ObjectiveGastrodia elata has evolved ecological types with shortened rhizome internodes and diversified flower and fruit coloration in response to different altitudes. Studying the genetic mechanisms of different ecotype germplasm is significant for guiding variety breeding in different cultivation areas. MethodsThe bHLH gene family was identified based on the whole-genome datasets of G. elata f. elata and G. elata f. glauca. Subsequently， the gene family members were subject to analysis， including gene structure， chromosomal localization， cis-acting elements， gene synteny， and phylogeny. Combined with transcriptome data and quantitative Real-time PCR， the expression patterns of bHLH genes in the stems of the different G. elata ecotype germplasm were analyzed. Finally， correlation analysis was conducted between gene expression patterns and color to obtain the key bHLH genes regulating the color formation of stem. ResultsA total of 63 bHLH genes were identified in both G elata f. elata and G. elata f. glauca， unevenly distributed across 17 chromosomes and clustered into 16 subfamilies， with significant expansion in some family members. Obvious inversions of bHLH genes on the same chromosome and interchromosomal translocations were detected in the two ecotype germplasm. Among these genes， 12 bHLH genes （such as bHLH62-3 and bHLH74） were associated with the bright yellow color of G elata f. elata stem， while 9 bHLH genes （such as PIL13， UNE12， and bHLH130） were correlated with the red color of G. elata f. glauca stem. Compared to G. elata f. glauca， the bHLH48 expression level was significantly higher in flowers and scale leaves of G elata f. elata， and the bHLH62-3 expression level was significantly higher in all organs of G elata f. elata. ConclusionsFunctional pathway divergence of the bHLH family members has occurred across different chromosomes in G elata f. elata and G. elata f. glauca. Through synergism or antagonism with other genes， 21 bHLH genes participate in the coloration metabolic pathway regulation of stems， flowers， and fruits. Specifically， bHLH62-3 is involved in regulating stem color differentiation in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway of G. elata， thus relevant to the color formation of stem. Additionally， GebHLH48 positively regulates flowering-related pathways to promote the early-flowering phenotype of G. elata f. elata. These findings have laid the foundation for analyzing the genetic regulatory mechanisms underlying the color formation of the G. elata stem.

ObjectiveGastrodia elata has evolved ecological types with shortened rhizome internodes and diversified flower and fruit coloration in response to different altitudes. Studying the genetic mechanisms of different ecotype germplasm is significant for guiding variety breeding in different cultivation areas. MethodsThe bHLH gene family was identified based on the whole-genome datasets of G. elata f. elata and G. elata f. glauca. Subsequently， the gene family members were subject to analysis， including gene structure， chromosomal localization， cis-acting elements， gene synteny， and phylogeny. Combined with transcriptome data and quantitative Real-time PCR， the expression patterns of bHLH genes in the stems of the different G. elata ecotype germplasm were analyzed. Finally， correlation analysis was conducted between gene expression patterns and color to obtain the key bHLH genes regulating the color formation of stem. ResultsA total of 63 bHLH genes were identified in both G elata f. elata and G. elata f. glauca， unevenly distributed across 17 chromosomes and clustered into 16 subfamilies， with significant expansion in some family members. Obvious inversions of bHLH genes on the same chromosome and interchromosomal translocations were detected in the two ecotype germplasm. Among these genes， 12 bHLH genes （such as bHLH62-3 and bHLH74） were associated with the bright yellow color of G elata f. elata stem， while 9 bHLH genes （such as PIL13， UNE12， and bHLH130） were correlated with the red color of G. elata f. glauca stem. Compared to G. elata f. glauca， the bHLH48 expression level was significantly higher in flowers and scale leaves of G elata f. elata， and the bHLH62-3 expression level was significantly higher in all organs of G elata f. elata. ConclusionsFunctional pathway divergence of the bHLH family members has occurred across different chromosomes in G elata f. elata and G. elata f. glauca. Through synergism or antagonism with other genes， 21 bHLH genes participate in the coloration metabolic pathway regulation of stems， flowers， and fruits. Specifically， bHLH62-3 is involved in regulating stem color differentiation in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway of G. elata， thus relevant to the color formation of stem. Additionally， GebHLH48 positively regulates flowering-related pathways to promote the early-flowering phenotype of G. elata f. elata. These findings have laid the foundation for analyzing the genetic regulatory mechanisms underlying the color formation of the G. elata stem.

