skin Temperature ; Acupuncture Therapy

Objective To explore the pharmacological effects and regulatory mechanisms of Carthami Flos water extract and its main constituent,hydroxysafflower yellow A(HSYA),on primary dysmenorrhea rats with cold coagulation and blood stasis.Methods Forty-two female specific pathogen-free grade rats aged 6-8 weeks were divided into blank,model,HSYA(0.01 g/kg),ibuprofen(0.04 g/kg),and low(0.06 g/kg),medium(0.20 g/kg),and high(0.40 g/kg)Carthami Flos water extract dose groups using the random number table method,with six rats per group.A rat model was established using ice water bath stimulation combined with estradiol benzoate and oxytocin.Continuous gavage was administered for 6 days from the seventh day of modeling.After the intervention,the writhing reaction test was conducted.The rats,uteri,and ovaries were weighed to calculate the organ index.An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and radioimmunoassay were used to detect the prostaglandin E2(PGE2)and prostaglandin F2α(PGF2α)contents in the uterus,thromboxane B2(TXB2)and 6-keto-prostaglondin F1α(6-keto-PGF1α)in plasma,and estradiol(E2)in the serum.Hematoxylin and eosin staining were used to detect the pathological changes in uterine tissue.Immunohistochemistry was used to determine cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2)expression in uterine tissue,whereas immunofluorescence was used to measure follicle-stimulating hormone receptor(FSH-R)expression in ovarian tissue.Western blotting was used to detect gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor(GnRH-R)and FSH-R expression in uterine tissue.Results Compared with the blank group,the rats in the model group exhibited an increase in uterine and ovarian indices and increased PGE2 and PGF2α in the uterus.TXB2 in the plasma and E2 in the serum were also evaluated.Additionally,6-keto-PGF1α decreased,and COX-2,GnRH-R,and FSH-R expression in the uterus and FSH-R expression in the ovaries also increased(P＜0.05).The morphology of the uterine tissue was disordered.Compared with the model group,the low Carthami Flos water extract dose group showed a decrease in uterine index(P＜0.05).In the medium and high Carthami Flos water extract dose groups,the writhing response decreased,as did the uterine and ovarian indicesand PGE2 and TXB2 contents.The 6-keto-PGF1α content increased,whereas the GnRH-R protein expression in the uterus decreased(P＜0.05).The high Carthami Flos water extract dose group also showed a decrease in PGF2α and FSH-R protein expression in the uterus(P＜0.05).In the HSYA group,the writhing response decreased,the uterine and ovarian indices decreased,the PGE2,PGF2α,and TXB2 contents decreased,and GnRH-R and FSH-R protein expression decreased in the uterus(P＜0.05).The serum E2 levels of the groups that received Carthami Flos water extract at various doses and those of the HSYA group were reduced,and the uterine morphology was improved.COX-2 expression in the uterus and FSH-R protein expression in the ovaries were also reduced(P＜0.05).Conclusion Carthami Flos water extract and HSYA can improve the pathological state of primary dysmenorrhea rats with cold coagulation and blood stasis.Its mechanism may be related to regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovary axis.

