Palatal radicular groove is a developmental malformation of maxillary incisors, lateral incisors in particular, which often causes periodontal destruction. This paper reports a case of combined periodontal-endodontic lesions induced by palatal radicular groove, which was initially misdiagnosed as a simple periapical cyst. After root canal therapy and periapical cyst curettage, the course of disease was prolonged, resulting in the absence of buccal and maxillary bone plates in the affected tooth area. After the etiology was determined, the affected tooth was extracted and guide bone tissue regeneration was performed at the same time, followed by implantation and restoration at the later stage, leading to clinical cure. The palatal radicular groove is highly occult, and the clinical symptoms are not typical. If the abscess of the maxillary lateral incisor occurs repeatedly, and the abscess of the maxillary lateral incisor has not been cured after periodontal and root canal treatment, cone-beam computed tomographic and periodontal flap surgery should be considered.
Humans ; Incisor ; Radicular Cyst ; Abscess ; Tooth Root/abnormalities* ; Root Canal Therapy ; Maxilla ; Cysts

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the three-dimensional radiographic characteristics of maxillary radi-cular cysts using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and spiral CT. METHODS: Clinical records, histopathological reports, and CBCT or non-enhanced spiral CT images of 67 consecutive patients with maxillary radicular cysts were retrospectively acquired, and radiographic features, including size, shape, expansion, internal structure and relationship with the surrounding tissues, were analyzed. The lesions were divided into three types according to the involved tooth number, as follows: type Ⅰ (single tooth), the epicenter of the cyst was located at the apex of a nonvital tooth, without involvement of the neighbo-ring tooth; type Ⅱ (adjacent tooth involvement), the cyst was located at the apex of a nonvital tooth with involvement of the mesial and/or distal tooth root; and type Ⅲ (multi-teeth), the cyst involved the apexes of ≥4 teeth. Besides, these cysts were classified as another three types on sagittal views, as follows: centripetal, the root apex was oriented centripetally to the center of the cyst; palatal, the cyst was located mainly at the palatal side of the apex; and labial/buccal, the cyst was located mainly at the labial/buccal side of the apex. RESULTS: Totally, 67 patients with maxillary radicular cysts were acquired, including 38 males and 29 females, and their ages ranged from 13 to 77 years. Among them, 46 lesions (68.7%) were located in the anterior maxilla and 65 (97.0%) were round or oval. Labial/buccal cortex expansion was present in 43 cases (64.2%) and palatal cortex expansion in 37 cases (55.2%). The nasal floor was invaded in 27 cases (40.3%), the maxillary sinus was invaginated in 26 cases (38.8%), and root resorption was present in 9 cases (13.4%). The average diameter of lesions was (20.89±8.11) mm mesio-distally and (16.70±5.88) mm bucco-palatally. In spite of the 4 residual cysts, the remaining 63 lesions included 14 type Ⅰ, 26 type Ⅱ and 23 type Ⅲ cysts according to the involved tooth number. Besides, the 63 lesions included 46 centripetal, 15 palatal and 2 buccal cysts on sagittal views. CONCLUSION The maxillary radicular cysts were frequently well-circumscribed round or oval radiolucency, with significantly different sizes. According to the involved tooth number, it can be divided into single tooth, adjacent tooth involvement and multi-teeth types. On sagittal views, the root-cyst relationship was centripetal in most cases, while a minority of cysts expanded palatally or buccally.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Maxilla/diagnostic imaging* ; Middle Aged ; Radicular Cyst/diagnostic imaging* ; Retrospective Studies ; Tooth Root ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of odontogenic cysts, tumors, and other lesions among reports in the archives of the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at the Faculty of Dentistry affiliated with Kocaeli University collected over a four-year period.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, patient records from the archive of the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery from 2014 to 2018 were reviewed. Patient demographic information (age and sex) and lesion location were recorded and analyzed.RESULTS: From a total of 475 files reviewed, odontogenic cyst was confirmed in 340 cases (71.6%), and odontogenic tumor was confirmed in 52 cases (10.9%). Regarding odontogenic cyst type, the most common was radicular cyst (216 cases), followed by dentigerous cyst (77 cases) and odontogenic keratocyst (23 cases). Among odontogenic tumors, the most frequent was odontoma (19 cases), followed by ossifying fibroma (18 cases) and ameloblastoma (9 cases). Giant cell granuloma was also reported in 35 cases.CONCLUSION: The distribution pattern of odontogenic cysts and tumors in our retrospective study is relatively similar to that reported in the literature. Complete clinical reports for final diagnosis of these lesions and routine follow-up examinations are very important for treatment.
Ameloblastoma ; Archives ; Biopsy ; Dentigerous Cyst ; Dentistry ; Diagnosis ; Fibroma, Ossifying ; Follow-Up Studies ; Granuloma, Giant Cell ; Humans ; Jaw Neoplasms ; Odontogenic Cysts ; Odontogenic Tumors ; Odontoma ; Prevalence ; Radicular Cyst ; Retrospective Studies ; Surgery, Oral