Objective To analyze the infection status and epidemic trends of soil-borne nematode infections in Yubei, Chongqing City, in 2010,2021, and 2022. Methods The local populations from four survey sites of four towns in 2010 and five sites of five towns in 2021 and 2022 were surveyed regarding their basic information using a unified form. Fecal samples of the participants were collected and tested for soil-borne nematode infections using the modified Kato-Katz thick smear method. Results In 2010, 2 049 participants were surveyed, followed by 1 000 participants in 2021 and 2022. The overall prevalence of parasitic infections declined significantly from 3.86% to 0.20%. In 2010, soil-transmitted nematode included hookworms(3.81%) and roundworms(0.29%). In 2021, the infection rates of roundworms and hookworms were 1.70% and 0.10% respectively. Notably, only Ascaris was identified in 2022(0.20%). The≥60 age group consistently exhibited the highest infection rates across all surveys, followed by the 40-59 age group. The infection rates of males in the three surveys were 3.31%,1.92%, and 0.20% respectively, and those of females were 4.37%, 1.46%, and 0.20% respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the infection rates between males and females. Educational attainment was inversely associated with infection; in 2010, the highest prevalence was observed among those with primary education or below, whereas in 2021, illiterate or semi-literate individuals showed the highest susceptibility. The occupational distribution of infections in 2010 indicated that retirees (8.33%), farmers(4.86%), and homemakers or unemployed individuals(3.45%)were the most affected. However, in 2021 and 2022, farmers emerged as the predominant occupational group with soil-transmitted nematode infections. Conclusions The infection rate of soil-borne nematodes showed a decreasing trend in Yubei, and the infection species changed from hookworms in 2010 to Ascaris in 2022. Farmers, the elderly, and people with low education levels should continue to be the focus of preventive and control efforts.

Objective:To explore the risk factors of delayed extubation after expanded thymectomy in patients with myasthenia gravis.Methods:Patients with myasthenia gravis who underwent expanded thymectomy from May 2021 to January 2024 and were admitted to Intensive Care Unit (ICU) after surgery were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided in to the delayed extubation and successful extubation according to the length of mechanical ventilation whether exceeding than 48 hours. Multivariable logistics regression was used to explore the risk factors for delayed extubation after expanded thymectomy in patients with myasthenia gravis.Results:A total of 95 patients were included.15 (15.8%) of whom were delayed extubation. Compared with the successful extubation patients, the length of mechanical ventilation (94.0 h vs. 15.5 h, P<0.001), ICU station (7.1 days vs. 1.7 days, P<0.001), and hospitalization station (16.0 days vs. 9.1 days, P<0.001) were significantly prolonged in the delayed extubation patients. Adjusted for age,gender, BMI, clinical classification, pathological classification of thymoma, dose of pyridostigmine preoperative, perioperative pneumonia, preoperative pulmonary dysfunction, SBT passing for the first time, neck lift time greater than 20 seconds, the multivariable logistic regression shown, the risk of delayed extubation increased by 29% ( OR=1.290, 95% CI 1.090-1.714), 1% ( OR=1.009, 95% CI 1.002-1.034), 3.9-fold ( OR=4.977, 95% CI 1.486-10.939), and 64% ( OR=1.635, 95% CI 1.396-2.682) for every 60 mg/day increase in preoperative dose of pyridostigmine, pathological classification of thymoma, perioperative pneumonia, and preoperative pulmonary dysfunction, respectively. Neck lift time greater than 20 seconds can reduce the risk of delayed extubation 48% ( OR=0.524, 95% CI 0.322-0.794). Conclusion:Preoperative administration of a large dose of pyridostigmine, pulmonary dysfunction, pathological classification of thymoma, and perioperative pneumonia were risk factors for delayed extubation after thymectomy in these patients. And neck lift time greater than 20 seconds decreased the risk of delayed extubation. In the clinical practice,for high risk of MG patients with delayed extubation, the neck lifting test may be used to assess muscle strength and reduce the occurance of tracheal reintubation and its advise effects.