Objective To explore the pharmacological effects and regulatory mechanisms of Carthami Flos water extract and its main constituent,hydroxysafflower yellow A(HSYA),on primary dysmenorrhea rats with cold coagulation and blood stasis.Methods Forty-two female specific pathogen-free grade rats aged 6-8 weeks were divided into blank,model,HSYA(0.01 g/kg),ibuprofen(0.04 g/kg),and low(0.06 g/kg),medium(0.20 g/kg),and high(0.40 g/kg)Carthami Flos water extract dose groups using the random number table method,with six rats per group.A rat model was established using ice water bath stimulation combined with estradiol benzoate and oxytocin.Continuous gavage was administered for 6 days from the seventh day of modeling.After the intervention,the writhing reaction test was conducted.The rats,uteri,and ovaries were weighed to calculate the organ index.An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and radioimmunoassay were used to detect the prostaglandin E2(PGE2)and prostaglandin F2α(PGF2α)contents in the uterus,thromboxane B2(TXB2)and 6-keto-prostaglondin F1α(6-keto-PGF1α)in plasma,and estradiol(E2)in the serum.Hematoxylin and eosin staining were used to detect the pathological changes in uterine tissue.Immunohistochemistry was used to determine cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2)expression in uterine tissue,whereas immunofluorescence was used to measure follicle-stimulating hormone receptor(FSH-R)expression in ovarian tissue.Western blotting was used to detect gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor(GnRH-R)and FSH-R expression in uterine tissue.Results Compared with the blank group,the rats in the model group exhibited an increase in uterine and ovarian indices and increased PGE2 and PGF2α in the uterus.TXB2 in the plasma and E2 in the serum were also evaluated.Additionally,6-keto-PGF1α decreased,and COX-2,GnRH-R,and FSH-R expression in the uterus and FSH-R expression in the ovaries also increased(P＜0.05).The morphology of the uterine tissue was disordered.Compared with the model group,the low Carthami Flos water extract dose group showed a decrease in uterine index(P＜0.05).In the medium and high Carthami Flos water extract dose groups,the writhing response decreased,as did the uterine and ovarian indicesand PGE2 and TXB2 contents.The 6-keto-PGF1α content increased,whereas the GnRH-R protein expression in the uterus decreased(P＜0.05).The high Carthami Flos water extract dose group also showed a decrease in PGF2α and FSH-R protein expression in the uterus(P＜0.05).In the HSYA group,the writhing response decreased,the uterine and ovarian indices decreased,the PGE2,PGF2α,and TXB2 contents decreased,and GnRH-R and FSH-R protein expression decreased in the uterus(P＜0.05).The serum E2 levels of the groups that received Carthami Flos water extract at various doses and those of the HSYA group were reduced,and the uterine morphology was improved.COX-2 expression in the uterus and FSH-R protein expression in the ovaries were also reduced(P＜0.05).Conclusion Carthami Flos water extract and HSYA can improve the pathological state of primary dysmenorrhea rats with cold coagulation and blood stasis.Its mechanism may be related to regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovary axis.

Objective To establish reference intervals for serum soluble transferrin receptor(sTfR)and sTfR/log ser-um ferritin index(sTfR/lgSF)in apparently healthy adults in the Wuhan area,so as to provide reference for clinical diagno-sis and treatment of iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia.Methods A total of 273 individuals from the Wuhan Aisa General Hospital,including health examination participants and blood donors,were selected to measure sTfR,other iron metabolism indicators and high sensitivity C-reactive protein(hsCRP).The sTfR/lgSF values were calculated and reference intervals for sTfR and sTfR/lgSF were established using the percentile method(P2.5 to P97.5).Spearman correlation anal-ysis was used to evaluate the relationships between sTfR,sTfR/lgSF,and other iron metabolism indicators,as well as hsCRP.Results The sTfR levels(M,mg/L)between males and females(1.01 vs 1.07)were not statistically significant(P＞0.05),but the sTfR/lgSF levels if males were significantly lower than those in females(0.45 vs 0.62)(P＜0.05).There was no significant difference in sTfR(M,mg/L)and sTfR/lgSF(M)among different age groups,with values of 1.07 vs 1.02 vs 1.00 and 0.52 vs 0.53 vs 0.51,respectively(P＞0.05).The reference interval for STfR was(0.72-1.68)mg/L,the sTfR/lgSF reference interval was(0.31-0.88)for males,and(0.37-1.19)for females.Correlation analysis showed no correlation between sTfR,sTfR/lgSF and hsCRP(r=0.043,P＞0.05;r=-0.064,P＞0.05),while serum ferritin(SF),serum iron(SI),transferrin saturation(TSAT)were correlated with hsCRP(r=0.128,P＜0.05;r=-0.195,P＜0.01;r=-0.173,P＜0.01).There was no correlation between sTfR and SF(r=-0.115,P＞0.05),while sTfR/lgSF was significantly correlated with and SF(r=-0.685,P＜0.01).Conclusion Preliminary reference intervals for serum sTfR and sTfR/lgSF in apparently healthy adults in the Wuhan has been established.sTfR and sTfR/lgSF are not affected by inflammatory factors and are significant for identifying iron deficiency in anemia patients with elevated serum ferritin caused by inflammation.

