Sleep is an instinctive behavior alternating awakening state, sleep entails many active processes occurring at the cellular, circuit and organismal levels. The function of sleep is to restore cellular energy, enhance immunity, promote growth and development, consolidate learning and memory to ensure normal life activities. However, with the increasing of social pressure involved in work and life, the incidence of sleep disorders (SD) is increasing year by year. In the short term, sleep disorders lead to impaired memory and attention; in the longer term, it produces neurological dysfunction or even death. There are many ways to directly or indirectly contribute to sleep disorder and keep the hormones, including pharmacological alternative treatments, light therapy and stimulus control therapy. Exercise is also an effective and healthy therapeutic strategy for improving sleep. The intensities, time periods, and different types of exercise have different health benefits for sleep, which can be found through indicators such as sleep quality, sleep efficiency and total sleep time. So it is more and more important to analyze the mechanism and find effective regulation targets during sleep disorder through exercise. Dopamine (DA) is an important neurotransmitter in the nervous system, which not only participates in action initiation, movement regulation and emotion regulation, but also plays a key role in the steady-state remodeling of sleep-awakening state transition. Appreciable evidence shows that sleep disorder on humans and rodents evokes anomalies in the dopaminergic signaling, which are also implicated in the development of psychiatric illnesses such as schizophrenia or substance abuse. Experiments have shown that DA in different neural pathways plays different regulatory roles in sleep behavior, we found that increasing evidence from rodent studies revealed a role for ventral tegmental area DA neurons in regulating sleep-wake patterns. DA signal transduction and neurotransmitter release patterns have complex interactions with behavioral regulation. In addition, experiments have shown that exercise causes changes in DA homeostasis in the brain, which may regulate sleep through different mechanisms, including cAMP response element binding protein signal transduction, changes in the circadian rhythm of biological clock genes, and interactions with endogenous substances such as adenosine, which affect neuronal structure and play a neuroprotective role. This review aims to introduce the regulatory effects of exercise on sleep disorder, especially the regulatory mechanism of DA in this process. The analysis of intracerebral DA signals also requires support from neurophysiological and chemical techniques. Our laboratory has established and developed an in vivo brain neurochemical analysis platform, which provides support for future research on the regulation of sleep-wake cycles by movement. We hope it can provide theoretical reference for the formulation of exercise prescription for clinical sleep disorder and give some advice to the combined intervention of drugs and exercise.

Neuroscience is a significant frontier discipline within the natural sciences and has become an important interdisciplinary frontier scientific field. Brain is one of the most complex organs in the human body, and its structural and functional analysis is considered the “ultimate frontier” of human self-awareness and exploration of nature. Driven by the strategic layout of “China Brain Project”, Chinese scientists have conducted systematic research focusing on “understanding the brain, simulating the brain, and protecting the brain”. They have made breakthrough progress in areas such as the principles of brain cognition, mechanisms and interventions for brain diseases, brain-like computation, and applications of brain-machine intelligence technology, aiming to enhance brain health through biomedical technology and improve the quality of human life. Due to limited understanding and comprehension of neuroscience, there are still many important unresolved issues in the field of neuroscience, resulting in a lack of effective measures to prevent and protect brain health. Therefore, in addition to actively developing new generation drugs, exploring non pharmacological treatment strategies with better health benefits and higher safety is particularly important. Epidemiological data shows that, exercise is not only an indispensable part of daily life but also an important non-pharmacological approach for protecting brain health and preventing neurodegenerative diseases, forming an emerging research field known as motor neuroscience. Basic research in motor neuroscience primarily focuses on analyzing the dynamic coding mechanisms of neural circuits involved in motor control, breakthroughs in motor neuroscience research depend on the construction of dynamic monitoring systems across temporal and spatial scales. Therefore, high spatiotemporal resolution detection of movement processes and movement-induced changes in brain structure and neural activity signals is an important technical foundation for conducting motor neuroscience research and has developed a set of tools based on traditional neuroscience methods combined with novel motor behavior decoding technologies, providing an innovative technical platform for motor neuroscience research. The protective effect of exercise in neurodegenerative diseases provides broad application prospects for its clinical translation. Applied research in motor neuroscience centers on deciphering the regulatory networks of neuroprotective molecules mediated by exercise. From the perspectives of exercise promoting neurogenesis and regeneration, enhancing synaptic plasticity, modulating neuronal functional activity, and remodeling the molecular homeostasis of the neuronal microenvironment, it aims to improve cognitive function and reduce the incidence of Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. This has also advanced research into the molecular regulatory networks mediating exercise-induced neuroprotection and facilitated the clinical application and promotion of exercise rehabilitation strategies. Multidimensional analysis of exercise-regulated neural plasticity is the theoretical basis for elucidating the brain-protective mechanisms mediated by exercise and developing intervention strategies for neurological diseases. Thus,real-time analysis of different neural signals during active exercise is needed to study the health effects of exercise throughout the entire life cycle and enhance lifelong sports awareness. Therefore, this article will systematically summarize the innovative technological developments in motor neuroscience research, review the mechanisms of neural plasticity that exercise utilizes to protect the brain, and explore the role of exercise in the prevention and treatment of major neurodegenerative diseases. This aims to provide new ideas for future theoretical innovations and clinical applications in the field of exercise-induced brain protection.