Objective:To assess the feasibility and efficacy of transperineal laser ablation(TPLA)with single laser fiber in treating benign prostatic obstruction(BPO).Methods:From April 2021 to March 2024,a total of 13 BPO patients were selected from Beijing Friendship Hospital.TPLA was performed using a single laser fiber,which was guided by transrectal biplane ultrasound.The single laser fiber was used to undergo TPLA under the guidance of trans-rectal dual-plane ultrasound.The intraoperative time,ablation time,energy consumption,indwelling time of catheter,and complications were observed.The postoperative 6 months was chosen as the cut-off point of follow-up,and the pre and postoperative changes of international prostate symptom score(IPSS),quality of life index(QoL),prostate volume(PV),residual urine volume(RUV)and the maximum urine flow rate(Qmax)were compared.Results:All 13 patients successfully underwent TPLA with single laser fiber.The average operation time was(55.1±18.3)min,and the average ablation time was(16.3±1.7)min,and average energy consumption was(3951.6±459.7)J,and the median value of indwelling time of catheter was 7(7,10)days.The number of postoperative complication was 2 cases,and both them belonged to Clavien-Dindo grade II complication.At the postoperative 6th month,the IPSS,QoL,PV,Qmax and RUV of all patients were improved,all of which were better than preoperative these indicators,and the differences were significant(t=12.102,-3.228,-3.181,-2.581,-2.936,P<0.05).Conclusion:The application of single laser fiber in conducting TPLA operation is feasibility at technical aspect,and it can achieve the therapeutic goals of improving patients'symptoms and enhancing their quality of life.Although its operational time is slightly longer than that of using multiple fibers simultaneously,it can effectively reduce the cost of expenditure for consumables.

Objective:To investigate the effect of organ dose modulation(ODM)technique on radiation dose and image quality in computed tomography angiography(CTA)for arteries of both lower extremities.Methods:A total of sixty patients with suspected lower extremity arterial occlusion who underwent CTA examination on both lower extremities at Beijing Friendship Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University from March 2024 to June 2024 were selected.They were randomly divided into an ODM group and a non-ODM group,with 30 patients in each group.All patients underwent CTA examination with the same scanning parameters.The tube currents in the pelvic region,which included 4 directions(anterior,left,posterior and right),of two groups of patients were recorded,and the CT values,SD values,volumetric CT dose index(CTDIvol)and dose-length product(DLP)of femoral artery and external iliac artery of the regions of interest(ROI)in the pelvic region were respectively measured,and the image quality of them was analyzed by subjective scores.Results:The tube current in front of the pelvic cavity was(109.17±35.62)mA in ODM group,which decreased by 42%than(185.58±55.38)mA in non-ODM group,and the difference was statistically significant(t=-4.781,P<0.05).There were no statistically significant differences in CTDIvol values,DLP values,and CT values and signal noise ratio(SNR)of femoral artery and external iliac artery of the regions of interest(ROI)in the pelvic region between two groups(P>0.05).The subjective scores for image quality of two groups were≥4 points,and there was not statistically significant difference in that between two groups(P>0.05).Conclusion:The application of ODM technique in CTA examination for both lower extremities can realize protective function for surface gonadal organs when ensures image quality,which can meet the needs of clinical diagnosis.It has clinical application value.

Lymphoma is a highly heterogeneous malignancy characterized by complex molecular regulatory mechanisms that result in significant differences in aggressiveness and prognosis across its subtypes.Gene copy number alteration(CNA)analysis,an emerging technology,has become a pivotal tool in the precision re-search and management of lymphoma.By detecting DNA deletions,amplifications,and chromosomal copy number changes,CNA analysis addresses the limitations of traditional cytogenetic techniques,enhances the ac-curacy of subtype classification,and aids in evaluating tumor heterogeneity and disease progression.This re-view provides a comprehensive summary of CNA detection methods and their applications in lymphoma,with a focus on recent advancements in the field.It offers a comparative analysis of CNA detection techniques and discusses their role in precision diagnosis,subtype classification,monitoring disease progression,predicting therapeutic resistance,and assessing prognosis.Additionally,the review explores the potential applications of CNA analysis in uncovering molecular regulatory mechanisms,optimizing therapeutic strategies,and impro-ving patient survival outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: Humans are exposed to complex mixtures of environmental chemicals and other factors that can affect their health. Analysis of these mixture exposures presents several key challenges for environmental epidemiology and risk assessment, including high dimensionality, correlated exposure, and subtle individual effects. METHODS: We proposed a novel statistical approach, the generalized functional linear model (GFLM), to analyze the health effects of exposure mixtures. GFLM treats the effect of mixture exposures as a smooth function by reordering exposures based on specific mechanisms and capturing internal correlations to provide a meaningful estimation and interpretation. The robustness and efficiency was evaluated under various scenarios through extensive simulation studies. RESULTS: We applied the GFLM to two datasets from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). In the first application, we examined the effects of 37 nutrients on BMI (2011-2016 cycles). The GFLM identified a significant mixture effect, with fiber and fat emerging as the nutrients with the greatest negative and positive effects on BMI, respectively. For the second application, we investigated the association between four pre- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and gout risk (2007-2018 cycles). Unlike traditional methods, the GFLM indicated no significant association, demonstrating its robustness to multicollinearity. CONCLUSION GFLM framework is a powerful tool for mixture exposure analysis, offering improved handling of correlated exposures and interpretable results. It demonstrates robust performance across various scenarios and real-world applications, advancing our understanding of complex environmental exposures and their health impacts on environmental epidemiology and toxicology.
Humans ; Environmental Exposure/analysis* ; Linear Models ; Nutrition Surveys ; Environmental Pollutants ; Body Mass Index