Objective To explore the pharmacological effects and regulatory mechanisms of Carthami Flos water extract and its main constituent,hydroxysafflower yellow A(HSYA),on primary dysmenorrhea rats with cold coagulation and blood stasis.Methods Forty-two female specific pathogen-free grade rats aged 6-8 weeks were divided into blank,model,HSYA(0.01 g/kg),ibuprofen(0.04 g/kg),and low(0.06 g/kg),medium(0.20 g/kg),and high(0.40 g/kg)Carthami Flos water extract dose groups using the random number table method,with six rats per group.A rat model was established using ice water bath stimulation combined with estradiol benzoate and oxytocin.Continuous gavage was administered for 6 days from the seventh day of modeling.After the intervention,the writhing reaction test was conducted.The rats,uteri,and ovaries were weighed to calculate the organ index.An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and radioimmunoassay were used to detect the prostaglandin E2(PGE2)and prostaglandin F2α(PGF2α)contents in the uterus,thromboxane B2(TXB2)and 6-keto-prostaglondin F1α(6-keto-PGF1α)in plasma,and estradiol(E2)in the serum.Hematoxylin and eosin staining were used to detect the pathological changes in uterine tissue.Immunohistochemistry was used to determine cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2)expression in uterine tissue,whereas immunofluorescence was used to measure follicle-stimulating hormone receptor(FSH-R)expression in ovarian tissue.Western blotting was used to detect gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor(GnRH-R)and FSH-R expression in uterine tissue.Results Compared with the blank group,the rats in the model group exhibited an increase in uterine and ovarian indices and increased PGE2 and PGF2α in the uterus.TXB2 in the plasma and E2 in the serum were also evaluated.Additionally,6-keto-PGF1α decreased,and COX-2,GnRH-R,and FSH-R expression in the uterus and FSH-R expression in the ovaries also increased(P＜0.05).The morphology of the uterine tissue was disordered.Compared with the model group,the low Carthami Flos water extract dose group showed a decrease in uterine index(P＜0.05).In the medium and high Carthami Flos water extract dose groups,the writhing response decreased,as did the uterine and ovarian indicesand PGE2 and TXB2 contents.The 6-keto-PGF1α content increased,whereas the GnRH-R protein expression in the uterus decreased(P＜0.05).The high Carthami Flos water extract dose group also showed a decrease in PGF2α and FSH-R protein expression in the uterus(P＜0.05).In the HSYA group,the writhing response decreased,the uterine and ovarian indices decreased,the PGE2,PGF2α,and TXB2 contents decreased,and GnRH-R and FSH-R protein expression decreased in the uterus(P＜0.05).The serum E2 levels of the groups that received Carthami Flos water extract at various doses and those of the HSYA group were reduced,and the uterine morphology was improved.COX-2 expression in the uterus and FSH-R protein expression in the ovaries were also reduced(P＜0.05).Conclusion Carthami Flos water extract and HSYA can improve the pathological state of primary dysmenorrhea rats with cold coagulation and blood stasis.Its mechanism may be related to regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovary axis.

