Objective:To investigate the interventional effects and mechanisms of spermine and spermine derivative 1 (SD1) on human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection by establishing an HCMV-infected human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cell model.Methods:HBE cells were used as the study carrier and divided into four groups: a blank control group without HCMV, a control group with HCMV, a spermine group with HCMV and 2 mmol/L spermine, and an SD1 group with HCMV and 2 mmol/L SD1. Viral titers were measured using the 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) method. The expression of related proteins and genes was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western-blot, and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured using 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA). The above data were compared in multiple groups using one-way analysis of variance, and further pairwise comparisons were conducted using SNK- q test. Results:Compared with the blank control group, the control, spermine, and SD1 groups showed increased viral titers [(0.00±0.00) vs. (8.38±0.50), (6.75±0.46), (5.63±0.52)-log10 TCID50/100 μl; q=21.85, 15.87, and 11.06; all P<0.05]. Compared with the control group, the spermine and SD1 groups exhibited reduced viral titers ( q=5.98 and 10.79; both P<0.05). The SD1 group showed a further reduction compared with the spermine group ( q=4.82, P<0.05). ELISA and RT-qPCR results demonstrated that compared with the blank control group, the control, spermine, and SD1 groups exhibited elevated levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine mompho-sphate (cGAMP), interferon-β (IFN-β), IFN-β mRNA, myxovirus resistance gene 1 (MX1) mRNA, and interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) mRNA [cGAMP: (0.20±0.03) vs. (0.92±0.10), (1.45±0.09), (2.03±0.15) pmol/ml; IFN-β: (0.13±0.02) vs. (2.34±0.12), (3.50±0.10), (4.50±0.14) ng/ml; IFN-β mRNA: 10.26±1.53 vs. 403.10±15.01, 602.35±11.02, 778.67±24.13; MX1 mRNA: 1.02±0.06 vs. 198.33±7.41, 304.61±9.98, 401.25±10.53; ISG15 mRNA: 1.04±0.08 vs. 273.84±13.71, 396.35±15.20, 489.57±17.46; q=6.93, 12.02, 17.60; 18.43, 28.10, 36.43; 12.52, 19.02, 24.66; 14.30, 21.36, 28.28; 15.12, 20.12, and 25.02; all P<0.05]. Compared with the control group, the spermine and SD1 groups showed further increases in these markers ( q=5.10, 10.68; 9.67, 18.00; 6.50, 12.14; 7.06, 14.00; 5.00, and 9.90; all P<0.05). The SD1 group exhibited even higher expression than the spermine group ( q=5.58, 8.33, 5.64, 6.92, and 4.90; all P<0.05). Western-blot results revealed that compared with the blank control group, the control, spermine, and SD1 groups showed increased expression of phosphorylated TANK-binding kinase 1 (p-TBK1) and phosphorylated interferon regulatory factor 3 (p-IRF3) (p-TBK1: 0.10±0.01 vs. 0.31±0.02, 1.04±0.04, 1.54±0.04; p-IRF3: 0.24±0.02 vs. 0.37±0.02, 0.58±0.03, 1.09±0.04; q=6.57, 29.41, 45.09; 3.38, 8.72, and 21.88; all P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the spermine and SD1 groups exhibited stronger expression ( q=22.84, 38.52; 5.34, and 18.50; all P<0.05). The SD1 group showed further enhancement compared with the spermine group ( q=15.68 and 13.16; both P<0.05). ROS levels were higher in the control group than in the blank control group (1 180.00±16.33 vs. 2 126.67±71.94; q=16.90, P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the spermine and SD1 groups showed reduced ROS expression (2 126.67±71.94 vs. 1 660.00±45.17, 1 473.23±55.58; q=7.30 and 11.66; both P<0.05). The SD1 group exhibited further reduction compared with the spermine group ( q=4.36, P<0.05). Conclusions:In the HCMV-infected HBE cell model, the addition of spermine and SD1 promoted the activation of the cGAMP synthase and type Ⅰ interferon signaling pathway, thereby enhancing innate immune suppression of HCMV infection. Meanwhile, it scavenged ROS to alleviate oxidative stress-induced cellular damage.