As China accelerates its efforts in deep space exploration and long-duration space missions, including the operationalization of the Tiangong Space Station and the development of manned lunar missions, safeguarding astronauts’ physiological and cognitive functions under extreme space conditions becomes a pressing scientific imperative. Among the multifactorial stressors of spaceflight, microgravity emerges as a particularly potent disruptor of neurobehavioral homeostasis. Dopamine (DA) plays a central role in regulating behavior under space microgravity by influencing reward processing, motivation, executive function and sensorimotor integration. Changes in gravity disrupt dopaminergic signaling at multiple levels, leading to impairments in motor coordination, cognitive flexibility, and emotional stability. Microgravity exposure induces a cascade of neurobiological changes that challenge dopaminergic stability at multiple levels: from the transcriptional regulation of DA synthesis enzymes and the excitability of DA neurons, to receptor distribution dynamics and the efficiency of downstream signaling pathways. These changes involve downregulation of tyrosine hydroxylase in the substantia nigra, reduced phosphorylation of DA receptors, and alterations in vesicular monoamine transporter expression, all of which compromise synaptic DA availability. Experimental findings from space analog studies and simulated microgravity models suggest that gravitational unloading alters striatal and mesocorticolimbic DA circuitry, resulting in diminished motor coordination, impaired vestibular compensation, and decreased cognitive flexibility. These alterations not only compromise astronauts’ operational performance but also elevate the risk of mood disturbances and motivational deficits during prolonged missions. The review systematically synthesizes current findings across multiple domains: molecular neurobiology, behavioral neuroscience, and gravitational physiology. It highlights that maintaining DA homeostasis is pivotal in preserving neuroplasticity, particularly within brain regions critical to adaptation, such as the basal ganglia, prefrontal cortex, and cerebellum. The paper also discusses the dual-edged nature of DA plasticity: while adaptive remodeling of synapses and receptor sensitivity can serve as compensatory mechanisms under stress, chronic dopaminergic imbalance may lead to maladaptive outcomes, such as cognitive rigidity and motor dysregulation. Furthermore, we propose a conceptual framework that integrates homeostatic neuroregulation with the demands of space environmental adaptation. By drawing from interdisciplinary research, the review underscores the potential of multiple intervention strategies including pharmacological treatment, nutritional support, neural stimulation techniques, and most importantly, structured physical exercise. Recent rodent studies demonstrate that treadmill exercise upregulates DA transporter expression in the dorsal striatum, enhances tyrosine hydroxylase activity, and increases DA release during cognitive tasks, indicating both protective and restorative effects on dopaminergic networks. Thus, exercise is highlighted as a key approach because of its sustained effects on DA production, receptor function, and brain plasticity, making it a strong candidate for developing effective measures to support astronauts in maintaining cognitive and emotional stability during space missions. In conclusion, the paper not only underscores the centrality of DA homeostasis in space neuroscience but also reflects the authors’ broader academic viewpoint: understanding the neurochemical substrates of behavior under microgravity is fundamental to both space health and terrestrial neuroscience. By bridging basic neurobiology with applied space medicine, this work contributes to the emerging field of gravitational neurobiology and provides a foundation for future research into individualized performance optimization in extreme environments.