Objective To explore the pharmacological effects and regulatory mechanisms of Carthami Flos water extract and its main constituent,hydroxysafflower yellow A(HSYA),on primary dysmenorrhea rats with cold coagulation and blood stasis.Methods Forty-two female specific pathogen-free grade rats aged 6-8 weeks were divided into blank,model,HSYA(0.01 g/kg),ibuprofen(0.04 g/kg),and low(0.06 g/kg),medium(0.20 g/kg),and high(0.40 g/kg)Carthami Flos water extract dose groups using the random number table method,with six rats per group.A rat model was established using ice water bath stimulation combined with estradiol benzoate and oxytocin.Continuous gavage was administered for 6 days from the seventh day of modeling.After the intervention,the writhing reaction test was conducted.The rats,uteri,and ovaries were weighed to calculate the organ index.An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and radioimmunoassay were used to detect the prostaglandin E2(PGE2)and prostaglandin F2α(PGF2α)contents in the uterus,thromboxane B2(TXB2)and 6-keto-prostaglondin F1α(6-keto-PGF1α)in plasma,and estradiol(E2)in the serum.Hematoxylin and eosin staining were used to detect the pathological changes in uterine tissue.Immunohistochemistry was used to determine cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2)expression in uterine tissue,whereas immunofluorescence was used to measure follicle-stimulating hormone receptor(FSH-R)expression in ovarian tissue.Western blotting was used to detect gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor(GnRH-R)and FSH-R expression in uterine tissue.Results Compared with the blank group,the rats in the model group exhibited an increase in uterine and ovarian indices and increased PGE2 and PGF2α in the uterus.TXB2 in the plasma and E2 in the serum were also evaluated.Additionally,6-keto-PGF1α decreased,and COX-2,GnRH-R,and FSH-R expression in the uterus and FSH-R expression in the ovaries also increased(P＜0.05).The morphology of the uterine tissue was disordered.Compared with the model group,the low Carthami Flos water extract dose group showed a decrease in uterine index(P＜0.05).In the medium and high Carthami Flos water extract dose groups,the writhing response decreased,as did the uterine and ovarian indicesand PGE2 and TXB2 contents.The 6-keto-PGF1α content increased,whereas the GnRH-R protein expression in the uterus decreased(P＜0.05).The high Carthami Flos water extract dose group also showed a decrease in PGF2α and FSH-R protein expression in the uterus(P＜0.05).In the HSYA group,the writhing response decreased,the uterine and ovarian indices decreased,the PGE2,PGF2α,and TXB2 contents decreased,and GnRH-R and FSH-R protein expression decreased in the uterus(P＜0.05).The serum E2 levels of the groups that received Carthami Flos water extract at various doses and those of the HSYA group were reduced,and the uterine morphology was improved.COX-2 expression in the uterus and FSH-R protein expression in the ovaries were also reduced(P＜0.05).Conclusion Carthami Flos water extract and HSYA can improve the pathological state of primary dysmenorrhea rats with cold coagulation and blood stasis.Its mechanism may be related to regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovary axis.

Objective To explore the pharmacological effects and regulatory mechanisms of Carthami Flos water extract and its main constituent,hydroxysafflower yellow A(HSYA),on primary dysmenorrhea rats with cold coagulation and blood stasis.Methods Forty-two female specific pathogen-free grade rats aged 6-8 weeks were divided into blank,model,HSYA(0.01 g/kg),ibuprofen(0.04 g/kg),and low(0.06 g/kg),medium(0.20 g/kg),and high(0.40 g/kg)Carthami Flos water extract dose groups using the random number table method,with six rats per group.A rat model was established using ice water bath stimulation combined with estradiol benzoate and oxytocin.Continuous gavage was administered for 6 days from the seventh day of modeling.After the intervention,the writhing reaction test was conducted.The rats,uteri,and ovaries were weighed to calculate the organ index.An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and radioimmunoassay were used to detect the prostaglandin E2(PGE2)and prostaglandin F2α(PGF2α)contents in the uterus,thromboxane B2(TXB2)and 6-keto-prostaglondin F1α(6-keto-PGF1α)in plasma,and estradiol(E2)in the serum.Hematoxylin and eosin staining were used to detect the pathological changes in uterine tissue.Immunohistochemistry was used to determine cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2)expression in uterine tissue,whereas immunofluorescence was used to measure follicle-stimulating hormone receptor(FSH-R)expression in ovarian tissue.Western blotting was used to detect gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor(GnRH-R)and FSH-R expression in uterine tissue.Results Compared with the blank