The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate whether periapical granulomas can be differentiated from periapical cysts in vivo by using dental magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Prior to apicoectomy, 11 patients with radiographically confirmed periapical lesions underwent dental MRI, including fat-saturated T2-weighted (T2wFS) images, non-contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images with and without fat saturation (T1w/T1wFS), and contrast-enhanced fat-saturated T1-weighted (T1wFS+C) images. Two independent observers performed structured image analysis of MRI datasets twice. A total of 15 diagnostic MRI criteria were evaluated, and histopathological results (6 granulomas and 5 cysts) were compared with MRI characteristics. Statistical analysis was performed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Cohen's kappa (κ), Mann-Whitney U-test and Fisher's exact test. Lesion identification and consecutive structured image analysis was possible on T2wFS and T1wFS+C MRI images. A high reproducibility was shown for MRI measurements of the maximum lesion diameter (intraobserver ICC = 0.996/0.998; interobserver ICC = 0.997), for the "peripheral rim" thickness (intraobserver ICC = 0.988/0.984; interobserver ICC = 0.970), and for all non-quantitative MRI criteria (intraobserver-κ = 0.990/0.995; interobserver-κ = 0.988). In accordance with histopathological results, six MRI criteria allowed for a clear differentiation between cysts and granulomas: (1) outer margin of lesion, (2) texture of "peripheral rim" in T1wFS+C, (3) texture of "lesion center" in T2wFS, (4) surrounding tissue involvement in T2wFS, (5) surrounding tissue involvement in T1wFS+C and (6) maximum "peripheral rim" thickness (all: P < 0.05). In conclusion, this pilot study indicates that radiation-free dental MRI enables a reliable differentiation between periapical cysts and granulomas in vivo. Thus, MRI may substantially improve treatment strategies and help to avoid unnecessary surgery in apical periodontitis.
Contrast Media ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; methods ; Periapical Granuloma ; diagnostic imaging ; Pilot Projects ; Radicular Cyst ; diagnostic imaging ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sensitivity and Specificity

OBJECTIVES: Idiopathic bone cavity (IBC) is an uncommon intra-osseous cavity of unknown etiology. Clinical features of IBC are not well known and treatment modalities of IBC are controversial. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of 27 IBC patients who underwent surgical exploration. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 27 consecutive patients who underwent surgery due to a jaw bone cavity from April 2006 to February 2016 were included in this study. Nine male and 18 female patients were enrolled. Patients were examined retrospectively regarding primary site, history of trauma, graft material, radiographic size of the lesion, presence of interdental scalloping, erosion of the inferior border of the mandible, complications, results of bone graft, and recurrence. RESULTS: Female dominance was found. Maxillary lesion was found in one patient, and bilateral posterior mandibular lesions were found in two patients. The other patients showed a single mandibular lesion. The posterior mandible (24 cases) was the most common site of IBC, followed by the anterior mandible (5 cases). Two patients with anterior mandibular lesion reported history of trauma due to car accident, while the others denied any trauma history. Radiographic cystic cavity length over 30 mm was found in 10 patients. Seven patients showed erosion of the mandibular inferior border. The operations performed were surgical exploration, curettage, and bone or collagen graft. One bilateral IBC patient showed recurrence of the lesion during follow-up. Grafted bone was integrated into the native mandibular bone without infection. One patient reported necrosis of the mandibular incisor pulp after operation. CONCLUSION: Differential diagnosis of IBC is difficult, and IBC is often confused with periapical cyst. Surgical exploration and bone graft are recommended for treating IBC. Endodontic treatment of involved teeth should be evaluated before operation. Bone graft is recommended to reduce the healing period.
Allografts ; Bone and Bones ; Collagen ; Curettage ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Incisor ; Jaw ; Male ; Mandible ; Necrosis ; Pectinidae ; Radicular Cyst ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Tooth ; Transplants

OBJECTIVES: Periapical lesions, including periapical cyst (PC), periapical granuloma (PG), and periapical abscess (PA), are frequently affected by chemical/physical damage during root canal treatment or severe bacterial infection, and thus, the differential diagnosis of periapical lesions may be difficult due to the presence of severe inflammatory reaction. The aim of this study was to make differential diagnosis among PC, PG, and PA under polarizing microscope. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The collagen birefringence patterns of 319 cases of PC (n = 122), PG (n = 158), and PA (n = 39) obtained using a polarizing microscope were compared. In addition, 6 cases of periodontal fibroma (PF) were used as positive controls. RESULTS: Collagen birefringence was condensed with a thick, linear band-like pattern in PC, but was short and irregularly scattered in PG, and scarce or absent in PA. PF showed intense collagen birefringence with a short, palisading pattern but no continuous band-like pattern. The linear band-like birefringence in PC was ascribed to pre-existing expansile tensile stress of the cyst wall. CONCLUSIONS: In this study all PCs (n = 122) were distinguishable from PGs and PAs by their characteristic birefringence, despite the absence of lining epithelium (n = 20). Therefore, the authors suggest that the presence of linear band-like collagen birefringence of the cyst wall aids the diagnostic differentiation of PC from PG and PA.
Bacterial Infections ; Birefringence* ; Collagen* ; Dental Pulp Cavity ; Diagnosis, Differential* ; Epithelium ; Fibroma ; Periapical Abscess ; Periapical Granuloma ; Radicular Cyst*