Objective To explore the effects of single-session table tennis exercise with different intensities on working memory and the associated cognitive neural processing mechanisms in college students with depressive symptoms by using event-related potential(ERP)technology.Methods A convenience sampling approach was employed to recruit 100 college students with depressive symptoms from a university.Participants were randomly assigned at a 1∶1∶1∶1 ratio to low-intensity exercise group,moderate-intensity exercise group,high-intensity exercise group,or control group.The exercise groups participated in a single 30-min table tennis intervention at intensities corresponding to 57%-64%of maximum heart rate(HRmax)and rate of perceived exertion(RPE)scores ranging from 9-11,65%-75%HRmax and RPE scores 12-13,and 76%-95%HRmax and RPE scores of 14-17(5-min warm-up,20-min monitored exercise,5-min cool-down).The control group did not receive any exercise intervention.Pre-and post-intervention assessments of verbal working memory(VWM)and spatial working memory(SWM)were performed,alongside the recording of ERP components,including the amplitude and latency of N2 and P3,during the tasks.Results A total of 91 participants(20 in the low-intensity exercise group,25 in the moderate-intensity exercise group,23 in the high-intensity exercise group,and 23 in the control group)were enrolled for analysis.In the VWM task,the main effect of time on accuracy was found to be significant(F(1,89)=5.942,P=0.017,partial η2=0.064).Post-intervention,accuracy was significantly improved in the moderate-intensity and high-intensity exercise groups(change=0.027,95%confidence interval[CI]0.001-0.053,P=0.037;change=0.029,95%CI 0.002-0.055,P=0.040).The main effect of time on reaction time was also significant(F(1,89)=7.244,P=0.009,partial η2=0.077).The interaction between group and time was also significant(F(3,87)=2.844,P=0.042,partial η2=0.089).After the intervention,the reaction time was reduced in the low-intensity and moderate-intensity exercise groups(change=-0.095,95%CI-0.183--0.007,P=0.035;change=-0.079,95%CI-0.158-0,P=0.049).The interaction between time and electrode location in the P3 latency in ERP components was significant(F(3,87)=5.785,P＜0.001,partial η2=0.062),while the interactions for other ERP measures were not significant(all P＞0.05).In the SWM task,the main effect of time on accuracy was significant(F(1,89)=5.092,P=0.027,partial η2=0.055),while the interaction between group and time was not significant(F(3,87)=0.799,P=0.498,partial η2=0.027).After the intervention,accuracy was improved in the moderate-intensity exercise group(change=0.019,95%CI 0-0.037,P=0.046).The main effect of time on reaction time was significant(F(1,89)=14.322,P＜0.001,partial η2=0.141).The interaction between group and time was not significant(F(3,87)=1.521,P=0.215,partial η2=0.050).After the intervention,reaction time was shortened in the moderate-intensity and high-intensity exercise groups(change=-0.082,95%CI-0.136--0.027,P=0.004;change=-0.075,95%CI-0.131--0.018,P=0.029).The interaction between time and electrode location in the P3 amplitude in ERP components was significant(F(3,87)=5.475,P=0.001,partial η2=0.059),while the interactions for other ERP measures were not significant(all P＞0.05).Conclusion Single-session table tennis exercise with different intensities has a positive effect on working memory in college students with depressive symptoms.Moderate-to high-intensity exercise can enhance VWM accuracy,while low-to moderate-intensity exercise can reduce VWM reaction time.Furthermore,moderate-intensity exercise can improve SWM accuracy,and moderate-to high-intensity exercise can shorten SWM reaction time.Additionally,high-intensity exercise can lead to greater activation of ERP components.

Neuroscience,a cutting-edge field in interdisciplinary research,consistently draws considerable research interest,of which quantitatively probing the neurochemical dynamics is essential for brain science research.In vivoelectrochemical analysis,featuring with high sensitivity,high spatiotemporal resolution,free from transfection,and designable electrode/solution interfaces,provides important tools for in vivo neurochemicals sensing.Fast scan cyclic voltammetry combined with microelectrodes can not only enable precise detection of dopamine but also is compatible with existing neurosurgical equipment.This offers new opportunities for the clinical application of in vivo electrochemical analysis and paves new avenues for the diagnosis and treatment of neurological diseases.This review summarized recent progress of in vivo electrochemical techniques for brain neurochemistry and addressed key clinical challenges and their potential solutions.