group,the rats in the model group exhibited an increase in uterine and ovarian indices and increased PGE2 and PGF2α in the uterus.TXB2 in the plasma and E2 in the serum were also evaluated.Additionally,6-keto-PGF1α decreased,and COX-2,GnRH-R,and FSH-R expression in the uterus and FSH-R expression in the ovaries also increased(P＜0.05).The morphology of the uterine tissue was disordered.Compared with the model group,the low Carthami Flos water extract dose group showed a decrease in uterine index(P＜0.05).In the medium and high Carthami Flos water extract dose groups,the writhing response decreased,as did the uterine and ovarian indicesand PGE2 and TXB2 contents.The 6-keto-PGF1α content increased,whereas the GnRH-R protein expression in the uterus decreased(P＜0.05).The high Carthami Flos water extract dose group also showed a decrease in PGF2α and FSH-R protein expression in the uterus(P＜0.05).In the HSYA group,the writhing response decreased,the uterine and ovarian indices decreased,the PGE2,PGF2α,and TXB2 contents decreased,and GnRH-R and FSH-R protein expression decreased in the uterus(P＜0.05).The serum E2 levels of the groups that received Carthami Flos water extract at various doses and those of the HSYA group were reduced,and the uterine morphology was improved.COX-2 expression in the uterus and FSH-R protein expression in the ovaries were also reduced(P＜0.05).Conclusion Carthami Flos water extract and HSYA can improve the pathological state of primary dysmenorrhea rats with cold coagulation and blood stasis.Its mechanism may be related to regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovary axis.

Objective To explore the pharmacological effects and regulatory mechanisms of Carthami Flos water extract and its main constituent,hydroxysafflower yellow A(HSYA),on primary dysmenorrhea rats with cold coagulation and blood stasis.Methods Forty-two female specific pathogen-free grade rats aged 6-8 weeks were divided into blank,model,HSYA(0.01 g/kg),ibuprofen(0.04 g/kg),and low(0.06 g/kg),medium(0.20 g/kg),and high(0.40 g/kg)Carthami Flos water extract dose groups using the random number table method,with six rats per group.A rat model was established using ice water bath stimulation combined with estradiol benzoate and oxytocin.Continuous gavage was administered for 6 days from the seventh day of modeling.After the intervention,the writhing reaction test was conducted.The rats,uteri,and ovaries were weighed to calculate the organ index.An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and radioimmunoassay were used to detect the prostaglandin E2(PGE2)and prostaglandin F2α(PGF2α)contents in the uterus,thromboxane B2(TXB2)and 6-keto-prostaglondin F1α(6-keto-PGF1α)in plasma,and estradiol(E2)in the serum.Hematoxylin and eosin staining were used to detect the pathological changes in uterine tissue.Immunohistochemistry was used to determine cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2)expression in uterine tissue,whereas immunofluorescence was used to measure follicle-stimulating hormone receptor(FSH-R)expression in ovarian tissue.Western blotting was used to detect gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor(GnRH-R)and FSH-R expression in uterine tissue.Results Compared with the blank group,the rats in the model group exhibited an increase in uterine and ovarian indices and increased PGE2 and PGF2α in the uterus.TXB2 in the plasma and E2 in the serum were also evaluated.Additionally,6-keto-PGF1α decreased,and COX-2,GnRH-R,and FSH-R expression in the uterus and FSH-R expression in the ovaries also increased(P＜0.05).The morphology of the uterine tissue was disordered.Compared with the model group,the low Carthami Flos water extract dose group showed a decrease in uterine index(P＜0.05).In the medium and high Carthami Flos water extract dose groups,the writhing response decreased,as did the uterine and ovarian indicesand PGE2 and TXB2 contents.The 6-keto-PGF1α content increased,whereas the GnRH-R protein expression in the uterus decreased(P＜0.05).The high Carthami Flos water extract dose group also showed a decrease in PGF2α and FSH-R protein expression in the uterus(P＜0.05).In the HSYA group,the writhing response decreased,the uterine and ovarian indices decreased,the PGE2,PGF2α,and TXB2 contents decreased,and GnRH-R and FSH-R protein expression decreased in the uterus(P＜0.05).The serum E2 levels of the groups that received Carthami Flos water extract at various doses and those of the HSYA group were reduced,and the uterine morphology was improved.COX-2 expression in the uterus and FSH-R protein expression in the ovaries were also reduced(P＜0.05).Conclusion Carthami Flos water extract and HSYA can improve the pathological state of primary dysmenorrhea rats with cold coagulation and blood stasis.Its mechanism may be related to regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovary axis.

