Introduction: Violence against children not only endangers a child's physical and mental health, but it also has long-term implications. At the same time, the results raise disease burden and medical expenditures. Objectives: This scoping review aims to describe the prevalence of certain sorts of violence among adolescents in 10 years from 2012 to 2022 in low and middle-income countries. Method: Searching strategy was combining terms about (1) Types of violence, (2) adolescents, and (3) prevalence in PubMed/MEDLINE, and Cochrane. Original English-language research papers on the prevalence of violence among adolescents were chosen. Data from selected studies was extracted and classified into themes and topics. The PRISMA principles were used to perform a scoping evaluation of several medical databases. Results: This research includes ten studies in all. In ten years, there were six forms of violence against adolescents: bullying, physical fights, physical attacks, dating violence, intimate partner violence, and child abuse. Males were always more vulnerable than females to these six types. Bullying and physical fighting including engaging in fights and being attacked are more common among children aged 10 to 14. Children aged 15 to 19 are more likely to experience dating violence. Bullying, in particular, has been ongoing for ten years and shows no signs of decline, although it is becoming more prevalent in numerous forms, including cyberbullying. Conclusion: Over 10 years, adolescents in LMICs experienced the most bullying, followed by physical fights. Organizations and governments need to implement more targeted initiatives to prevent an increase in violence against adolescents.

Methods: We used 1.0-mm interval computed tomographic scan images of 100 patients (50 men and 50 women) and screw trajectory simulation software. The diameter of all screws was set at 3.5 mm, considering its common usage in real surgery. The anatomical feasibility of placing both pedicle and laminar screws on the same side was evaluated. For all feasible sides, the three-dimensional distance between the screw entry points was measured. Results: In 85% of cases, both pedicle and laminar screws could be placed on both sides, allowing for the insertion of 4 screws. In 11% of cases, 2 screws could be placed on one side, while only 1 screw was feasible on the other side, resulting in the placement of 3 screws. In all 181 sides where both types of screws could be inserted, the distance between their entry points exceeded 16.1 mm, which was sufficient to prevent the collision between the screw heads. Conclusions C2 vertebra can accommodate three (11%) or four (85%) screws in 96% of cases.

Background: Surveys in disability are getting more and more attention from the Governments and contributes towards improve service provision for people with disabilities. Objective: To describe the prevalence of people with disabilities at The Chi Linh demographic and epidemiological surveillance system (CHILILAB), Hai Duong province in 2007. Subject and Method: The cross - cutting survey conducted in the CHILILAB which has a population of 65.438 people, the WHO questionnaire of disability screening was used. Result and conclusion: Disability prevalence in Chi Linh occurs in 28.2% of the population. It is noted that the disability prevalence increases significantly with age groups: 81.8% of those who are over 60, 58.2% those aged of 40 - 59 and only 8 - 9% of those aged under 40. In addition, the disability prevalence is higher in the rural areas, women, the poor and the illiterate. It is necessary to have more study on the prevalence of people with disabilities in wider ranges. \r\n', u'\r\n', u'\r\n', u'
Prevalence ; Disability prevalence ; Disability

Background: People with disabilities have been coping with barriers that make it difficult for them to access public services. Many of them are poor, illiterate and out of work. Objective: To describe some characteristics of disabled people living in the communities of Chi Linh district, Hai Duong province. Subject and methods: Interview all of the 18.473 disabled people living in the seven communities of Chi Linh district, Hai Duong province. The contents of the interviews includes: economic-social information (income, education, job and martial status) and disability status (disability form and cause). Results: Nearly three fourths of disabled people are at the age of 45 and over. There are more women than men, with the male/female ratio at 1:1.8. Almost all of the disabled people are the Kinh in Chi Linh and 10.8% of them belong to the poor households. One in ten disabled people are illiterate and two thirds of disabled adolescents are at lower secondary school or lower. Difficulty in seeing is the most common among the kinds of disabilities, accounting for 81.9% of disabled people and about three fourths with one disability. Among the causes of disability, aging accounts for 71.5%, this is followed by illness. Conclusion: There is the need to reduce the rate of disability at the age of 45 and over, reducing the rate of sight related difficulties and increasing the accessibility of disabled people to educational services.
disability persons ; characteristics