Widespread utilization of glyphosate has led to environmental residues,posing potential threats to ecological systems and human health.Traditional methods for detection of glyphosate are limited by specialized equipment and operational techniques,resulting in inefficient responses.Therefore,it is urgent to develop a convenient,sensitive and accurate detection method for detection of glyphosate.Herein,a new naphthalenesulfonamide-based"Turn-on"fluorescent probe was synthesized using 2-chloroaniline and dansyl chloride as raw materials through a one-step process,which showed a good linear relationship between the glyphosate concentration in concentration range of 0.003-70 μmol/L and the fluorescence intensity(R2=0.995),with a detection limit of 2.73 nmol/L(S/N=3).Analytical techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry(HRMS)were used to investigate the interaction mechanism between the fluorescent probe and glyphosate.The results indicated that a nucleophilic substitution reaction occurred between the probe and the secondary amine(—NH—)of glyphosate,inducing a photoinduced electron transfer(PET)effect which enhanced the fluorescence intensity by 11.2 times.The probe showed good anti-interference ability towards coexisting metal ions,anions and pesticides in water.When applied to determination of glyphosate in the samples such as tap water,river water(Xiangxi River Reservoir),soil,soybeans,and corn,the spiking recoveries ranged from 94.7％to 109.9％,demonstrating the high accuracy and broad applicability of this detection method.A portable test strip based on this fluorescent probe was developed for rapid semi-quantitative analysis of glyphosate.The developed method was rapid,sensitive,and portable,providing theoretical and technical support for on-site measurement of environmental contaminants.

ObjectiveTo compare the effects and differences of Yiqi Liangxue Shengji Formula （益气凉血生肌方） and atorvastatin on the repair of vascular injury in rats from the perspective of metabolomics. MethodsTwenty-four male SD rats were randomly divided into sham-surgery， model， traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， and ator-vastatin groups， with 6 rats in each group. The rat model was established by balloon-induced abdominal aorta injury. Gavage was started on the day after surgery in all groups of rats. The sham and model groups were given with deio-nized water， TCM group received Yiqi Liangxue Shengji Formula 6 g/（kg·d）， and the atorvastatin group treated with atorvastatin suspension 2 mg/（kg·d） for 4 weeks. HE staining was used to observe the pathological morphology of the injured segment of the abdominal aorta； ELISA detection was used to test serum nitric oxide （NO） and C-reactive protein （CRP） levels； UPLC MS/MS technology was used for widely targeted metabolomics detection in serum， and multivariate statistical analysis was used to screen metabolic markers and pathways of two drugs； finally， compare serum levels of key metabolic markers of the above two medications in rats of each group. ResultsCompared with the sham-surgery group， the neointima significantly thickened， the level of NO decreased significantly and the level of CRP increased in serum of the model group （P＜0.01）； compared with the model group， the degree of arterial intimal hyperplasia in TCM group and atorvastatin group reduced， with an increase in NO levels and a decrease in CRP levels （P＜ 0.05 or P＜0.01）. The results of serum metabolomics showed that TCM group obtained 49 metabolic markers and 6 metabolic pathways， while atorvastatin group obtained 41 metabolic markers and 4 metabolic pathways. The two medications jointly regulated 38 metabolites. Glycerophospholipid metabolism and arginine-related metabolism were common metabolic pathways for both medications. Lysophosphatidylcholine （16∶1/0∶0） ［LPC （16∶1/ 0∶0）］， phosphatidylcholine （15∶0/15∶0） ［PC （15∶0/15∶0）］ were the key metabolites of glycerophospholipid metabolic pathway； ornithine， spermidine were the key metabolites of arginine-related metabolic pathway. The tricarboxylic acid cycle and glutathione metabolism were the unique metabolic pathways of Yiqi Liangxue Shengji Formula. Compared with the sham-surgery group， LPC （16∶1/0∶0）， ornithine， and spermidine levels elevated and PC （15∶0/15∶0） levels decreased in the model group （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Compared with the model group， LPC （16∶1/0∶0）， ornithine， and spermidine levels decreased， and PC （15∶0/15∶0） levels increased in both TCM group and atorvastatin group （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. The degree of LPC reduction （16∶1/0∶0） was more significant in atorvastatin group compared with that in the TCM group （P＜0.01）. ConclusionsBoth sham-surgery and atorvastatin could regulate lipid metabolism and arginine-related metabolism， exert the characteristics of lipid-lowering， anti-inflammatory， improve arginine/NO bioavailability， and improve endothelial dysfunction. Atorvastatin showed more advantages in lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory， while Yiqi Liangxue Shengji Formula has unique characteristics in regulating energy metabolism and improving oxidative stress.