Objective To explore the pharmacological effects and regulatory mechanisms of Carthami Flos water extract and its main constituent,hydroxysafflower yellow A(HSYA),on primary dysmenorrhea rats with cold coagulation and blood stasis.Methods Forty-two female specific pathogen-free grade rats aged 6-8 weeks were divided into blank,model,HSYA(0.01 g/kg),ibuprofen(0.04 g/kg),and low(0.06 g/kg),medium(0.20 g/kg),and high(0.40 g/kg)Carthami Flos water extract dose groups using the random number table method,with six rats per group.A rat model was established using ice water bath stimulation combined with estradiol benzoate and oxytocin.Continuous gavage was administered for 6 days from the seventh day of modeling.After the intervention,the writhing reaction test was conducted.The rats,uteri,and ovaries were weighed to calculate the organ index.An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and radioimmunoassay were used to detect the prostaglandin E2(PGE2)and prostaglandin F2α(PGF2α)contents in the uterus,thromboxane B2(TXB2)and 6-keto-prostaglondin F1α(6-keto-PGF1α)in plasma,and estradiol(E2)in the serum.Hematoxylin and eosin staining were used to detect the pathological changes in uterine tissue.Immunohistochemistry was used to determine cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2)expression in uterine tissue,whereas immunofluorescence was used to measure follicle-stimulating hormone receptor(FSH-R)expression in ovarian tissue.Western blotting was used to detect gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor(GnRH-R)and FSH-R expression in uterine tissue.Results Compared with the blank group,the rats in the model group exhibited an increase in uterine and ovarian indices and increased PGE2 and PGF2α in the uterus.TXB2 in the plasma and E2 in the serum were also evaluated.Additionally,6-keto-PGF1α decreased,and COX-2,GnRH-R,and FSH-R expression in the uterus and FSH-R expression in the ovaries also increased(P＜0.05).The morphology of the uterine tissue was disordered.Compared with the model group,the low Carthami Flos water extract dose group showed a decrease in uterine index(P＜0.05).In the medium and high Carthami Flos water extract dose groups,the writhing response decreased,as did the uterine and ovarian indicesand PGE2 and TXB2 contents.The 6-keto-PGF1α content increased,whereas the GnRH-R protein expression in the uterus decreased(P＜0.05).The high Carthami Flos water extract dose group also showed a decrease in PGF2α and FSH-R protein expression in the uterus(P＜0.05).In the HSYA group,the writhing response decreased,the uterine and ovarian indices decreased,the PGE2,PGF2α,and TXB2 contents decreased,and GnRH-R and FSH-R protein expression decreased in the uterus(P＜0.05).The serum E2 levels of the groups that received Carthami Flos water extract at various doses and those of the HSYA group were reduced,and the uterine morphology was improved.COX-2 expression in the uterus and FSH-R protein expression in the ovaries were also reduced(P＜0.05).Conclusion Carthami Flos water extract and HSYA can improve the pathological state of primary dysmenorrhea rats with cold coagulation and blood stasis.Its mechanism may be related to regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovary axis.

Radiopharmaceuticals play an important role in the medical field,but they also carry certion risks and potential safety concerns.Medical institutions implement pharmacovigilance to ensure the safety of patients'drug use,including the safety of Radiopharmaceuticals.The operation and management of the pharmacovigilance system in the United States and the European Union are relatively mature.China can learn from their advanced concepts and establish our own radiopharmaciligence system.