Stafne bone cyst (SBC) is a bone defect usually located in the posterior portion of the mandible or mandibular angle below the inferior alveolar nerve. The cases of SBC involving multiple anterior tooth apices and penetrating the mandibular bone are extremely rare. Here we present a case of an anterior-positioned SBC mimicking periapical cyst, which penetrated the mandibular bone, with a review of the differential diagnosis.
Bone Cysts* ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Mandible ; Mandibular Nerve ; Radicular Cyst* ; Tooth Apex

We report a case of large radicular cyst progression related to endodontic origin to emphasize proper intervention and follow-up for endodontic pathosis. A 25 yr old man presented with an endodontically treated molar with radiolucency. He denied any intervention because of a lack of discomfort. Five years later, the patient returned. The previous periapical lesion had drastically enlarged and involved two adjacent teeth. Cystic lesion removal and apicoectomy were performed on the tooth. Histopathological analysis revealed that the lesion was an inflammatory radicular cyst. The patient did not report any discomfort except for moderate swelling 3 days after the surgical procedure. Although the patient had been asymptomatic, close follow-ups are critical to determine if any periapical lesions persist after root canal treatment.
Apicoectomy ; Dental Pulp Cavity ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Molar ; Radicular Cyst* ; Tooth

OBJECTIVEThis study aimed to detect the immunoexpression of interleukin-21 (IL-21) and receptor activator. of nuclear factor KB ligand (RANKL) in periapical granulomas (PGs) and radicular cysts (RCs). The interaction of IL-21 with RANKL and its role in periapical pathogenesis were also speculated.

METHODSA total of 32 PGs and 23 RCs were selected as experimental samples. Lesion size and occurrence of tenderness were recorded. Up to 10 healthy gingival tissues were collected as normal control samples. All tissues were subjected to immunohistocheincal analysis with anti-human IL-21 and RANKL polyclonal antibodies. The correlations of IL-21 with RANKL, lesion size, and the occurrence of tenderness of the PGs and RCs were evaluated.

RESULTSIL-21-positive cells were detected in all periapical lesion tissues but not in normal tissues. In the cyst group and granuloma group, the corresponding expression levels of IL-21 were 59.92±6.57 and 36.80± 6.81, whereas those of RANKL were 68.81±18.59 and 36.12±14.87, respectively. Moreover, t-test revealed a significantly higher expression of IL-21 and RANKL in RCs than in PGs (P<0.05). IL-21 and RANKL were positively correlated in both PGs and RCs (P<0.05). Furthermore, IL-21 was correlated with lesion size (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONThis study demonstrated that IL-21 is potentially involved in the pathogenesis of apical periodontitis lesions. A role in the exacerbation of chronic inflammation, as well as in bone resorption, is suspected. Further studies are required to elucidate the specific functions of IL-21 in periradicular inflammatory processes.

Humans ; Inflammation ; Interleukins ; physiology ; NF-kappa B ; metabolism ; Periapical Granuloma ; metabolism ; Periapical Periodontitis ; RANK Ligand ; Radicular Cyst ; metabolism

cyst of the jaw, from the database of 168 histopathological diagnoses at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of Busan Paik Hospital at Inje University, from January 2009 to December 2011. The subjects were treated and the following variables were recorded: gender, age, clinical signs and symptoms, histopathological distribution, treatment methods, and complications. A descriptive analysis of the study variables was performed using a chi-square test.RESULTS: Among the 164 patients, there were more male than female patients (male-female ratio: 1.7:1). The most predominant ages were the 20s and 40s. Among the classes of pathological cysts, radicular cysts and dentigerous cysts were the most common, with incidences of 56.0% and 35.1%. Thirty-six percent of the patients had no symptoms; and of those who had symptoms, the main signs and symptoms were swelling (24.4%) and pain (17.1%). The most frequent management method was the combination operation, such as enucleation with or without extraction and apicoectomy of the causative teeth. Of the 164 patients, 13 had complications; and one patient who had been treated with enucleation with apicoectomy had a recurrent cyst.CONCLUSION: Using a chi-square test, no significant differences in prevalence were observed in relation to gender according to age. Comparative analysis of radicular and dentigerous cysts showed a significant difference in their prevalence according to their anatomical location, however, no significant differences in were observed in their incidence rates according to age.]]>
Apicoectomy ; Busan ; Classification ; Dentigerous Cyst ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Jaw ; Male ; Methods ; Observational Study ; Odontogenic Cysts ; Prevalence ; Radicular Cyst ; Retrospective Studies ; Surgery, Oral ; Tooth