Objective:To design a single-line low-temperature plasma ablation electrode, aiming to solve the problem of uniform, continuous and stable microbubbles generated by conventional electrodes, and improve the ablation and cutting effect of low-temperature plasma.Methods:The structures of low temperature plasma three-wire electrode and single-line electrode were modeled in SolidWorks 2021 3D modeling software, and the prototype was made by 3D printing. The finite element analysis of electric field and temperature field of the two kinds of electrode ablation process was carried out by COMSOL Multiphysics 6.1 software, and the validity and correctness of the finite element simulation model were verified by temperature test experiment, and the ablation effect and plasma excitation process of the two kinds of electrode were compared by tissue ablation experiment and low temperature plasma excitation experiment.Results:The results of finite element analysis showed that the maximum surface temperature of three-wire electrode and single-wire electrode were 70.2 and 63.3 ℃, respectively, and the surface temperature of single-wire electrode was more ideal, and the maximum electric field intensity of the two electrodes was more than 1.0 × 10 7 V/m, which met the electric field condition of microbubble breakdown. The electric field intensity of the two ends of the three-wire electrode was much higher than that of the other regions, while the electric field intensity of the single-wire electrode had no obvious sudden change and fluctuation. The experimental values of the temperature at the electrode surface and a distance of 1 cm on the electrode surface were basically consistent with the simulation values, the degree of fit was good, and the relative error was 3.2%. The highest ablation temperature of single linear electrode on pig fat was 46.8 ℃. After ablation, there was no coking area in morphology, and the tissue cutting depth of 0.5 mm could be reached in 1 s. When connected to the energy platform, microbubbles would occur on the working electrode surface of the single-wire electrode; when 6 ms was electrified, the working electrode surface was completely covered by microbubbles; when 9 ms was energized, the low-temperature plasma was excited and the blue-purple plasma could be seen; when 25 ms was energized, the microbubbles were still regular and stable. Conclusions:A kind of single-line low-temperature plasma ablation electrode is designed, which can produce uniform, continuous and stable microbubbles and achieve better ablation and cutting effect than the traditional electrode.

Patients with severe trauma require an extremely timely treatment and transfusion plays an irreplaceable role in the emergency treatment of such patients. An increasing number of evidence-based medicinal evidences and clinical practices suggest that patients with severe traumatic bleeding benefit from early transfusion of low-titer group O whole blood or hemostatic resuscitation with red blood cells, plasma and platelet of a balanced ratio. However, the current domestic mode of blood supply cannot fully meet the requirements of timely and effective blood transfusion for emergency treatment of patients with severe trauma in clinical practice. In order to solve the key problems in blood supply and blood transfusion strategies for emergency treatment of severe trauma, Branch of Clinical Transfusion Medicine of Chinese Medical Association, Group for Trauma Emergency Care and Multiple Injuries of Trauma Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Young Scholar Group of Disaster Medicine Branch of Chinese Medical Association organized domestic experts of blood transfusion medicine and trauma treatment to jointly formulate Chinese expert consensus on blood support mode and blood transfusion strategies for emergency treatment of severe trauma patients ( version 2024). Based on the evidence-based medical evidence and Delphi method of expert consultation and voting, 10 recommendations were put forward from two aspects of blood support mode and transfusion strategies, aiming to provide a reference for transfusion resuscitation in the emergency treatment of severe trauma and further improve the success rate of treatment of patients with severe trauma.

Interpretation and consideration of “Substitution of in vivo method(s) by in vitro method(s) for the quality control of vaccines” in General Texts of European Pharmacopoeia Potency is a critical quality attribute for controlling relevant biological properties and batch consistency of vaccines.The methods can be divided into in vivo and in vitro methods according to whether animals are used.The in vivo methods are large consuming of animals and time,as well as have large variant detection results.In contrast,the in vitro alternative methods have been the hotspot of research due to their simple operations,in line with 3Rs principles,and more stable results.However,owing to the complexity of experimental design and the lack of corresponding guidance,the research progress of alternative methods is slow.Recently,“Substitution of in vivo method(s) by in vitro method(s) for the quality control of vaccines” was adopted in the European Pharmacopoeia(10th Edition),which clarifies the critical points of consideration for substitution.This paper interprets the chapter and puts forward some thoughts on that in China,which is expected to speed up the alternative methods research and improve the ability of vaccine quality control and supervision in China.