Objective:To investigate the interventional effects and mechanisms of spermine and spermine derivative 1 (SD1) on human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection by establishing an HCMV-infected human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cell model.Methods:HBE cells were used as the study carrier and divided into four groups: a blank control group without HCMV, a control group with HCMV, a spermine group with HCMV and 2 mmol/L spermine, and an SD1 group with HCMV and 2 mmol/L SD1. Viral titers were measured using the 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) method. The expression of related proteins and genes was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western-blot, and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured using 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA). The above data were compared in multiple groups using one-way analysis of variance, and further pairwise comparisons were conducted using SNK- q test. Results:Compared with the blank control group, the control, spermine, and SD1 groups showed increased viral titers [(0.00±0.00) vs. (8.38±0.50), (6.75±0.46), (5.63±0.52)-log10 TCID50/100 μl; q=21.85, 15.87, and 11.06; all P<0.05]. Compared with the control group, the spermine and SD1 groups exhibited reduced viral titers ( q=5.98 and 10.79; both P<0.05). The SD1 group showed a further reduction compared with the spermine group ( q=4.82, P<0.05). ELISA and RT-qPCR results demonstrated that compared with the blank control group, the control, spermine, and SD1 groups exhibited elevated levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine mompho-sphate (cGAMP), interferon-β (IFN-β), IFN-β mRNA, myxovirus resistance gene 1 (MX1) mRNA, and interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) mRNA [cGAMP: (0.20±0.03) vs. (0.92±0.10), (1.45±0.09), (2.03±0.15) pmol/ml; IFN-β: (0.13±0.02) vs. (2.34±0.12), (3.50±0.10), (4.50±0.14) ng/ml; IFN-β mRNA: 10.26±1.53 vs. 403.10±15.01, 602.35±11.02, 778.67±24.13; MX1 mRNA: 1.02±0.06 vs. 198.33±7.41, 304.61±9.98, 401.25±10.53; ISG15 mRNA: 1.04±0.08 vs. 273.84±13.71, 396.35±15.20, 489.57±17.46; q=6.93, 12.02, 17.60; 18.43, 28.10, 36.43; 12.52, 19.02, 24.66; 14.30, 21.36, 28.28; 15.12, 20.12, and 25.02; all P<0.05]. Compared with the control group, the spermine and SD1 groups showed further increases in these markers ( q=5.10, 10.68; 9.67, 18.00; 6.50, 12.14; 7.06, 14.00; 5.00, and 9.90; all P<0.05). The SD1 group exhibited even higher expression than the spermine group ( q=5.58, 8.33, 5.64, 6.92, and 4.90; all P<0.05). Western-blot results revealed that compared with the blank control group, the control, spermine, and SD1 groups showed increased expression of phosphorylated TANK-binding kinase 1 (p-TBK1) and phosphorylated interferon regulatory factor 3 (p-IRF3) (p-TBK1: 0.10±0.01 vs. 0.31±0.02, 1.04±0.04, 1.54±0.04; p-IRF3: 0.24±0.02 vs. 0.37±0.02, 0.58±0.03, 1.09±0.04; q=6.57, 29.41, 45.09; 3.38, 8.72, and 21.88; all P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the spermine and SD1 groups exhibited stronger expression ( q=22.84, 38.52; 5.34, and 18.50; all P<0.05). The SD1 group showed further enhancement compared with the spermine group ( q=15.68 and 13.16; both P<0.05). ROS levels were higher in the control group than in the blank control group (1 180.00±16.33 vs. 2 126.67±71.94; q=16.90, P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the spermine and SD1 groups showed reduced ROS expression (2 126.67±71.94 vs. 1 660.00±45.17, 1 473.23±55.58; q=7.30 and 11.66; both P<0.05). The SD1 group exhibited further reduction compared with the spermine group ( q=4.36, P<0.05). Conclusions:In the HCMV-infected HBE cell model, the addition of spermine and SD1 promoted the activation of the cGAMP synthase and type Ⅰ interferon signaling pathway, thereby enhancing innate immune suppression of HCMV infection. Meanwhile, it scavenged ROS to alleviate oxidative stress-induced cellular damage.

The shape of dental arch for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment is of great significance. This paper presents an automated method for detecting the dental arch form. Firstly, 3D teeth data model is retrieved by the 3D-optical measuring system. Secondly, the occlusal plane is computed by interactively picking up four feature points. Thirdly, the feature point set is filtered by the rule and two-step curve fitting method is used to obtain the dental arch form. Finally, some examples are tested in this work and the results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is effective and feasible.
Computer Graphics ; Computer Simulation ; Dental Arch ; anatomy & histology ; Dental Models ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; methods ; Malocclusion ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Pattern Recognition, Automated

In order to satisfy the current demand for fast and high-quality prosthodontics, we have carried out a research in the fabrication process of the porcelain fused to metal crown on molar with CAD/CAM technology. Firstly, we get the data of the surface mesh on preparation teeth through a 3D-optical grating measuring system. Then, we reconstruct the 3D-model crown with the computer-aided design software which was developed by ourselves. Finally, with the 3D-model data, we produce a metallic crown on a high-speed CNC carving machine. The result has proved that the metallic crown can match the preparation teeth ideally. The fabrication process is reliable and efficient, and the restoration is precise and steady in quality.
Computer-Aided Design ; Crowns ; Dental Porcelain ; Dental Prosthesis Design ; Humans ; Metal Ceramic Alloys ; Molar