Objective To investigate the relationship between microRNA(miR)-425-5p/patched homolog 1(PTCH1)axis molecules and clinical pathological parameters and prognosis in cancer tissues of primary laryngeal cancer(PLC)patients.Methods 102 PLC patients admitted to Mianyang Central Hospital from March 2020 to March 2021 were selected.The relative expression level of miR-425-5p and PTCH1 positive expression rate in PLC cancer tissues and adjacent normal tissues were compared,and the relationship between miR-425-5p relative expression level,PTCH1 positive expression rate and PLC clinical pathological parameters was analyzed.Kaplan-Meier curve and Log-Rank were used χ2 tests were conducted to analyze the 3-year cumulative survival rate of miR-425-5p and PTCH1 positive/negative expression groups,and COX regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of PLC prognosis.Results Compared with normal tissue adjacent to cancer,the relative expression level of miR-425-5p in PLC cancer tissue was significantly increased(2.12±0.52 vs 0.98±0.17),and the positive expression rate of PTCH1 was significantly reduced(27.45%vs 61.76%),with statistical significance(t/χ2=21.045,24.302,all P＜0.05).Compared with patients with T1-T2,N0,and high differentiation of tumors,patients with T3-T4,N1-N3,and low differentiation of tumors showed a significant increase in the relative expression of miR-425-5p(t=3.647,2.900,3.029),and a significant decrease in the positive expression rate of PTCH1(χ2=5.842,4.011,5.136),the differences were statistically significance(all P<0.05).The 3-year cumulative survival rate of the miR-425-5p high expression group was 64.52%(20/31),which was significantly lower than that of the low expression group at 84.06%(58/69).The 3-year cumulative survival rate of the PTCH1 high expression group was 80.00%(28/35),which was significantly higher than that of the low expression group at 64.62%(42/65),and the differences were statistically significant(Log-Rank χ2=4.287,4.548,all P<0.05).Elevated T taging,cervical lymph node recurrence,elevated N staging,pharyngeal recurrence,elevated miR-425-5p,and negative PTCH1 expression were risk factors for poor prognosis of PLC(all P<0.05).Conclusion High expression of miR-425-5p and low expression of PTCH1 in cancer tissues of primary laryngeal cancer patients are significantly correlated with elevated T stage,low tumor differentiation,elevated N stage,and low 3-year cumulative survival rate.

Objective A scoping review of domestically and internationally published studies on finite element analysis(FEA)based on three-dimensional(3D)human body model in preventing pressure ulcer(PU)was conducted,aiming to provide new directions for improving the prevention strategies of pressure ulcer.Methods We conducted a systematic search in both Chinese and English medical databases,including PubMed,Embase,CINAHL,Web of Science,Cochrane Library,Sinomed,CNKI,Wanfang and VIP,and engineering database(Engineering Village Compen-dex).The search period was from the inception of each database to July 29,2024.The information was extracted,and the results were analyzed and standardized for reporting.Results A total of 30 studies were included.The general methods of FEA based on 3D human body model include establishing geometric model,meshing,defining material properties,loading and setting boundary conditions,and solving equations.According to the contents of studies,they could be categorized into 4 distinct application domains,including identification of risk groups(n=9),position management(n=9),preventive dressings(n=10)and supportive surfaces(n=7).Conclusion FEA based on 3D human body model provides a foundation to PU biomechanical mechanism research and a scientific basis to the supplement and optimization of clinical prevention.Future studies should integrate clinical problems with simulations and further optimize simulations techniques and protocols.